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Joaquim Jose Martins Guilhoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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o custo de transporte como barreira ao comercio na integracao economica o caso do nordeste the cost of transportation as a Barrier to Trade in economic integration the case of northeast
MPRA Paper, 2007Co-Authors: Eduardo Simoes De Almeida, Joaquim Jose Martins GuilhotoAbstract:The Brazilian integration strategy has been focused on agreements based upon North-South and South-South negotiations. However, this kind of negotiations face serious troubles to be done. Consequently, the option of the internal economic integration might be more viable in terms of social welfare gains and promotion of regional equity. To do this, an spatial applied general equilibrium model was elaborated for analyzing economic integration policies in the country. This model incorporates explicitly transport cost as a Trade Barrier. The model is specified for five Brazilian macro-regions and five external regions (Nafta, Asia, European Union, Alcsa and rest of the World). Several economic integration options were simulated in order to analyze what are the best ones for the country and for Nordeste, appraised in terms of economic efficiency and regional equity.
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the cost of transportation as a Barrier to Trade in economic integration the case of the nordeste o custo de transporte como barreira ao comercio na integracao economica o caso do nordeste
Social Science Research Network, 2007Co-Authors: Eduardo Simoes De Almeida, Joaquim Jose Martins GuilhotoAbstract:The Brazilian integration strategy has been focused on agreements based upon North-South and South-South negotiations. However, this kind of negotiations face serious troubles to be done. Consequently, the option of the internal economic integration might be more viable in terms of social welfare gains and promotion of regional equity. To do this, an spatial applied general equilibrium model was elaborated for analyzing economic integration policies in the country. This model incorporates explicitly transport cost as a Trade Barrier. The model is specified for five Brazilian macro-regions and five external regions (Nafta, Asia, European Union, Alcsa and rest of the World). Several economic integration options were simulated in order to analyze what are the best ones for the country and for Nordeste, appraised in terms of economic efficiency and regional equity.
Josh Ederington - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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is environmental policy a secondary Trade Barrier an empirical analysis
Canadian Journal of Economics, 2003Co-Authors: Josh Ederington, Jenny MinierAbstract:Should international Trade agreements be extended to include negotiations over environmental policy? The answer depends on whether countries distort levels of environmental regulations as a secondary means of providing protection to domestic industries; our results suggest that they do. Previous studies of this relationship have treated the level of environmental regulation as exogenous, and found a negligible correlation between environmental regulation and Trade flows. In contrast, we find that, when the level of environmental regulation is modelled as an endogenous variable, its estimated effect on Trade flows is significantly higher than previously reported. JEL Classification: Fl, F14, F18 Est-ce que la politique environnementale est une Barriere commerciale secondaire? Une analyse empirique. Est-ce que les accords commerciaux internationaux doivent etre etendus pour couvrir la politique environnementale? La reponse depend du degre de distorsion que les pays introduisent dans leur politique environnementale pour proteger leurs industries nationales. Nos resultats suggerent que cet impact est important. Des etudes anterieures de cette relation ont traite la politique environnementale comme exogene, et ont montre qu'il existe une co-relation negligeable entre politique envir- onnementale et flux commerciaux. Au contraire, nous revelons que, quand la politique environnementale est consideree comme variable endoge'ne, son effet sur les flux com- merciaux est plus eleve de maniere significative que ce qu'on a note anterieurement.
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International Coordination of Trade and Domestic Policies
American Economic Review, 2001Co-Authors: Josh EderingtonAbstract:The success of GATT negotiations in lowering tariff Barriers worldwide has shifted attention to the use of domestic policies as a secondary Trade Barrier, raising the question of how to deal with domestic policies within an international Trade agreement. Currently, no theoretical basis exists for considering the allocation of scarce enforcement power at the international level over Trade and domestic policies within a unified agreement. This paper provides such a framework in a model of self-enforcing international agreements. It is shown that, when limited enforcement power prevents countries from implementing a fully efficient set of Trade and domestic policies, tariff Barriers are the most efficient means of affording countries protection so as to maintain the viability of the agreement. This result supports current GATT language which allows governments the use of tariffs but prohibits the use of domestic policies as "disguised" Trade restrictions.
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is environmental policy a secondary Trade Barrier an empirical analysis
Econometric Society World Congress 2000 Contributed Papers, 2000Co-Authors: Josh Ederington, Jenny MinierAbstract:Should international Trade agreements be extended to include negotiations over environmental policy? The answer depends on whether countries distort levels of environmental regulations as a secondary means of providing protection to domestic industries; our results suggest that they do. Previous studies of this relationship have treated the level of environmental regulation as exogenous, and found a negligible correlation between environmental regulation and Trade flows. In contrast, we find that, when the level of environmental regulation is modeled as an endogenous variable, its estimated effect on Trade flows is significantly higher than previously reported.
Signe Nelgen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Trade Barrier volatility and agricultural price stabilization
World Development, 2012Co-Authors: Kym Anderson, Signe NelgenAbstract:National Barriers to agricultural Trade are often varied to insulate domestic markets from international price variability, especially following a sudden spike. This paper examines the extent of that behavior by governments using new annual estimates of agricultural price distortions in 75 countries. Responses to price spikes are shown to be equally substantial for agricultural-importing and agricultural-exporting countries, thereby weakening the domestic price-stabilizing effect of their interventions. Bringing discipline to export restrictions through new World Trade Organization rules could help alleviate the extent to which government responses to exogenous upward price spikes exacerbate those shocks.
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Trade Barrier volatility and agricultural price stabilization
World Development, 2012Co-Authors: Kym Anderson, Signe NelgenAbstract:The authors are grateful for financial support from the Australian Research Council and World Bank.
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Trade Barrier volatility and domestic price stabilization evidence from agriculture
Research Papers in Economics, 2010Co-Authors: Kym Anderson, Signe NelgenAbstract:National Barriers to Trade are often varied to insulate domestic markets from international price variability, especially following a sudden spike. This paper explores the extent of that behavior by governments in the case of agricultural products, particularly food staples whose prices have spiked three times over the past four decades. It does so using new annual estimates since 1955 of agricultural price distortions in 75 countries, updated to 2008. Responses by food importers to upward price spikes are shown to be as substantial as those by food exporters, thereby weakening the domestic price-stabilizing effect of intervention by exporters. They also add to the transfer of welfare to food-surplus from food-deficit countries -- the opposite of what is usually thought of when considering inter-sector Trade retaliation. Phasing down World Trade Organization-bound import tariffs toward their applied rates would help reduce the legal opportunities for food-deficit countries to raise their import restrictions when international prices slump. To date there is no parallel discipline in the World Trade Organization that limits increases in export restrictions when prices spike upward, however. Bringing such discipline through new World Trade Organization rules could help alleviate the extent to which government responses to exogenous price spikes exacerbate those spikes.
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Trade Barrier volatility and agricultural price stabilization
Research Papers in Economics, 2010Co-Authors: Kym Anderson, Signe NelgenAbstract:National Barriers to Trade are often varied to insulate domestic markets from international price variability. This paper explores the extent of that behavior by governments using estimates of agricultural price distortions in 75 countries. Newly estimated price transmission elasticities are quite low, albeit slightly higher since than before 1985. In the case of extreme upward price spikes, Trade policy responses by food importers are as substantial as those of exporting countries. The domestic price-stabilizing effect of intervention by each group is thereby weakened by the other group’s response, suggesting more-effective domestic policy options need to be considered instead of varying Trade Barriers.
Annecelia Disdier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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is the legal framework quality a Trade Barrier evidence from transition countries la qualite du cadre juridique constitue t elle une Barriere au commerce application aux economies en transition
Research Papers in Economics, 2006Co-Authors: Jose De Sousa, Annecelia DisdierAbstract:This paper investigates the influence of the legal framework quality on Trade. Our sample includes Trade flows between European countries over the period 1995-1999. During this period, transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe have attempted to set up market-oriented legal systems to replace the administered legal control of the old planned economy. In spite of large efforts, their legal framework remains relatively weak in terms of enforcement of contracts, compared to Western European countries. There are three main contributions. First, we show that the legal framework quality is a significant determinant of Trade decisions. Second, despite risk differentials between exporters and importers, they perceive similarly the influence of the legal framework quality of their trading partner. Lastly, the legal framework quality explains a part of the home bias mentioned in the literature.
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legal framework and Trade Barrier in transition economies evidence from hungary romania and slovenia
Social Science Research Network, 2002Co-Authors: Jose Claude De Sousa, Annecelia DisdierAbstract:Using the border effect approach, our paper examines the influence of the legal framework quality of the Central and Eastern European countries on international Trade. This approach offers an evaluation of the borders' impact on Trade. We introduce different measures of the legal framework quality that appears as a significant informal Trade Barrier. In case of conflict between two Trade partners, it is difficult for a given partner to get damages. Therefore, incentives to Trade could be reduced. We apply and develop further the theoretical monopolistic competition model of Trade developed by Head and Mayer (2000). We test our model by using imports of Hungary, Romania, and Slovenia from the European Union (EU) and Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) countries. We find that the legal framework quality is a significant determinant of export decisions of EU producers. In contrast, CEFTA producers' decisions of Trade are less affected by this quality.
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legal framework as a Trade Barrier evidence from transition countries hungarian romanian and slovene examples
Research Papers in Economics, 2002Co-Authors: Jose De Sausa, Annecelia DisdierAbstract:Using the border effect approach, our paper examines the influence of the legal framework quality of the Central and Eastern European countries on international Trade. This approach offers an evaluation of the borders' impact on Trade. A market is fragmented when actual Trade differs from the Trade that would be expected in an economy without border-related Barriers. Recent findings have emphasized informal Trade Barriers as obstacles to Trade flows (Anderson and Marcouiller, 2002; Anderson and Young, 2000; Rauch, 2001). We introduce different measures of the legal framework quality, which appears as a significant informal Trade Barrier. Actually, in case of conflict between two Trade partners, it proves to be difficult for a given partner to get damages. Therefore, incentives to Trade could be reduced. We adopt and refine the theoretical monopolistic competition model of Trade developed by Head and Mayer (2000) and estimate it focusing on imports of Hungary, Romania, and Slovenia from European Union (EU) and Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) countries. We find that legal framework quality appears as a strong determinant of export decisions of EU producers. In the opposite, the CEFTA producers seem to be less or not affected by this quality in their decisions of Trade.
Kym Anderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Trade Barrier volatility and agricultural price stabilization
World Development, 2012Co-Authors: Kym Anderson, Signe NelgenAbstract:National Barriers to agricultural Trade are often varied to insulate domestic markets from international price variability, especially following a sudden spike. This paper examines the extent of that behavior by governments using new annual estimates of agricultural price distortions in 75 countries. Responses to price spikes are shown to be equally substantial for agricultural-importing and agricultural-exporting countries, thereby weakening the domestic price-stabilizing effect of their interventions. Bringing discipline to export restrictions through new World Trade Organization rules could help alleviate the extent to which government responses to exogenous upward price spikes exacerbate those shocks.
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Trade Barrier volatility and agricultural price stabilization
World Development, 2012Co-Authors: Kym Anderson, Signe NelgenAbstract:The authors are grateful for financial support from the Australian Research Council and World Bank.
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Trade Barrier volatility and domestic price stabilization evidence from agriculture
Research Papers in Economics, 2010Co-Authors: Kym Anderson, Signe NelgenAbstract:National Barriers to Trade are often varied to insulate domestic markets from international price variability, especially following a sudden spike. This paper explores the extent of that behavior by governments in the case of agricultural products, particularly food staples whose prices have spiked three times over the past four decades. It does so using new annual estimates since 1955 of agricultural price distortions in 75 countries, updated to 2008. Responses by food importers to upward price spikes are shown to be as substantial as those by food exporters, thereby weakening the domestic price-stabilizing effect of intervention by exporters. They also add to the transfer of welfare to food-surplus from food-deficit countries -- the opposite of what is usually thought of when considering inter-sector Trade retaliation. Phasing down World Trade Organization-bound import tariffs toward their applied rates would help reduce the legal opportunities for food-deficit countries to raise their import restrictions when international prices slump. To date there is no parallel discipline in the World Trade Organization that limits increases in export restrictions when prices spike upward, however. Bringing such discipline through new World Trade Organization rules could help alleviate the extent to which government responses to exogenous price spikes exacerbate those spikes.
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Trade Barrier volatility and agricultural price stabilization
Research Papers in Economics, 2010Co-Authors: Kym Anderson, Signe NelgenAbstract:National Barriers to Trade are often varied to insulate domestic markets from international price variability. This paper explores the extent of that behavior by governments using estimates of agricultural price distortions in 75 countries. Newly estimated price transmission elasticities are quite low, albeit slightly higher since than before 1985. In the case of extreme upward price spikes, Trade policy responses by food importers are as substantial as those of exporting countries. The domestic price-stabilizing effect of intervention by each group is thereby weakened by the other group’s response, suggesting more-effective domestic policy options need to be considered instead of varying Trade Barriers.
