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V. L. Christensen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Length of the Developmental Period of Turkey Eggs Affects Cardiac Physiology and Subsequent Embryo Survival 1
International Journal of Poultry Science, 2007Co-Authors: V. L. Christensen, M. J. WinelandAbstract:4 Abstract: The relationship describing Eggshell conductance constants (k) suggests that Eggshell conductance (G) is directly related to the length of the incubation period, but inversely with the weight of the egg. Prior studies showed clearly that G is a factor in cardiac health. We tested the hypothesis in the current study that the length of the incubation period may be a factor along with G that affects cardiac physiology and embryo survival. Incubation temperatures were reduced stepwise by 0.2°C in three treatments (37.5, 37.3 and 37.1°C) to prolong embryo developmental periods. The length of the developmental period was increased concomitantly in preliminary trials by 6 and 12 h, respectively by the 37.3 and 37.1 C treatments o compared to 37.5°C. Fertilized Eggs were incubated using the three temperatures in each of thre e independent trials. The time of hatching was closely noted and embryo survival was compared among treatments. Embryo heart rates and cardiac physiology in each group were observed. Long developmental periods reduced heart rates in a stepwise fashion and improved embryo survival and cardiac physiology. Thus, cardiomyopathy may be influenced by the length of the developmental period of Turkey embryos because longer periods facilitated energy metabolism for myocardial function. Longer developmental periods would be easier to manage than G and may contribute to better Turkey embryo viability late in development
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Eggshell Conductance of Turkey Eggs Affects Cardiac Physiology and Subsequent Embryo Survival 1
International Journal of Poultry Science, 2006Co-Authors: V. L. Christensen, Jesse L. GrimesAbstract:4 Abstract: Embryo heart rates were measured on 400 fertilized Turkey Eggs (399 viable embryos) at 4 day intervals beginning at day 12 of development. Heart rates varied directly with Eggshell porosity and were significantly and positively correlated with Eggshell conductance (G) and conductance constants (k) but not with initial egg weight. When only Eggs with embryos that died were analyzed the significant correlation coefficients increased. In a second experiment, Eggshell pores were occluded to reduce G then heart rates were measured. Heart rates decreased concomitantly with decreases in G. In the final experiment, approximately 15,912 Eggs were weighed individually to calculate G for each egg and were then incubated. Embryo survival was noted in High and Low G groups. Embryo heart rate and cardiac physiology in each group was measured. Low G reduced heart rates and improved embryo survival and cardiac physiology compared to High G. Thus, cardiomyopathy due to High G and its consequent lack of energy for myocardial function may contribute to Turkey embryo mortality late in development.
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Shell Thickness of Turkey Eggs Affects Cardiac Physiology and Embryo Survival 1
International Journal of Poultry Science, 2006Co-Authors: V. L. Christensen, Jesse L. GrimesAbstract:4 Abstract: Supplementing 500 ppm of a chelated calcium proteinate (CCP) to a commercial breeder diet resulted in thicker shells and improved embryo livability. The CCP diet was fed to one half of a flock of breeders on a commercial farm that was suffering shell problems, and a standard commercial diet was fed to the remaining half. Egg production, Eggshell thickness, fertility and hatchability of Eggs were all monitored over an 18 wk laying period. Feeding CCP increased shell thickness and reduced numbers of cull Eggs after 8 wk of lay compared to the controls. When differences in Eggshell thickness were seen after 10 weeks of egg production, embryo survival and cardiac physiology were examined in three trials comparing the thicker shells to thin. Thick shells (0.44 versus 0.39 mm) improved embryo survival 2% by decreasing numbers of embryos dying late in development compared to controls and affected cardiac physiology. Thus, thick shells may improve embryo viability by affecting cardiac health during the plateau stage in oxygen consumption.
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influence of hen age and number of inseminated sperm on the number of holes hydrolyzed in the inner perivitelline layer of Turkey Eggs
The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2005Co-Authors: B D Fairchild, V. L. ChristensenAbstract:Abstract Eggs from young Turkey breeder hens have a higher rate of early embryonic mortality (EEM) than Eggs from older hens. Preliminary field data indicated that increased sperm concentration decreased the incidence of EEM in Eggs from young hens. Possible explanations for decreased EEM following insemination with more concentrated sperm may include altered sperm binding and hydrolyzing of the inner perivitelline layer (IPVL) of Eggs from hens of different ages. The current study examined differences in the number of sperm penetration (SP) holes hydrolyzed in the IPVL in hens at 2 different ages when inseminated with 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 million viable sperm. Hens (12/treatment) were inseminated on d 14 and 21 after photostimulation (32 and 33 wk of age) and were inseminated again at 12 and 13 wk of egg production (44 and 45 wk of age). The SP holes hydrolyzed in the IPVL were counted in the 1,098 Eggs produced in the 3 wk following each insemination period. The number of SP holes hydrolyzed in the IPVL was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater in younger hens than older hens. Furthermore, the number of SP holes was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.01) with the 400 and 800 million insemination doses as compared with the other 4 insemination doses. There was no interaction between hen age and sperm insemination dose. In conclusion, the absence of an interaction between hen age and insemination dose suggests that factors other than numbers of sperm binding to the IPVL influence EEM. These factors may be a combination of oviduct influences and IPVL properties that change as the hen ages.
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photostimulation of Turkey Eggs accelerates hatching times without affecting hatchability liver or heart growth or glycogen content
Poultry Science, 2000Co-Authors: B D Fairchild, V. L. ChristensenAbstract:The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of incubating Turkey Eggs in the presence of incandescent light on hatching times, as well as liver and heart growth and function of the hatched poult. In each of two independent trials, 180 commercial Turkey Eggs were incubated either in a 12-h incandescent light:dark schedule or continuous darkness throughout the incubation period (n = 360). Hatching time was observed at 8-h intervals following 25 d of incubation. Hatchability was calculated as a percentage of total Eggs set, and was also calculated as a percentage of fertilized Eggs. Poult weights, blood glucose, liver weights, and heart weights were measured at hatch. Liver and heart glycogen concentrations were analyzed, and comparisons were made of light-treated hatchlings and controls exposed to continuous darkness. The photostimulation of Eggs accelerated hatching times (P < or = 0.01) without affecting hatchability or poult weight at hatching. Neither organ weights nor organ glycogen contents of photostimulated poults differed significantly from controls incubated in the dark. Results of this experiment indicate that the incubation length of Turkey Eggs may be shortened by photostimulation of Eggs during the incubation period without significantly affecting embryonic survival, liver or heart growth, or glycogen content.
Edward J. Robel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of egg injection method of pantothenic acid in Turkey Eggs and effect of supplemental pantothenic acid on hatchability
Poultry Science, 1993Co-Authors: Edward J. RobelAbstract:Two experiments were conducted with a commercial strain cross of 120 Large White British United Turkeys of America to determine the effect of pantothenic acid egg injections and dietary pantothenic acid on hatchability. The hens were housed individually in cages in a conventional house. In Experiment 1, three dietary treatments were used: 1) an unsupplemented practical corn-soybean meal basal diet; 2) the basal diet supplemented with 37.4 mg pantothenic acid/kg; and 3) the basal diet supplemented with 74.8 mg pantothenic acid/kg. Incremental dietary supplemental pantothenic acid levels increased the transfer of pantothenic acid in Eggs, but did not result in a hatchability increase over the unsupplemented pantothenic acid basal diet. The response patterns from dietary pantothenic acid for the reproductive variables were similar whether the data were analyzed on a production period basis using all of the hens or on a subset of hens producing Eggs in each production period. In Experiment 2, with hens fed 37.4 mg supplemental pantothenic acid/kg of diet, hatchability did not increase in Eggs injected with 1,800 micrograms pantothenic acid per egg as compared with uninjected Eggs and Eggs injected with the vitamin carrier solution. The results of the study indicate that hatchability was not increased in Turkey Eggs from hens fed supplemental pantothenic acid or with egg pantothenic acid injections, which suggests that pantothenic acid is not limiting for hatchability in commercial Turkey hen diets that contain 10.5 mg/kg or more of pantothenic acid.
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effect of dietary supplemental pyridoxine levels on the hatchability of Turkey Eggs
Poultry Science, 1992Co-Authors: Edward J. RobelAbstract:Abstract Two identical experiments were conducted each with 120 Large White Turkey hens in individual cages to determine the value of dietary pyridoxine supplementation for increasing hatchability. The hens were fed a basal corn and soybean meal diet. Weekly data responses were averaged across 5- to 6-wk timespans and recorded in three grouped time periods over the reproduction cycles. The hens were photostimulated at 31 wk of age and at 33 wk of age were assigned to dietary treatments containing 0, 6, 12, and 18 mg of supplemented pyridoxine/kg of diet. Thirty hens were fed each dietary treatment. In Experiment 1, Eggs were collected for 4 days in the middle of each time period and egg yolk and albumen were assayed separately for vitamin B6. Although the vitamin B6 concentration in egg yolk was stable (1.9 μg/g dried basis), concentrations of vitamin B6 in egg albumen increased with incremental dietary pyridoxine levels; however, the average level of vitamin B6 in egg albumen was only 4% of the average level in egg yolk. About 37 μg of vitamin B6 per egg (82 g) was assayed in Eggs from all treatments in the production periods. Incremental dietary levels of supplemented pyridoxine above the basal (unsupplemented pyridoxine) diet level did not result in increasing hatchability or egg vitamin B6 levels. Differences were not observed for 7-day or 28-day embryo deaths among treatments within the three 5- or 6-wk production periods of both experiments.
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the value of supplemental biotin for increasing hatchability of Turkey Eggs
Poultry Science, 1991Co-Authors: Edward J. RobelAbstract:Two experiments were conducted with Large White Turkey hens in individual cages to determine the value of supplemental biotin for increasing hatchability. No differences were observed for 7-day embryo deaths between treatments in both experiments. In the last two-thirds of the production cycle in both experiments, Eggs from hens fed 520 micrograms and 623 micrograms/kg had the fewest embryonic deaths during Days 7 to 28 of incubation. Concentrations of biotin in egg albumen increased with incremental dietary biotin levels, but egg yolk concentrations were stable. About 38 micrograms of biotin per egg (82 g) produced highest embryo survival. Regression analysis, based on average percentage hatchability at the treatment levels for both experiments, revealed no hatchability response for Period 1 (first third of production cycle) from biotin. However, the dietary biotin level for hatchability increased with maternal age, which ranged from 500 to 800 micrograms/kg for Periods 2 (second third of production cycle) and 3 (last third of production cycle), respectively.
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increasing hatchability of Turkey Eggs by injecting Eggs with pyridoxine
British Poultry Science, 1991Co-Authors: Edward J. Robel, V. L. ChristensenAbstract:Abstract 1. In field trials, Eggs from two flocks of Large White Turkey hens were injected with about 0.2 ml saline solution containing 600 μg of pyridoxine hydrochloride in order to examine its effect on hatchability. 2. Also, in an aseptic laboratory trial, Eggs from Large White Turkey hens were injected with 0.2 ml of saline solution and 0.2 ml of saline solution containing 600 μg of pyridoxine hydrocholoride. 3. In field trials, hatchability of pyridoxine‐injected Eggs was 4.6% higher (P<0.05) than the control (non‐injected) Eggs. 4. In the aseptic laboratory trial, hatchability of pyridoxine‐injected Eggs was 4.2% higher (P<0.05) than saline‐injected and control (non‐injected) Eggs.
Thomas F Savage - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the influences of pre incubation storage duration and genotype on the hatchability of medium white Turkey Eggs from hens fed a diet containing a yeast culture ofsaccharomyces cerevisiae
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1995Co-Authors: Gary L Bradley, Thomas F SavageAbstract:Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding Turkey breeder hens of different genotypes a diet containing 5 g kg−1 yeast culture (YC) and its effect on pre-incubation egg storage duration (Experiment 1, Eggs stored 0–7 and 8–14 days; Experiment 2, Eggs stored 0–4, 5–9, and 10–14 days), hen reproductive performance, and the hatchability of fertile Eggs. Wrolstad Medium White Turkey hens, representing three distinct genetic lines, Low (L), High (H), and Cross (C), were fed pelleted 15.4% crude protein (CP) corn/soya breeder diets without or with 5 g kg−1 YC (XP yeast culture®,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Diamond V. Mills Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA). The results of Experiment 1 indicated that early embryonic mortality (Days 0–10) of Eggs stored from Days 0 to 7 was reduced (P The results of Experiment 2 were similar to those in Experiment 1; early embryonic mortality was reduced in Eggs stored from Days 5 to 9 in Lines H and C. Significant genotype-dietary YC interactions were noted for egg storage times of Days 5–9 (P
Luiz Ricardo Goulart - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nanocomposite of Ag-Doped ZnO and AgO Nanocrystals as a Preventive Measure to Control Biofilm Formation in Eggshell and Salmonella spp. Entry Into Eggs
'Frontiers Media SA', 2019Co-Authors: Belchiolina Beatriz Fonseca, Paula Luiza Alves Pereira Andrada Silva, Anielle Christine Almeida Silva, Noelio Oliveira Dantas, Aline Teodoro De Paula, Otavio Cintra Lemos Olivieri, Marcelo Emilio Beletti, Daise Aparecida Rossi, Luiz Ricardo GoulartAbstract:Salmonella spp. is an important foodborne agent of salmonellosis, whose sources in humans often include products of avian origin. The control of this bacterium is difficult especially when Salmonella spp. is organized into biofilms. We hypothesized that the novel nanocomposites of ZnO nanocrystals doped with silver (Ag) and silver oxide (AgO) nanocrystals (ZnO:Ag-AgO) synthesized by the coprecipitation method could control or prevent the formation of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) biofilm and its entry into Turkey Eggs. The diffraction characteristics of ZnO and AgO showed sizes of 28 and 30 nm, respectively. The Zn to Ag substitution into the ZnO crystalline structure was evidenced by the ionic radius of Ag+2 (1.26 Å), which is greater than Zn+2 (0.74 Å). For the SE analyses post-biofilm formation, the ZnO:Ag-AgO was not able to eliminate the biofilm, but the bacterial load was lower than that of the control group. Additionally, SE was able to infiltrate into the Eggs and was found in both albumen and yolk. For the SH analyses applied onto the Eggshells before biofilm formation, the ZnO:Ag-AgO treatment prevented biofilm formation, and although the bacterium infiltration into the Eggs was observed in all treated groups, it was significantly smaller in ZnO:Ag-AgO pre-treated Eggs, and SH could not reach the yolk. There was no difference in pore size between groups; therefore, the inhibition of biofilm formation and the prevention of bacterium entry into the egg were attributable to the use of ZnO:Ag-AgO, which was not influenced by the egg structure. Although the amount of Ag and Zn in the shell of the ZnO:Ag-AgO group was greater in relation to the control, this difference was not detected in the other egg components. In the search for new measures that are effective, safe and viable for controlling microorganisms in poultry farming, the application of a nanocomposite of Ag-doped ZnO and AgO nanocrystals appears as an alternative of great potential to prevent Salmonella sp biofilms in Eggshells and other surfaces
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Image_1_Nanocomposite of Ag-Doped ZnO and AgO Nanocrystals as a Preventive Measure to Control Biofilm Formation in Eggshell and Salmonella spp. Entry Into Eggs.TIF
2019Co-Authors: Belchiolina Beatriz Fonseca, Paula Luiza Alves Pereira Andrada Silva, Anielle Christine Almeida Silva, Noelio Oliveira Dantas, Aline Teodoro De Paula, Otavio Cintra Lemos Olivieri, Marcelo Emilio Beletti, Daise Aparecida Rossi, Luiz Ricardo GoulartAbstract:Salmonella spp. is an important foodborne agent of salmonellosis, whose sources in humans often include products of avian origin. The control of this bacterium is difficult especially when Salmonella spp. is organized into biofilms. We hypothesized that the novel nanocomposites of ZnO nanocrystals doped with silver (Ag) and silver oxide (AgO) nanocrystals (ZnO:Ag-AgO) synthesized by the coprecipitation method could control or prevent the formation of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) biofilm and its entry into Turkey Eggs. The diffraction characteristics of ZnO and AgO showed sizes of 28 and 30 nm, respectively. The Zn to Ag substitution into the ZnO crystalline structure was evidenced by the ionic radius of Ag+2 (1.26 Å), which is greater than Zn+2 (0.74 Å). For the SE analyses post-biofilm formation, the ZnO:Ag-AgO was not able to eliminate the biofilm, but the bacterial load was lower than that of the control group. Additionally, SE was able to infiltrate into the Eggs and was found in both albumen and yolk. For the SH analyses applied onto the Eggshells before biofilm formation, the ZnO:Ag-AgO treatment prevented biofilm formation, and although the bacterium infiltration into the Eggs was observed in all treated groups, it was significantly smaller in ZnO:Ag-AgO pre-treated Eggs, and SH could not reach the yolk. There was no difference in pore size between groups; therefore, the inhibition of biofilm formation and the prevention of bacterium entry into the egg were attributable to the use of ZnO:Ag-AgO, which was not influenced by the egg structure. Although the amount of Ag and Zn in the shell of the ZnO:Ag-AgO group was greater in relation to the control, this difference was not detected in the other egg components. In the search for new measures that are effective, safe and viable for controlling microorganisms in poultry farming, the application of a nanocomposite of Ag-doped ZnO and AgO nanocrystals appears as an alternative of great potential to prevent Salmonella sp biofilms in Eggshells and other surfaces.
M. S. Lilburn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of a post hatch lipopolysaccharide challenge in Turkey poults and ducklings after a primary embryonic heat stress
Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2019Co-Authors: Macdonald Wick, R Shanmugasundaram, M. S. LilburnAbstract:Abstract The effect of embryonic thermal manipulation on the post-hatch immune response to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was studied in Pekin ducklings and Turkey poults. Commercial duck and Turkey Eggs were distributed among four treatments: SS-Control (37.5 °C from embryonic day [ED] 1 to 25); SS-LPS (37.5 °C from ED1 to 25 + LPS at D0 [hatch]); HH-LPS (38 °C from ED1 to 25 + LPS at D0; SH-LPS (37.5 °C from ED1 to 10 and 38 °C from ED 11 to 25 + LPS at D0). At ED16 and ED24, the egg shell temperature of the duck and Turkey Eggs in the HH and SH treatments were higher (P ≤ 0.01) than the SS treatment. Ducklings and poults in the HH treatment had the lowest yolk free body weight at hatch (P ≤ 0.05). At 24, 48, and 72 h post-LPS injection, ducklings and poults in the HH-LPS treatment had significantly reduced BW compared with the SS-Con treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Ducklings and poults in the SH-LPS and HH-LPS treatments had increased plasma heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and lower splenic HSP70 mRNA amounts than the SS-LPS treatments at 24, and 48 h post-challenge (P ≤ 0.05). At 48 and 72 h, macrophage nitric oxide (NO) production in ducklings and poults in the SH-LPS and HH-LPS treatments was lower than in the SS-LPS treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Ducklings and poults in the SH-LPS treatment had increased thymocyte proliferation compared to the SS-LPS treatment at 24, 48 and 72 h (P ≤ 0.05). At 24 h, ducklings in the SH-LPS treatment had increased splenic IL-10 and reduced IFNγ and IL-6 mRNA abundance. However, both ducklings and poults in the HH-LPS treatment had increased IFNγ, and IL-10 mRNA abundance compared to the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). At 48 h, SH-LPS ducklings and poults had lower splenic IL-10 mRNA abundance (P ≤ 0.05) while the HH-LPS treatment resulted in comparable splenic IL-10 mRNA compared to the SS-LPS treatment (P ≥ 0.05). Ducklings and poults in the SH-LPS treatment had increased thymic and splenic CD8+/CD4+ ratios at 24 h versus the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, embryonic thermal manipulation from ED11-25 increased extracellular HSP70 release, thymocyte proliferation and IL-10 but decreased splenic HSP70 and IFNγ mRNA amounts at 24 h post-LPS injection. This suggests that mild heat stress during the later stages of incubation could potentially prime the embryonic immune system thereby enhances the immune response as earlier than 24 h to eliminate the inflammatory response without affecting the growth performance by increase the extracellular release of HSP70 in both ducklings and poults. Continuous exposure to the small increase in temperature from ED 1–25 (HH) caused an imbalance between pro (IFNγ)- and anti-inflammatory cytokines(IL-10) which affects hatchling responses to an inflammatory challenge and increased mortality. The amount of extracellular HSP70 could potentially play an important role in modulating the immune response against inflammatory challenges.
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Comparative Development of the Small Intestine in the
2016Co-Authors: Turkey Poult, Darrin M. Karcher, Pekin Duckling, M. S. LilburnAbstract:ABSTRACT Turkey poults and Pekin ducklings hatch from Eggs of similar weights and have the same incuba-tion periods and body weights at hatch. The male Pekin duckling, however, can attain a market weight of 3.2 kg in approximately 6 wk, whereas at the same age, male Turkeys only weigh approximately 2.1 kg. For this study, fertile Turkey Eggs (n = 400, mean weight: 87.2 g, range: 85 to 89.9 g) and Pekin duck Eggs (n = 565, mean weight: 88.6 g, range: 85 to 92.0 g) were weighed and incubated. Embryos and hatchlings were sampled during the last week of incubation, at hatch, and through 7 d of age. Yolk-free BW of poults were 2.7 g heavier than ducklings at hatch. Yolk-free BW of ducklings, however, were (Key words: duck, poult, small intestine, villus
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Comparative development of the small intestine in the Turkey poult and Pekin duckling
Poultry science, 2005Co-Authors: Todd J. Applegate, Darrin M. Karcher, M. S. LilburnAbstract:Turkey poults and Pekin ducklings hatch from Eggs of similar weights and have the same incubation periods and body weights at hatch. The male Pekin duckling, however, can attain a market weight of 3.2 kg in approximately 6 wk, whereas at the same age, male Turkeys only weigh approximately 2.1 kg. For this study, fertile Turkey Eggs (n = 400, mean weight: 87.2 g, range: 85 to 89.9 g) and Pekin duck Eggs (n = 565, mean weight: 88.6 g, range: 85 to 92.0 g) were weighed and incubated. Embryos and hatchlings were sampled during the last week of incubation, at hatch, and through 7 d of age. Yolk-free BW of poults were 2.7 g heavier than ducklings at hatch. Yolk-free BW of ducklings, however, were greater than poults at 1 d of age (P > or = 0.06), and by 7 d of age ducklings were 140 g heavier (P < or = 0.01). Yolk sac weight was similar at 21 and 25 d of incubation, yet was significantly lower in ducks at hatch, 1, and 2 d of age (P < or = 0.05). In the duckling, jejunum and ileum weights (3.7x heavier), length (1.6x longer), and density (g/cm; 2.3x more dense) were consistently heavier than in the Turkey from hatch through 7 d (P < or = 0.01). Histological sections of the distal jejunum revealed more rapid villus growth in the duck from 0 to 3 d of age. The combination of increased intestinal growth (weight and length) and maturation (villus length) allowed ducks to achieve an additional 143 g of BW gain during the critical hatch through 7 d of growth.
