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Peter H. W. Biedermann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Four mycangium types and four genera of ambrosia fungi suggest a complex history of fungus farming in the ambrosia beetle tribe Xyloterini.
Mycologia, 2020Co-Authors: Chase G. Mayers, Thomas C. Harrington, Douglas Mcnew, Richard A. Roeper, Peter H. W. Biedermann, Hayato Masuya, Craig C. BatemanAbstract:Ambrosia beetles farm fungal cultivars (ambrosia fungi) and carry propagules of the fungal mutualists in storage organs called mycangia, which occur in various body parts and vary greatly in size and complexity. The evolution of ambrosia fungi is closely tied to the evolution and development of the mycangia that carry them. The understudied ambrosia beetle tribe Xyloterini included lineages with uncharacterized ambrosia fungi and mycangia, which presented an opportunity to test whether developments of different mycangium types in a single ambrosia beetle lineage correspond with concomitant diversity in their fungal mutualists. We collected representatives of all three Xyloterini genera (Trypodendron, Indocryphalus, and Xyloterinus politus) and characterized their ambrosia fungi in pure culture and by DNA sequencing. The prothoracic mycangia of seven Trypodendron species all yielded Phialophoropsis (Microascales) ambrosia fungi, including three new species, although these relationships were not all species specific. Indocryphalus mycangia are characterized for the first time in the Asian I. pubipennis. They comprise triangular prothoracic cavities substantially smaller than those of Trypodendron and unexpectedly carry an undescribed species of Toshionella (Microascales), which are otherwise ambrosia fungi of Asian Scolytoplatypus (Scolytoplatypodini). Xyloterinus politus has two different mycangia, each with a different ambrosia fungus: Raffaelea cf. canadensis RNC5 (Ophiostomatales) in oral mycangia of both sexes and Kaarikia abrahamsonii (Sordariomycetes, genus incertae sedis with affinity for Distoseptisporaceae), a new genus and species unrelated to other known ambrosia fungi, in shallow prothoracic mycangia of females. In addition to their highly adapted mycangial mutualists, Trypodendron and X. politus harbor a surprising diversity of facultative symbionts in their galleries, including Raffaelea. A diversity of ambrosia fungi and mycangia suggest multiple ancestral cultivar captures or switches in the history of tribe Xyloterini, each associated with unique adaptations in mycangium anatomy. This further supports the theory that developments of novel mycangium types are critical events in the evolution of ambrosia beetles and their coadapted fungal mutualists.
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Molecular identification and enzymatic profiling of Trypodendron (Curculionidae: Xyloterini) ambrosia beetle-associated fungi of the genus Phialophoropsis (Microascales: Ceratocystidaceae)
Fungal Ecology, 2019Co-Authors: Maximilian Lehenberger, Peter H. W. Biedermann, J. Philipp BenzAbstract:Abstract Ambrosia fungi are a polyphyletic group from currently seven ascomycete and basidiomycete lineages that independently evolved an obligate farming mutualism with wood-boring weevils. One long known, but understudied, association is the mutualism between the scolytine beetle genus Trypodendron (Curculionidae: Xyloterini) and the Microascales fungal genus Phialophoropsis (Ascomycota: Ceratocystidaceae) for which a species-specific association has not been safely established yet. Moreover, the fungal wood degrading capabilities are completely unknown. Here, the ambrosia fungi of three Xyloterini species, Trypodendron domesticum, Trypodendron lineatum and Trypodendron signatum, were isolated and identified using culture-dependent methods. T. lineatum was confirmed to be exclusively associated with Phialophoropsis ferruginea, whereas T. domesticum and T. signatum are associated with a closely related but putatively novel Phialophoropsis species. Investigations of their wood decomposing potential revealed that both fungi mainly depolymerize xylan but are weak mannan decomposers. In addition, robust cellulolytic activity was observed, indicating cellulose as another main carbon source.
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Three genera in the Ceratocystidaceae are the respective symbionts of three independent lineages of ambrosia beetles with large, complex mycangia.
Fungal biology, 2015Co-Authors: Chase G. Mayers, Thomas C. Harrington, Stephen W Fraedrich, Douglas Mcnew, Richard A. Roeper, Peter H. W. Biedermann, Louela A. Castrillo, Sharon E. ReedAbstract:The genus Ambrosiella accommodates species of Ceratocystidaceae (Microascales) that are obligate, mutualistic symbionts of ambrosia beetles, but the genus appears to be polyphyletic and more diverse than previously recognized. In addition to Ambrosiella xylebori, Ambrosiella hartigii, Ambrosiella beaveri, and Ambrosiella roeperi, three new species of Ambrosiella are described from the ambrosia beetle tribe Xyleborini: Ambrosiella nakashimae sp. nov. from Xylosandrus amputatus, Ambrosiella batrae sp. nov. from Anisandrus sayi, and Ambrosiella grosmanniae sp. nov. from Xylosandrus germanus. The genus Meredithiella gen. nov. is created for symbionts of the tribe Corthylini, based on Meredithiella norrisii sp. nov. from Corthylus punctatissimus. The genus Phialophoropsis is resurrected to accommodate associates of the Xyloterini, including Phialophoropsis trypodendri from Trypodendron scabricollis and Phialophoropsis ferruginea comb. nov. from Trypodendron lineatum. Each of the ten named species was distinguished by ITS rDNA barcoding and morphology, and the ITS rDNA sequences of four other putative species were obtained with Ceratocystidaceae-specific primers and template DNA extracted from beetles or galleries. These results support the hypothesis that each ambrosia beetle species with large, complex mycangia carries its own fungal symbiont. Conidiophore morphology and phylogenetic analyses using 18S (SSU) rDNA and TEF1α DNA sequences suggest that these three fungal genera within the Ceratocystidaceae independently adapted to symbiosis with the three respective beetle tribes. In turn, the beetle genera with large, complex mycangia appear to have evolved from other genera in their respective tribes that have smaller, less selective mycangia and are associated with Raffaelea spp. (Ophiostomatales).
K N Slessor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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lineatin enantiomer preference flight periods and effect of pheromone concentration and trap length on three sympatric species of Trypodendron coleoptera scolytidae
Canadian Entomologist, 2000Co-Authors: B S Lindgren, Shelley Hoover, A M Macisaac, Christopher I Keeling, K N SlessorAbstract:Les effets des proportions d'un enantiomere, la lineatine, du taux de liberation de la lineatine, de la longueur des pieges et des periodes de vols sur la capture de trois especes de Trypodendron Stephens ont ete etudies au cours d'experiences en nature au moyen de pieges a entonnoirs multiples. Des Scolytes rayes du bouleau, Trypodendron betulae Swaine ont ete captures en nombres egaux dans les pieges garnis et dans les pieges temoins non garnis, ce qui indique que l'espece ne repond pas a la lineatine. Nos resultats confirment que Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) est attire seulement par la (+)-lineatine. Trypodendron rufitarsus (Kirby) et Trypodendron retusum (LeComte) utilisent tous deux la lineatine et, comme T. lineatum, ne reagissent qu'en presence de (+)-lineatine. Ces resultats indiquent que ce n'est pas la lineatine qui regit l'isolement reproducteur de ces trois especes. Le taux de liberation de la (+)-lineatine n'a pas eu d'effet dans l'etendue des taux verifiee. Le vol de T. rufitarsus commence plus tot et cesse avant la periode de vol la plus active de T. lineatum, ce qui semble indiquer que la separation dans le temps est probablement une composante importante de l'isolement reproducteur de ces deux especes. La periode de vol de T. retusum est semblable a celle de T. lineatum. L'odeur des hotes peut contribuer a l'isolement reproducteur de ces deux especes. Le melange d'enantiomeres n'a pas affecte significativement le rapport mâles : femelles chez aucune de ces especes, ce qui indique que les differentes especes reagissent differemment aux pieges ou que les rapports mâles : femelles en nature sont differents. Les captures de T. rufitarsum et de T. retusum augmentaient avec la longueur des pieges lorsque le taux de liberation de la pheromone dans chaque piege etait maintenu constant ou que le taux de liberation etait maintenu constant par rapport a la longueur des pieges. La longueur des pieges et le taux de liberation n'affectent pas le rapport mâles : femelles.
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Enantiomer Preference of Trypodendron lineatum and Effect of Pheromone Dose and Trap Length on Response to Lineatin-baited Traps in Interior British Columbia
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2000Co-Authors: S. E. R. Hoover, B S Lindgren, C. I. Keeling, K N SlessorAbstract:Both enantiomers of the aggregation pheromone lineatin were obtained in very high enantiomeric purity by preparative chiral liquid chromatography on microcrystalline cellulose triacetate. Catches of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum , in multiple-funnel traps baited with lineatin enatiomer ratios (plus/minus) of 100 : 0, 75 : 25, 50 : 50, 25 : 75, and 0 : 100, demonstrated that (+)-lineatin is the only active enantiomer in interior British Columbia, where two other Trypodendron species are sympatric. In additional experiments using (±)-lineatin, catches of both sexes increased significantly with trap length, either at a constant pheromone dose per trap, or a constant dose per four-funnel unit, up to 16 funnels per trap. When trap length was held constant at eight funnels, increasing the lineatin dose fourfold had no effect on trap catches.
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2Department of Chemistry
1999Co-Authors: S. E. R. Hoover, B S Lindgren, C. I. Keeling, K N SlessorAbstract:Abstract—Both enantiomers of the aggregation pheromone lineatin were obtained in very high enantiomeric purity by preparative chiral liquid chromatography on microcrystalline cellulose triacetate. Catches of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum, in multiple-funnel traps baited with lineatin enatiomer ratios (plus/minus) of 100: 0, 75: 25, 50: 50, 25: 75, and 0: 100, demonstrated that (+)-lineatin is the only active enantiomer in interior British Columbia, where two other Trypodendron species are sympatric. In additional experiments using (±)-lineatin, catches of both sexes increased significantly with trap length, either at a constant pheromone dose per trap, or a constant dose per four-funnel unit, up to 16 funnels per trap. When trap length was held constant at eight funnels, increasing the lineatin dose fourfold had no effect on trap catches. Key Words—Sex ratio, multiple-funnel traps, preparative chiral liquid chromatography, microcrystalline cellulose triacetate, Coleoptera: Scolytidae
Chase G. Mayers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Four mycangium types and four genera of ambrosia fungi suggest a complex history of fungus farming in the ambrosia beetle tribe Xyloterini.
Mycologia, 2020Co-Authors: Chase G. Mayers, Thomas C. Harrington, Douglas Mcnew, Richard A. Roeper, Peter H. W. Biedermann, Hayato Masuya, Craig C. BatemanAbstract:Ambrosia beetles farm fungal cultivars (ambrosia fungi) and carry propagules of the fungal mutualists in storage organs called mycangia, which occur in various body parts and vary greatly in size and complexity. The evolution of ambrosia fungi is closely tied to the evolution and development of the mycangia that carry them. The understudied ambrosia beetle tribe Xyloterini included lineages with uncharacterized ambrosia fungi and mycangia, which presented an opportunity to test whether developments of different mycangium types in a single ambrosia beetle lineage correspond with concomitant diversity in their fungal mutualists. We collected representatives of all three Xyloterini genera (Trypodendron, Indocryphalus, and Xyloterinus politus) and characterized their ambrosia fungi in pure culture and by DNA sequencing. The prothoracic mycangia of seven Trypodendron species all yielded Phialophoropsis (Microascales) ambrosia fungi, including three new species, although these relationships were not all species specific. Indocryphalus mycangia are characterized for the first time in the Asian I. pubipennis. They comprise triangular prothoracic cavities substantially smaller than those of Trypodendron and unexpectedly carry an undescribed species of Toshionella (Microascales), which are otherwise ambrosia fungi of Asian Scolytoplatypus (Scolytoplatypodini). Xyloterinus politus has two different mycangia, each with a different ambrosia fungus: Raffaelea cf. canadensis RNC5 (Ophiostomatales) in oral mycangia of both sexes and Kaarikia abrahamsonii (Sordariomycetes, genus incertae sedis with affinity for Distoseptisporaceae), a new genus and species unrelated to other known ambrosia fungi, in shallow prothoracic mycangia of females. In addition to their highly adapted mycangial mutualists, Trypodendron and X. politus harbor a surprising diversity of facultative symbionts in their galleries, including Raffaelea. A diversity of ambrosia fungi and mycangia suggest multiple ancestral cultivar captures or switches in the history of tribe Xyloterini, each associated with unique adaptations in mycangium anatomy. This further supports the theory that developments of novel mycangium types are critical events in the evolution of ambrosia beetles and their coadapted fungal mutualists.
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Three genera in the Ceratocystidaceae are the respective symbionts of three independent lineages of ambrosia beetles with large, complex mycangia.
Fungal biology, 2015Co-Authors: Chase G. Mayers, Thomas C. Harrington, Stephen W Fraedrich, Douglas Mcnew, Richard A. Roeper, Peter H. W. Biedermann, Louela A. Castrillo, Sharon E. ReedAbstract:The genus Ambrosiella accommodates species of Ceratocystidaceae (Microascales) that are obligate, mutualistic symbionts of ambrosia beetles, but the genus appears to be polyphyletic and more diverse than previously recognized. In addition to Ambrosiella xylebori, Ambrosiella hartigii, Ambrosiella beaveri, and Ambrosiella roeperi, three new species of Ambrosiella are described from the ambrosia beetle tribe Xyleborini: Ambrosiella nakashimae sp. nov. from Xylosandrus amputatus, Ambrosiella batrae sp. nov. from Anisandrus sayi, and Ambrosiella grosmanniae sp. nov. from Xylosandrus germanus. The genus Meredithiella gen. nov. is created for symbionts of the tribe Corthylini, based on Meredithiella norrisii sp. nov. from Corthylus punctatissimus. The genus Phialophoropsis is resurrected to accommodate associates of the Xyloterini, including Phialophoropsis trypodendri from Trypodendron scabricollis and Phialophoropsis ferruginea comb. nov. from Trypodendron lineatum. Each of the ten named species was distinguished by ITS rDNA barcoding and morphology, and the ITS rDNA sequences of four other putative species were obtained with Ceratocystidaceae-specific primers and template DNA extracted from beetles or galleries. These results support the hypothesis that each ambrosia beetle species with large, complex mycangia carries its own fungal symbiont. Conidiophore morphology and phylogenetic analyses using 18S (SSU) rDNA and TEF1α DNA sequences suggest that these three fungal genera within the Ceratocystidaceae independently adapted to symbiosis with the three respective beetle tribes. In turn, the beetle genera with large, complex mycangia appear to have evolved from other genera in their respective tribes that have smaller, less selective mycangia and are associated with Raffaelea spp. (Ophiostomatales).
Jaroslav Holuša - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Trapping of ambrosia beetles by artificially produced lures in a oak forest
Plant Protection Science, 2020Co-Authors: Tomáš Fiala, Jaroslav HolušaAbstract:Ambrosia beetles are among the most damaging forest pests. They are frequently moved intercontinentally and are therefore subject to quarantines. The objective of the current research was to determine whether two commercially produced lures for Trypodendron species also attract central European ambrosia beetles. In 2018, Theysohn<sup>®</sup> traps were deployed in an oak forest that also contained hornbeam and linden trees. Five pair of traps was baited with the standard synthetic pheromone lures, Trypowit<sup>®</sup> or Lineatin Kombi<sup>®</sup>. The 201 adults of ambrosia bark beetles that were trapped were identified to eight species, which represents almost the entire spectrum of oak ambrosia scolytids in the region. Trypodendron domesticum, Xyleborinus saxesenii, and Xyleborus monographus were the most abundant species and exhibited a slight preference for the lure with a higher content of alcohols (Lineatin Kombi<sup>®</sup>). Both lures attracted T. lineatum because both contain lineatin. The number of beetles trapped was low probably because food sources (damaged or wilting oaks) were rare and because the forest was surrounded by agricultural land and therefore isolated from other oak forests.
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Comparison of Trypodendron lineatum , T. domesticum and T. laeve (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Flight Activity in Central Europe
Journal of forest science, 2018Co-Authors: Karolina Lukášová, Jaroslav HolušaAbstract:The main goal of work was to compare the flight activity of Trypodendron lineatum, T. domesticum and T. laeve in Central Europe. Field trapping experiments were conducted in 70- to 100-year-old Norway spruce stands located at three study sites in the Czech Republic. At each study site five pheromone traps were used. Pheromone-baited, black, window-slot traps (Theysohn, Germany) were used. Traps were placed at log landing areas 10-15 m apart from the nearest forest edge. Each trap was baited with a standard synthetic pheromone lure, XL Ecolure (Fytofarm, Slovakia). Three species of Trypodendron were recorded. T. lineatum was the most abundant, followed by T. domesticum and T. laeve . Flight activity began at the end of March or in mid-April. Only one another peak of the flight activity of T. lineatum and T. domesticum was observed at one study site in May 2011. Statistically significant relationships were found between catches of all species with the exception of T. lineatum vs. T. laeve and T. domesticum vs. T. laeve at one site. Males were more abundant than females mainly in T. lineatum samples. On the other hand, T. domesticum and T. laeve abundances of males and females were more equal, but in all cases of all Trypodendron species these abundances were not significantly different at all sites.
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Pheromone Lures: Easy Way to Detect Trypodendron Species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 2017Co-Authors: Jaroslav Holuša, Karolina LukášováAbstract:Numbers of Trypodendron species captured with Trypowit ® and Lineatin Kombi ® lures were compared in 70 to 100 year old Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) stands at two localities (Kostelec and Tabor) in the Czech Republic. At each locality, five pairs of black, Theysohn window-slot traps were deployed; one trap of each pair contained Trypowit ® lure and the other contained Lineatin Kombi ® lure, and each trap of the pair was separated by 10 m. Among the Trypodendron species captured, T. lineatum was the most abundant, followed by T. domesticum and T. laeve . In most cases, the two kinds of lures caught similar numbers of beetles. T. lineatum males were more abundant than females at both localities in traps with Trypowit lures and in traps with Lineatin Kombi lures at Tabor. Males as well as females of T. domesticum were more abundant in traps with Lineatin Kombi lures than with Trypowit lures at Tabor but not at Kostelec. Both lures, which contain lineatin and attract all Trypodendron species including T. laeve , can be used to monitor the abundance of these bark beetle species. The Lineatin Kombi lure, however, contains more alcohol and is slightly more effective than the Trypowit lure for monitoring Trypodendron species on broadleaf trees.
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Extremely low infection levels of pathogens and nematodes in Trypodendron spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Forestry Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Rudolf Wegensteiner, Karolina Lukášová, Hana Vanická, Soňa Zimová, Magdalena Kacprzyk, Jaroslav HolušaAbstract:Abstract The striped ambrosia beetles Trypodendron lineatum and T. domesticum are timber forest pests in the Palearctic region and North America. Because only a few pathogens are known for Trypodendron species, the aim of this work was to determine the spectrum of pathogen species of T. lineatum, T. laeve, and T. domesticum. Trypodendron species were collected in pheromone traps at nine localities in the Czech Republic, five localities in Poland, and one locality in Austria. In total, 2,439 T. lineatum, 171 T. domesticum, and 17 T. laeve beetles were dissected and examined. Infection was found in only two of the 17 specimens of T. laeve and in only two of the 171 specimens of T. domesticum; in all four cases, the parasites were nematodes. Parasitisation of T. lineatum by nematodes was found in T. lineatum at eight localities with a mean (± SE) parasitisation level of 8.1 ± 4.7%. A Chytridiopsis sp. was detected in cells of the midgut epithelium of one T. lineatum specimen, and Gregarina sp. was detected in the midgut lumen of two T. lineatum specimens; no other pathogens were found in T. lineatum. The low infection rates and the tendency for infection by nematodes can be explained by the monogamy of Trypodendron spp. and their feeding on fungi in short galleries that are not connected to the galleries of conspecifics.
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Is the bark beetle Trypodendron leave (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) an alien pest in the Czech Republic and Poland?
Polish Journal of Ecology, 2012Co-Authors: Karolina Lukášová, Jaroslav Holuša, M. Knizek, M. Cejka, Magdalena KacprzykAbstract:Trypodendron laeve has a disjunctive distribution and was unknown until recently in most of Europe, where it is now considered by some sources to be an alien pest. The abundance of all four Trypodendron species in Europe (T. laeve, lineatum, domesticum, and signatum) was monitored with traps containing the aggregation pheromone lineatin, which attracts all four species, in 70to 100-year-old Norway spruce stands in 10 study areas (seven in the Czech Republic and three in Poland). Pheromone-baited, black, window-slot traps (Theysohn, Germany) were deployed (1 to 5 per site) from mid-March/ early-April to late-May/early-June. Three Trypodendron species were captured (20,040 beetles). T. lineatum was the most abundant (n = 16,922), followed by T. laeve (n = 2,686) and T. domesticum (L.) (n = 432); T. signatum was not detected. T. laeve was detected in three of seven study areas in the Czech Republic over the 3 years of monitoring. Although T. laeve had been detected in Poland during preliminary monitoring in 1988, it was not detected in the three study areas in Poland in the current study. The abundances of T. laeve males and females did not significantly differ in the Czech Republic. The abundance of T. lineatum was correlated with the abundance of T. laeve in the same traps. Although T. laeve has an extensive distribution, its abundance is generally low. Because the species is widely distributed in Europe, there is no practical reason to consider it alien pest in this region.
Thomas C. Harrington - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Four mycangium types and four genera of ambrosia fungi suggest a complex history of fungus farming in the ambrosia beetle tribe Xyloterini.
Mycologia, 2020Co-Authors: Chase G. Mayers, Thomas C. Harrington, Douglas Mcnew, Richard A. Roeper, Peter H. W. Biedermann, Hayato Masuya, Craig C. BatemanAbstract:Ambrosia beetles farm fungal cultivars (ambrosia fungi) and carry propagules of the fungal mutualists in storage organs called mycangia, which occur in various body parts and vary greatly in size and complexity. The evolution of ambrosia fungi is closely tied to the evolution and development of the mycangia that carry them. The understudied ambrosia beetle tribe Xyloterini included lineages with uncharacterized ambrosia fungi and mycangia, which presented an opportunity to test whether developments of different mycangium types in a single ambrosia beetle lineage correspond with concomitant diversity in their fungal mutualists. We collected representatives of all three Xyloterini genera (Trypodendron, Indocryphalus, and Xyloterinus politus) and characterized their ambrosia fungi in pure culture and by DNA sequencing. The prothoracic mycangia of seven Trypodendron species all yielded Phialophoropsis (Microascales) ambrosia fungi, including three new species, although these relationships were not all species specific. Indocryphalus mycangia are characterized for the first time in the Asian I. pubipennis. They comprise triangular prothoracic cavities substantially smaller than those of Trypodendron and unexpectedly carry an undescribed species of Toshionella (Microascales), which are otherwise ambrosia fungi of Asian Scolytoplatypus (Scolytoplatypodini). Xyloterinus politus has two different mycangia, each with a different ambrosia fungus: Raffaelea cf. canadensis RNC5 (Ophiostomatales) in oral mycangia of both sexes and Kaarikia abrahamsonii (Sordariomycetes, genus incertae sedis with affinity for Distoseptisporaceae), a new genus and species unrelated to other known ambrosia fungi, in shallow prothoracic mycangia of females. In addition to their highly adapted mycangial mutualists, Trypodendron and X. politus harbor a surprising diversity of facultative symbionts in their galleries, including Raffaelea. A diversity of ambrosia fungi and mycangia suggest multiple ancestral cultivar captures or switches in the history of tribe Xyloterini, each associated with unique adaptations in mycangium anatomy. This further supports the theory that developments of novel mycangium types are critical events in the evolution of ambrosia beetles and their coadapted fungal mutualists.
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Three genera in the Ceratocystidaceae are the respective symbionts of three independent lineages of ambrosia beetles with large, complex mycangia.
Fungal biology, 2015Co-Authors: Chase G. Mayers, Thomas C. Harrington, Stephen W Fraedrich, Douglas Mcnew, Richard A. Roeper, Peter H. W. Biedermann, Louela A. Castrillo, Sharon E. ReedAbstract:The genus Ambrosiella accommodates species of Ceratocystidaceae (Microascales) that are obligate, mutualistic symbionts of ambrosia beetles, but the genus appears to be polyphyletic and more diverse than previously recognized. In addition to Ambrosiella xylebori, Ambrosiella hartigii, Ambrosiella beaveri, and Ambrosiella roeperi, three new species of Ambrosiella are described from the ambrosia beetle tribe Xyleborini: Ambrosiella nakashimae sp. nov. from Xylosandrus amputatus, Ambrosiella batrae sp. nov. from Anisandrus sayi, and Ambrosiella grosmanniae sp. nov. from Xylosandrus germanus. The genus Meredithiella gen. nov. is created for symbionts of the tribe Corthylini, based on Meredithiella norrisii sp. nov. from Corthylus punctatissimus. The genus Phialophoropsis is resurrected to accommodate associates of the Xyloterini, including Phialophoropsis trypodendri from Trypodendron scabricollis and Phialophoropsis ferruginea comb. nov. from Trypodendron lineatum. Each of the ten named species was distinguished by ITS rDNA barcoding and morphology, and the ITS rDNA sequences of four other putative species were obtained with Ceratocystidaceae-specific primers and template DNA extracted from beetles or galleries. These results support the hypothesis that each ambrosia beetle species with large, complex mycangia carries its own fungal symbiont. Conidiophore morphology and phylogenetic analyses using 18S (SSU) rDNA and TEF1α DNA sequences suggest that these three fungal genera within the Ceratocystidaceae independently adapted to symbiosis with the three respective beetle tribes. In turn, the beetle genera with large, complex mycangia appear to have evolved from other genera in their respective tribes that have smaller, less selective mycangia and are associated with Raffaelea spp. (Ophiostomatales).
