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G W Rogers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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heritability of clinical mastitis incidence and relationships with sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score udder type traits productive life and protein yield
Journal of Dairy Science, 2000Co-Authors: D L Nash, G L Hargrove, J B Cooper, G W Rogers, Jeffrey F Keown, Leslie B HansenAbstract:The objective of this study was to determine the relationships among daughter clinical mastitis during first and second lactations and sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score, udder type traits, productive life, and protein yield. Data on clinical mastitis during first lactation were available for 1795 daughters (in six Pennsylvania herds, one Minnesota herd, and one Nebraska herd) of 283 Holstein sires. Data on clinical mastitis during second lactation were available for 1055 of these daughters. A total of 479 cows had 864 clinical episodes during first lactation, and 230 cows had 384 clinical episodes during second lactation. Clinical mastitis incidence and the total number of clinical episodes during each lactation were regressed on herd-season of calving (a classification variable), age at first calving, lactation length, and sire transmitting abilities taken one at a time. Linear effects, nonlinear effects, and odds ratios were estimated for sire transmitting abilities. Separate analyses were conducted on dependent variables that considered clinical mastitis from: all organisms, coagulase-negative staphylococci, coliform species, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, and the most common environmental organisms (coliform species and streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae). Heritability of clinical mastitis ranged from 0.01 to 0.42. Daughters of sires that transmit the lowest somatic cell score had the lowest incidence of clinical mastitis and the fewest clinical episodes during first and second lactations. Daughters of sires that transmit longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper udder cleft, and strongly attached fore Udders had either fewer clinical episodes or lower clinical mastitis incidence during first and second lactations. The incidence of clinical mastitis and the number of clinical episodes per lactation may be reduced by selection for lower somatic cell score, longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper udder cleft, or strongly attached fore Udders.
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genetic correlations among somatic cell scores productive life and type traits from the united states and udder health measures from denmark and sweden
Journal of Dairy Science, 1998Co-Authors: G W Rogers, Georgios Banos, Sander U Nielsen, J PhilipssonAbstract:Sire genetic evaluations for protein yield, somatic cell score (SCS), productive life, and udder type traits from the US were correlated with sire evaluations for udder health from Denmark and Sweden and then the correlations were adjusted for accuracies to approximate genetic correlations. Traits from Denmark and Sweden included somatic cell count (SCC) and clinical mastitis from single-trait analyses. In addition, evaluations for clinical mastitis from Denmark and Sweden were regressed on US traits to test for quadratic relationships. Information from 85 bulls with US and Danish evaluations (77 with US type) and from 80 bulls with US and Swedish evaluations (79 with US type) was used to calculate correlations. Genetic correlations of US protein yield with Danish and Swedish SCC and clinical mastitis were all unfavorable (–0.09 to –0.32). Genetic correlations of US productive life with Danish and Swedish SCC and clinical mastitis were all favorable (0.06 to 0.59). Genetic correlations between US SCS and Danish SCC and between US SCS and Swedish SCC were –0.87 and –0.99, respectively (favorable). Genetic correlations between US SCS and Danish clinical mastitis and between US SCS and Swedish clinical mastitis were –0.66 and –0.49, respectively (favorable). The US type traits that had the largest correlations with clinical mastitis from Denmark and Sweden, respectively, were udder composite (0.26, 0.47), udder depth (0.45, 0.52), and fore udder attachment (0.31, 0.34). In general, quadratic regressions indicated little nonlinearity between clinical mastitis and the US traits. Specifically, the US bulls with the lowest predicted transmitting abilities for SCS had the most favorable rates of daughter clinical mastitis in Denmark and Sweden. Selection for increased productive life, lower SCS, and more shallow Udders should improve mastitis resistance.
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correlations among somatic cell scores of milk within and across lactations and linear type traits of jerseys
Journal of Dairy Science, 1995Co-Authors: G W Rogers, G L Hargrove, J B CooperAbstract:Abstract Genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for means of log 2 SCC (somatic cell scores) from the first 305 d, the first 75 d, the first 150 d, 76 to 305 d, and 151 to 305 d of lactation for first and second lactations using REML. Somatic cell scores from the Dairy Records Processing Center in Raleigh, North Carolina for 31,180 Jersey cows sired by 411 bulls were used for analyses. Correlations between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores from this study and linear type traits from the American Jersey Cattle Club were also calculated. The model used for analyses of the somatic cell score means included herd-year of calving, age at first calving, sire, and residual. Heritability estimates for the means ranged from .05 to .15 (.12 for 305-d mean for first lactation). Genetic correlations among the somatic cell score means within first and within second lactation were≥.79. The genetic correlation between the 305-d mean from first and second lactation was .90. The smallest genetic correlation across lactations was .68. Somatic cell scores measured at various times were under similar genetic control. Phenotypic correlations were usually much smaller than genetic correlations. Correlations were small between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores measured in first lactation and linear type traits; the largest correlations were between somatic cell scores and dairy form and between somatic cell scores and teat length. Most correlations between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores measured in second lactation and linear type traits were similar to the correlations between somatic cell scores in first lactation and linear type traits. However, in second lactation the negative correlations were larger between somatic cell scores and fore udder attachment and udder depth. Lower scores for dairy form (less angularity), shorter teats, tighter fore Udders, and higher Udders were associated with lower somatic cell scores, especially somatic cell scores measured in second lactation.
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correlations among linear type traits and somatic cell counts
Journal of Dairy Science, 1991Co-Authors: G W Rogers, G L Hargrove, T J Lawlor, J L EbersoleAbstract:Abstract Genetic and phenotypic correlations between linear type traits and SCC were estimated from lactation average SCC from Pennsylvania DHIA and Holstein linear type evaluations from Sire Power, Inc. and Holstein Association using REML. Correlations were estimated between linear type traits and SCC measured in first lactation and between linear type traits measured in first lactation and SCC measured in second or third lactation. Data sets ranged in size from 4294 daughters of 216 sires to 58,235 daughters of 301 sires. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between the linear traits that reflect body and locomotive characteristics and SCC were generally small and unimportant. Phenotypic correlations between udder traits and SCC were variable, but cows with higher udder depth scores (higher Udders) had lower SCC. Genetic correlations between udder traits and SCC were also variable. Genetic correlations between SCC and udder depth, SCC and fore udder attachment, and SCC and teat placement were negative (favorable). Genetic correlations between teat length and SCC tended to be positive. Genetic correlations were largest in magnitude between udder depth and SCC and ranged from –.21 to –.64 (weighted mean = –.35). Selection for higher Udders and closer teat placement will likely improve resistance to mastitis in dairy cattle.
Leslie B Hansen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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heritability of clinical mastitis incidence and relationships with sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score udder type traits productive life and protein yield
Journal of Dairy Science, 2000Co-Authors: D L Nash, G L Hargrove, J B Cooper, G W Rogers, Jeffrey F Keown, Leslie B HansenAbstract:The objective of this study was to determine the relationships among daughter clinical mastitis during first and second lactations and sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score, udder type traits, productive life, and protein yield. Data on clinical mastitis during first lactation were available for 1795 daughters (in six Pennsylvania herds, one Minnesota herd, and one Nebraska herd) of 283 Holstein sires. Data on clinical mastitis during second lactation were available for 1055 of these daughters. A total of 479 cows had 864 clinical episodes during first lactation, and 230 cows had 384 clinical episodes during second lactation. Clinical mastitis incidence and the total number of clinical episodes during each lactation were regressed on herd-season of calving (a classification variable), age at first calving, lactation length, and sire transmitting abilities taken one at a time. Linear effects, nonlinear effects, and odds ratios were estimated for sire transmitting abilities. Separate analyses were conducted on dependent variables that considered clinical mastitis from: all organisms, coagulase-negative staphylococci, coliform species, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, and the most common environmental organisms (coliform species and streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae). Heritability of clinical mastitis ranged from 0.01 to 0.42. Daughters of sires that transmit the lowest somatic cell score had the lowest incidence of clinical mastitis and the fewest clinical episodes during first and second lactations. Daughters of sires that transmit longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper udder cleft, and strongly attached fore Udders had either fewer clinical episodes or lower clinical mastitis incidence during first and second lactations. The incidence of clinical mastitis and the number of clinical episodes per lactation may be reduced by selection for lower somatic cell score, longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper udder cleft, or strongly attached fore Udders.
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relationship of somatic cell score and linear type trait evaluations of holstein sires
Journal of Dairy Science, 1993Co-Authors: Michael M Schutz, P J Boettcher, Paul M. Vanraden, Leslie B HansenAbstract:Abstract Genetic evaluations of Holstein bulls for mean somatic cell score were compared with their standardized transmitting abilities for linear type traits. Based on first lactation daughter information from five dairy records processing centers, PTA for somatic cell scores for 712 sires ranged from –.50 to .56. Standardized transmitting abilities for 14 type traits were provided for these bulls by the Holstein Association. Mean transmitting abilities for udder traits were negative for the 100 bulls with highest PTA and positive for the 100 bulls with lowest PTA for somatic cell score. For all bulls, correlations of PTA for somatic cell score with udder trait evaluations were negative (–.31 for fore udder attachment, –.28 for udder depth, –.21 for front teat placement, –.17 for rear udder width, –.16 for udder cleft, and –.13 for rear udder height). The best five-trait model to predict PTA for somatic cell score consisted of transmitting abilities for fore udder attachment, thurl width, strength, dairy form, and body depth (R 2 = .142). If PTA for milk yield was included with evaluations for type traits, it replaced dairy form in the model. Inclusion of quadratic terms did not contribute greatly to prediction of PTA for somatic cell score. Selection for higher, more firmly attached Udders should contribute to reducing somatic cell scores.
J B Cooper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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heritability of clinical mastitis incidence and relationships with sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score udder type traits productive life and protein yield
Journal of Dairy Science, 2000Co-Authors: D L Nash, G L Hargrove, J B Cooper, G W Rogers, Jeffrey F Keown, Leslie B HansenAbstract:The objective of this study was to determine the relationships among daughter clinical mastitis during first and second lactations and sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score, udder type traits, productive life, and protein yield. Data on clinical mastitis during first lactation were available for 1795 daughters (in six Pennsylvania herds, one Minnesota herd, and one Nebraska herd) of 283 Holstein sires. Data on clinical mastitis during second lactation were available for 1055 of these daughters. A total of 479 cows had 864 clinical episodes during first lactation, and 230 cows had 384 clinical episodes during second lactation. Clinical mastitis incidence and the total number of clinical episodes during each lactation were regressed on herd-season of calving (a classification variable), age at first calving, lactation length, and sire transmitting abilities taken one at a time. Linear effects, nonlinear effects, and odds ratios were estimated for sire transmitting abilities. Separate analyses were conducted on dependent variables that considered clinical mastitis from: all organisms, coagulase-negative staphylococci, coliform species, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, and the most common environmental organisms (coliform species and streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae). Heritability of clinical mastitis ranged from 0.01 to 0.42. Daughters of sires that transmit the lowest somatic cell score had the lowest incidence of clinical mastitis and the fewest clinical episodes during first and second lactations. Daughters of sires that transmit longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper udder cleft, and strongly attached fore Udders had either fewer clinical episodes or lower clinical mastitis incidence during first and second lactations. The incidence of clinical mastitis and the number of clinical episodes per lactation may be reduced by selection for lower somatic cell score, longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper udder cleft, or strongly attached fore Udders.
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correlations among somatic cell scores of milk within and across lactations and linear type traits of jerseys
Journal of Dairy Science, 1995Co-Authors: G W Rogers, G L Hargrove, J B CooperAbstract:Abstract Genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for means of log 2 SCC (somatic cell scores) from the first 305 d, the first 75 d, the first 150 d, 76 to 305 d, and 151 to 305 d of lactation for first and second lactations using REML. Somatic cell scores from the Dairy Records Processing Center in Raleigh, North Carolina for 31,180 Jersey cows sired by 411 bulls were used for analyses. Correlations between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores from this study and linear type traits from the American Jersey Cattle Club were also calculated. The model used for analyses of the somatic cell score means included herd-year of calving, age at first calving, sire, and residual. Heritability estimates for the means ranged from .05 to .15 (.12 for 305-d mean for first lactation). Genetic correlations among the somatic cell score means within first and within second lactation were≥.79. The genetic correlation between the 305-d mean from first and second lactation was .90. The smallest genetic correlation across lactations was .68. Somatic cell scores measured at various times were under similar genetic control. Phenotypic correlations were usually much smaller than genetic correlations. Correlations were small between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores measured in first lactation and linear type traits; the largest correlations were between somatic cell scores and dairy form and between somatic cell scores and teat length. Most correlations between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores measured in second lactation and linear type traits were similar to the correlations between somatic cell scores in first lactation and linear type traits. However, in second lactation the negative correlations were larger between somatic cell scores and fore udder attachment and udder depth. Lower scores for dairy form (less angularity), shorter teats, tighter fore Udders, and higher Udders were associated with lower somatic cell scores, especially somatic cell scores measured in second lactation.
Pierre Germon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of initial udder’s health status on inflammatory response to once-daily milking in dairy cows
2019Co-Authors: Jocelyne Guinard-flament, Marion Boutinaud, Sergine Even, Pierre-alexandre Leveque, Clémentine Charton, Sarah Barbey, Helene Larroque, Pierre GermonAbstract:Once-daily milking (ODM) is known to induce udder inflammation, and could lead to a higher mastitis incidence due to increased milk leakage and extended milk stasis that could promote penetration and multiplication of pathogens. As a fact, ODM increases milk somatic cell counts (SCC) with or without an increased number of clinical mastitis. However, bacteriological analyses are often lacking to describe udder inflammation. Our study aimed to describe the effect of initial health status of the udder on the inflammatory response observed when implementing ODM. The trial used 63 cross-bred Holstein × Normande dairy cows at 78±5 days in milk and comprised a 1-wk control period (cows milked twice daily) and a 3-wk period of ODM (d1, 1st d of ODM). The udder and animal inflammatory status were assessed by measuring SCC 4 d/wk in whole-udder milk, interleukins (IL) 6 and 8 in quarter milk, and haptoglobin in plasma on d0, 1, 2, 3 and 14. The infectious status of quarters was determined at d0, 3 and 14 by milk bacteriological analysis and identification of minor and major pathogens by 16S DNA sequencing. Four initial infectious and inflammatory udder’s classes (57 of the 63 cows) were determined: no infected and inflamed quarters (n=13), no infected quarters but at least one inflamed quarter (n=15), at least one quarter inflamed and infected with a minor pathogen (n=14), and at least one quarter inflamed and infected with a major pathogen (n=15). Milk yield losses due to ODM were higher for cows with inflamed Udders compared to non-inflamed Udders (25-27% vs 17%, respectively). Implementing ODM increased SCC and IL8. The increase in IL8 was higher for cows infected with a major pathogen. Cows with no infected but inflamed quarters contrasted by showing only a slight increase in SCC with no change in IL8 and haptoglobin. Inflammatory and milk yield responses to ODM thus varied according to the initial udder health status.
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Immunomodulation of Host Chitinase 3-Like 1 During a Mammary Pathogenic Escherichia coli Infection
Frontiers in Immunology, 2018Co-Authors: Koen Breyne, Pierre Germon, Jonas Steenbrugge, Kristel Demeyere, Chun Geun Lee, Jack A Elias, Wolfram Petzl, David G E Smith, Evelyne MeyerAbstract:Chitin is a N-acetyl-d-glucosamine biopolymer that can be recognized by chitin-binding proteins. Although mammals lack chitin synthase, they induce proteins responsible for detecting chitin in response to bacterial infections. Our aim was to investigate whether chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) has a potential role in the innate immunity of the Escherichia coli (E. coli) infected mammary gland. CHI3L1 protein was found to be secreted in whey of naturally coliform-affected quarters compared to whey samples isolated from healthy Udders. In addition, gene expression of CHI3L1 was confirmed in udder tissue of cows experimentally infected with a mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) strain. Despite the known anatomical differences, the bovine Udders' innate immune response was mimicked by applying an experimental mouse model using MPEC or non-MPEC isolates. The effect of CHI3L1 expression in the murine mammary gland in response to coliform bacteria was investigated through the use of CHI3L1-/- mice as well as through treatment with either a pan-caspase inhibitor or chitin particles in wild-type mice. The local induction of CHI3L1 postinfection with different E. coli strains was demonstrated to be independent of both bacterial growth and mammary interleukin (IL)-8 levels. Indeed, CHI3L1 emerged as a regulator impacting on the transcytosis of Ly6G-positive cells from the interstitial space into the alveolar lumen of the mammary tissue. Furthermore, CHI3L1 was found to be upstream regulated by caspase activity and had a major downstream effect on the local pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, including IL-1beta, IL-6, and RANTES/CCL5. In conclusion, CHI3L1 was demonstrated to play a key role in the cytokine and caspase signaling during E. coli triggered inflammation of the mammary gland.
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Repertoire of Escherichia coli agonists sensed by innate immunity receptors of the bovine udder and mammary epithelial cells
Veterinary Research, 2012Co-Authors: Adeline Porcherie, Patricia Cunha, Angelina Trotereau, Perrine Roussel, Florence Gilbert, Pascal Rainard, Pierre GermonAbstract:Escherichia coli is a frequent cause of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. It has been shown that a prompt response of the mammary gland after E. coli entry into the lumen of the gland is required to control the infection, which means that the early detection of bacteria is of prime importance. Yet, apart from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), little is known of the bacterial components which are detected by the mammary innate immune system. We investigated the repertoire of potential bacterial agonists sensed by the udder and bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) during E. coli mastitis by using purified or synthetic molecular surrogates of bacterial agonists of identified pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). The production of CXCL8 and the influx of leucocytes in milk were the readouts of reactivity of stimulated cultured bMEC and challenged Udders, respectively. Quantitative PCR revealed that bMEC in culture expressed the nucleotide oligomerization domain receptors NOD1 and NOD2, along with the Toll-like receptors TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6, but hardly TLR5. In line with expression data, bMEC proved to react to the cognate agonists C12-iE-DAP (NOD1), Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2), Pam2CSK4 (TLR2/6), pure LPS (TLR4), but not to flagellin (TLR5). As the udder reactivity to NOD1 and TLR5 agonists has never been reported, we tested whether the mammary gland reacted to intramammary infusion of C12-iE-DAP or flagellin. The udder reacted to C12-iE-DAP, but not to flagellin, in line with the reactivity of bMEC. These results extend our knowledge of the reactivity of the bovine mammary gland to bacterial agonists of the innate immune system, and suggest that E. coli can be recognized by several PRRs including NOD1, but unexpectedly not by TLR5. The way the mammary gland senses E. coli is likely to shape the innate immune response and finally the outcome of E. coli mastitis.
G L Hargrove - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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heritability of clinical mastitis incidence and relationships with sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score udder type traits productive life and protein yield
Journal of Dairy Science, 2000Co-Authors: D L Nash, G L Hargrove, J B Cooper, G W Rogers, Jeffrey F Keown, Leslie B HansenAbstract:The objective of this study was to determine the relationships among daughter clinical mastitis during first and second lactations and sire transmitting abilities for somatic cell score, udder type traits, productive life, and protein yield. Data on clinical mastitis during first lactation were available for 1795 daughters (in six Pennsylvania herds, one Minnesota herd, and one Nebraska herd) of 283 Holstein sires. Data on clinical mastitis during second lactation were available for 1055 of these daughters. A total of 479 cows had 864 clinical episodes during first lactation, and 230 cows had 384 clinical episodes during second lactation. Clinical mastitis incidence and the total number of clinical episodes during each lactation were regressed on herd-season of calving (a classification variable), age at first calving, lactation length, and sire transmitting abilities taken one at a time. Linear effects, nonlinear effects, and odds ratios were estimated for sire transmitting abilities. Separate analyses were conducted on dependent variables that considered clinical mastitis from: all organisms, coagulase-negative staphylococci, coliform species, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, and the most common environmental organisms (coliform species and streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae). Heritability of clinical mastitis ranged from 0.01 to 0.42. Daughters of sires that transmit the lowest somatic cell score had the lowest incidence of clinical mastitis and the fewest clinical episodes during first and second lactations. Daughters of sires that transmit longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper udder cleft, and strongly attached fore Udders had either fewer clinical episodes or lower clinical mastitis incidence during first and second lactations. The incidence of clinical mastitis and the number of clinical episodes per lactation may be reduced by selection for lower somatic cell score, longer productive life, shallower Udders, deeper udder cleft, or strongly attached fore Udders.
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correlations among somatic cell scores of milk within and across lactations and linear type traits of jerseys
Journal of Dairy Science, 1995Co-Authors: G W Rogers, G L Hargrove, J B CooperAbstract:Abstract Genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for means of log 2 SCC (somatic cell scores) from the first 305 d, the first 75 d, the first 150 d, 76 to 305 d, and 151 to 305 d of lactation for first and second lactations using REML. Somatic cell scores from the Dairy Records Processing Center in Raleigh, North Carolina for 31,180 Jersey cows sired by 411 bulls were used for analyses. Correlations between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores from this study and linear type traits from the American Jersey Cattle Club were also calculated. The model used for analyses of the somatic cell score means included herd-year of calving, age at first calving, sire, and residual. Heritability estimates for the means ranged from .05 to .15 (.12 for 305-d mean for first lactation). Genetic correlations among the somatic cell score means within first and within second lactation were≥.79. The genetic correlation between the 305-d mean from first and second lactation was .90. The smallest genetic correlation across lactations was .68. Somatic cell scores measured at various times were under similar genetic control. Phenotypic correlations were usually much smaller than genetic correlations. Correlations were small between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores measured in first lactation and linear type traits; the largest correlations were between somatic cell scores and dairy form and between somatic cell scores and teat length. Most correlations between sire evaluations for somatic cell scores measured in second lactation and linear type traits were similar to the correlations between somatic cell scores in first lactation and linear type traits. However, in second lactation the negative correlations were larger between somatic cell scores and fore udder attachment and udder depth. Lower scores for dairy form (less angularity), shorter teats, tighter fore Udders, and higher Udders were associated with lower somatic cell scores, especially somatic cell scores measured in second lactation.
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correlations among linear type traits and somatic cell counts
Journal of Dairy Science, 1991Co-Authors: G W Rogers, G L Hargrove, T J Lawlor, J L EbersoleAbstract:Abstract Genetic and phenotypic correlations between linear type traits and SCC were estimated from lactation average SCC from Pennsylvania DHIA and Holstein linear type evaluations from Sire Power, Inc. and Holstein Association using REML. Correlations were estimated between linear type traits and SCC measured in first lactation and between linear type traits measured in first lactation and SCC measured in second or third lactation. Data sets ranged in size from 4294 daughters of 216 sires to 58,235 daughters of 301 sires. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between the linear traits that reflect body and locomotive characteristics and SCC were generally small and unimportant. Phenotypic correlations between udder traits and SCC were variable, but cows with higher udder depth scores (higher Udders) had lower SCC. Genetic correlations between udder traits and SCC were also variable. Genetic correlations between SCC and udder depth, SCC and fore udder attachment, and SCC and teat placement were negative (favorable). Genetic correlations between teat length and SCC tended to be positive. Genetic correlations were largest in magnitude between udder depth and SCC and ranged from –.21 to –.64 (weighted mean = –.35). Selection for higher Udders and closer teat placement will likely improve resistance to mastitis in dairy cattle.