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Ralph Ossa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Profits in the "New Trade" Approach to Trade Negotiations †
American Economic Review, 2012Co-Authors: Ralph OssaAbstract:Ever since Johnson’s ( 1954) seminal work initiated the formal analysis of Trade Negotiations, the terms-of-Trade theory has been the dominant paradigm of the field. As is well known, it holds that Trade Negotiations serve to internalize termsof-Trade externalities resulting from countries’ noncooperative tariff choices. Its standard formulation is due to Bagwell and Staiger ( 1999), who show that it can not only explain the purpose of Trade Negotiations but also rationalize many features of the GATT/ WTO’s institutional design. For all its merits, this standard theory has two significant limitations. First, it predicts that Trade Negotiations should revolve solely around the issue of terms-of-Trade manipulation, which seems implausible to many observers of GATT/WTO Negotiations. Second, it is based on conventional neoclassical Trade models, which are difficult to calibrate convincingly so that little is known about its quantitative implications for important variables such as the gains from GATT/WTO Negotiations. In this article, I present a variant of my analysis in Ossa (2011a) which aims to overcome these limitations. The main idea is to depart from the conventional neoclassical Trade model and instead build on a Krugman (1980) “new Trade” model. The key difference from Ossa (2011a) is that I now rule out free entry, which turns the production relocation effects into profit shifting effects. Such profit shifting effects are intuitively appealing, since they allow for a view of Trade Negotiations in which producer interests play a prominent role. I keep the analysis deliberately simple to highlight the novel elements of my approach. Specifically, I shut off all terms-of-Trade effects and allow Trade policy to operate only at the most aggregate level so that a single tariff is
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profits in the new Trade approach to Trade Negotiations
The American Economic Review, 2012Co-Authors: Ralph OssaAbstract:Ever since Johnson’s ( 1954) seminal work initiated the formal analysis of Trade Negotiations, the terms-of-Trade theory has been the dominant paradigm of the field. As is well known, it holds that Trade Negotiations serve to internalize termsof-Trade externalities resulting from countries’ noncooperative tariff choices. Its standard formulation is due to Bagwell and Staiger ( 1999), who show that it can not only explain the purpose of Trade Negotiations but also rationalize many features of the GATT/ WTO’s institutional design. For all its merits, this standard theory has two significant limitations. First, it predicts that Trade Negotiations should revolve solely around the issue of terms-of-Trade manipulation, which seems implausible to many observers of GATT/WTO Negotiations. Second, it is based on conventional neoclassical Trade models, which are difficult to calibrate convincingly so that little is known about its quantitative implications for important variables such as the gains from GATT/WTO Negotiations. In this article, I present a variant of my analysis in Ossa (2011a) which aims to overcome these limitations. The main idea is to depart from the conventional neoclassical Trade model and instead build on a Krugman (1980) “new Trade” model. The key difference from Ossa (2011a) is that I now rule out free entry, which turns the production relocation effects into profit shifting effects. Such profit shifting effects are intuitively appealing, since they allow for a view of Trade Negotiations in which producer interests play a prominent role. I keep the analysis deliberately simple to highlight the novel elements of my approach. Specifically, I shut off all terms-of-Trade effects and allow Trade policy to operate only at the most aggregate level so that a single tariff is
Sophie Meunier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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managing globalization the eu in international Trade Negotiations
Journal of Common Market Studies, 2007Co-Authors: Sophie MeunierAbstract:Through a study of the evolution of the concept of ‘managed globalization’ in Trade, an idea conceptualized by EU Trade Commissioner Pascal Lamy in 1999 and replaced by the new policy of ‘Global Europe’ in 2006, this article analyses whether the Commission has had an autonomous impact on the EU position in international Trade Negotiations, especially in the Doha Round of the WTO. Such autonomy appears wider at first glance than it actually is, since it is hard to find evidence that the doctrinal shift occurred against Member State preferences. In the end, the true (but limited) autonomy of the Commission comes from its entrepreneurial ability to repackage Member State preferences into a consensual doctrine.
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What Single Voice? European Institutions and EU–U.S. Trade Negotiations
International Organization, 2000Co-Authors: Sophie MeunierAbstract:The member states of the European Union (EU) have transferred their sovereignty over Trade policymaking to the supranational level. When entering into Trade Negotiations with third countries, they must first reach a common bargaining position among themselves and later defend that position with a “single voice” at the international table. How do the institutional rules, through which the fifteen different voices are aggregated into a single one, affect international outcomes? Differentiating between a “conservative” and a “reformist” negotiating context, I argue that voting rules and negotiating competence in the EU determine both the probability that the negotiating parties conclude an international agreement and the substantive outcome of the Negotiations. The recent EU–U.S. Trade Negotiations on agriculture, public procurement, and open skies are all evidence that, for a given distribution of preferences, internal EU institutional mechanisms affect the outcomes of international Trade agreements.
Kenneth S. Chan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bilateral Trade Negotiations and Trade diversification
Journal of Development Economics, 1991Co-Authors: Kenneth S. ChanAbstract:Abstract This paper employs the Nash bargaining framework to bilateral Trade Negotiations. Since country-specific goods are imperfect substitutes for each other, the amount of imperfection dictates a country's overall diversification or Trade-options which, in turn, determine bargaining gains. Evidence for semi-industrialized countries tends to support this hypothesis.
Larry Crump - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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turning points in multilateral Trade Negotiations on intellectual property
International Negotiation, 2012Co-Authors: Larry Crump, Daniel DruckmanAbstract:Abstract Application of a turning points analysis to detailed chronologies of events that transpired prior to and during two matched cases of multilateral intellectual property rights (TRIPS) Negotiations yields useful lessons for understanding negotiation process and effective negotiator behavior. The unfolding negotiation process is traced in the GATT Uruguay Round and prior to and during the WTO Doha Ministerial. Departures from earlier trends in the chronologies merit special attention. A departure is defined as a clear and self-evident change from earlier events or patterns in the form of an impactful decision taken by one or more parties. By coding the causes (precipitants) and effects (consequences) of the departures, we perform a turning points analysis. The turning points analysis, composed of three-part sequences, reveals the triggers and impacts of departures during the extended TRIPS negotiation process. The analyses will allow a comparison of the patterns that unfolded during the two phases of TRIPS Negotiations, which will highlight the breakthroughs that occurred during the Uruguay Round and the crises that emerged later, prior to and during the Doha Ministerial. Improving the effectiveness of multilateral Trade Negotiations depends in part on understanding how critical turning points emerge.
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turning points in multilateral Trade Negotiations on intellectual property
2011Co-Authors: Larry Crump, Daniel DruckmanAbstract:Detailed chronologies of events that transpired during the discussion of intellectual property issues (TRIPS) in the GATT Uruguay Round and prior to and during the WTO Doha Ministerial are used to trace the unfolding negotiation processes through time. Of particular interest are departures from earlier trends in the chronologies: A departure is defined as a clear and self-evident change from earlier events or patterns in the form of an impactful decision taken by one or more parties. By coding the causes (precipitants) and effects (consequences) of the departures, we perform a turning points analysis: These three-part sequences reveal the triggers and impacts of departures during the extended TRIPS negotiation process. The analyses will allow a comparison of the patterns that unfolded during the two phases of TRIPS Negotiations. This comparison will highlight the breakthroughs that occurred during the Uruguay Round and the crises that emerged later, prior to and during the Doha Ministerial. Improving the effectiveness of multilateral Trade Negotiations depends in part on understanding how critical turning points emerge. This article also has implications more generally for the way that comparative analyses of international negotiation are performed and for the effectiveness of negotiating in the multilateral context.
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'Analyzing Complex U.S. Trade Negotiations,' Review of Case Studies in U.S. Trade Negotiation, 2 Vols., by C. Devereaux, R. Lawrence and M. Watkins
2008Co-Authors: John S. Odell, Larry CrumpAbstract:There was a time when international Trade Negotiations primarily concerned lowering national tariffs on goods, but that is in the distant past. In addition to goods and so many kinds of services, Trade Negotiations today establish or involve international policies on investment, labor rights, the environment, competition policy, government procurement, electronic commerce, intellectual property rights, and even food safety and access to medicines.For the sick person, access to the right medicine can make the difference between life and death, making this an important public health issue. At the same time, most medicines are developed, tested, produced, and distributed by commercial enterprises. The protection of property rights - including the intellectual property that such inventions as medicine embody - is fundamental to commerce, and thus, the economic value of medicine is derived from the ability to control access to the knowledge that can produce medicine. But what if these two important policy goals conflict? In the 1990s, Trade Negotiations created new international Trade rules for protecting intellectual property, generating heated conflict because of their possible impact on public health, as the book under review, Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation, explains.International Trade Negotiations now touch on so many aspects of contemporary life, making the publication of Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation especially timely. This two-volume book, published by the Peterson Institute for International Economics, vividly illustrates the nature and dynamics of recent U.S. international Trade Negotiations and related policy making.The first volume applies an emerging negotiation framework to specific cases. The case studies were written originally for the case program at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, and the collection seems to be primarily designed as a teaching tool. Teachers and students of American public policy will find these excellent cases especially useful. They are remarkably thorough, of high quality, and full of policy insights.The authors also apply negotiation theory quite well as far as they go, but this aspect is incomplete and it is not applied at all in volume 2. The book is not designed to offer any new negotiation concepts or methods of negotiation analysis, but rather, it seeks to demonstrate the application of a theoretical framework that has evolved over the last ten years. Also, the length of these case studies (forty to sixty pages) may discourage some teachers and busy practitioners from their use.Apart from its contributions to teaching, the book will also be valuable to Trade scholars. Those seeking an introduction to the practice of Trade negotiation can learn much from it. Veteran Trade policy researchers will also find rich original contributions to the available stock of evidence.
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Analyzing Complex U.S. Trade Negotiations
Negotiation Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Larry Crump, John S. OdellAbstract:There was a time when international Trade Negotiations primarily concerned lowering national tariffs on goods, but that is in the distant past. In addition to goods and so many kinds of services, Trade Negotiations today establish or involve international policies on investment, labor rights, the environment, competition policy, government procurement, electronic commerce, intellectual property rights, and even food safety and access to medicines. For the sick person, access to the right medicine can make the difference between life and death, making this an important public health issue. At the same time, most medicines are developed, tested, produced, and distributed by commercial enterprises. The protection of property rights —
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Developing Countries and Global Trade Negotiations
2007Co-Authors: Larry Crump, Syed Javed MaswoodAbstract:Introduction: Developing Countries and Global Trade Negotiations 1. Growing Power Meets Frustration in the Doha Round's First Four Years 2. Developing Countries and the G20 in the Doha Round 3. Agricultural Tariff and Subsidy Cuts in the Doha Round 4. Making and Keeping Negotiating Gains: Lessons for the Weak from the Negotiations over Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Medicines 5. Services: The Importance of Further Liberalization for Business and Economic Development in the Region 6. The Future of Singapore Issues 7. Bilateral Negotiations in a Multilateral World: Implications for the WTO and Global Trade Policy Development
Julia Muir - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Prospects for Services Trade Negotiations
2012Co-Authors: Jeffrey J. Schott, Minsoo Lee, Julia MuirAbstract:Trade and investment in services are difficult to measure, and the regulatory barriers that inhibit the free flow of services are hard to quantify. As a result, very little attention has been paid to dismantling barriers to services Trade and investment. Rather, free Trade Negotiations tend to focus on liberalizing merchandise Trade. This paper examines what has been achieved in both regional and multilateral compacts by surveying international precedents involving Asian countries in which services reforms have been included in bilateral and regional Trade pacts. We then assess the prospects for services Trade Negotiations and explore how services Trade Negotiations could be pursued over the next decade through two distinct channels: the Trans-Pacific Partnership and a plurilateral approach among groups of World Trade Organization countries. We find that in the case of developing Asia, free Trade agreements have largely excluded services or have only committed to “lock in” current practices in a narrow subset of service sectors. This is also the case in agreements negotiated between developing countries, which have produced less substantial commitments to liberalize services than those negotiated between developing and developed countries. Multilateral Negotiations on services have also underperformed, as substantive Negotiations on services in the Doha Round never really got underway. To that end, we advocate a stronger effort by developing Asian countries to prioritize services Negotiations in their regional arrangements, and to expand coverage of services in those pacts to a broad range of infrastructure services that are included in other free Trade agreements in force or under construction in Asia and the Pacific region.
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Prospects for Services Trade Negotiations
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Jeffrey J. Schott, Minsoo Lee, Julia MuirAbstract:Trade and investment in services are diffi cult to measure, and the regulatory barriers that inhibit the free fl ow of services are hard to quantify. As a result, very little attention has been paid to dismantling barriers to services Trade and investment in free Trade Negotiations. Th is paper examines what has been achieved in both regional and multilateral compacts by surveying international precedents involving Asian countries which have included services Trade reforms. We then assess the prospects for services Trade Negotiations and explore how services Trade Negotiations could be pursued over the next decade through two distinct channels: the Trans-Pacifi c Partnership (TPP) and a plurilateral approach among groups of WTO countries. We fi nd that in the case of developing Asia, free Trade agreements have largely excluded services or have only committed to “lock in” current practices in a narrow subset of service sectors. Th is is also the case in agreements negotiated between developing countries, which have produced less substantial commitments to liberalize services than those negotiated between developing and developed countries. Multilateral Negotiations on services have also underperformed, as substantive Negotiations on services in the Doha Round never really got underway. We advocate a stronger eff ort by developing Asian countries to prioritize services Negotiations in their regional arrangements, and to expand coverage of services in those pacts to a broad range of infrastructure services that are included in other FTAs in force or under construction in the Asia-Pacifi c region.
