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David J Nowak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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us Urban Forest statistics values and projections
Journal of Forestry, 2018Co-Authors: David J Nowak, Eric J. GreenfieldAbstract:U.S. Urban land increased from 2.6% (57.9 million acres) in 2000 to 3.0% (68.0 million acres) in 2010. States with the greatest amount of Urban growth were in the South/Southeast (TX, FL, NC, GA and SC). Between 2010 and 2060, Urban land is projected to increase another 95.5 million acres to 163.1 million acres (8.6%) with 18 states projected to have an increase of over 2 million acres. Overall, there are an estimated 5.5 billion trees (39.4% tree cover) in Urban areas nationally that contain 127 million acres of leaf area and 44 million tons of dry-weight leaf biomass. Annually, these trees produce a total of $18.3 billion in value related to air pollution removal ($5.4 billion), reduced building energy use ($5.4 billion), carbon sequestration ($4.8 billion) and avoided pollutant emissions ($2.7 billion). States with greatest annual Urban Forest values were: Florida ($1.9 billion), California ($1.4 billion), Pennsylvania ($1.1 billion), New York ($1.0 billion) and Ohio ($971 million).
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Urban Forest structure ecosystem services and change in syracuse ny
Urban Ecosystems, 2016Co-Authors: David J Nowak, Eric J. Greenfield, Robert E. Hoehn, Allison R. Bodine, Jarlath OneildunneAbstract:The tree population within the City of Syracuse was assessed using a random sampling of plots in 1999, 2001 and 2009 to determine how the population and the ecosystem services these trees provide have changed over time. Ecosystem services and values for carbon sequestration, air pollution removal and changes in building energy use were derived using the i-Tree Eco model. In addition, photo interpretation of aerial images was used to determine changes in tree cover between the mid-1990s and 2009. Between the mid-1990s and 2003, tree cover in Syracuse exhibited a decline from 27.5 to 25.9 %, but subsequently increased to 26.9 % by 2009. The total tree population exhibited a similar pattern, dropping from 881,000 trees in 1999 to 862,000 in 2001, and then increasing to 1,087,000 trees in 2009. Most of this increase in the Urban tree population is due to invasive or pioneer trees species, particularly Rhamnus cathartica, which has more than tripled in population between 2001 and 2009. Insects such as gypsy moth and emerald ash borer pose a substantial risk to altering future Urban Forest composition. The annual ecosystem services provided by the Urban Forest in relation to carbon sequestration, air pollution removal and reduction in building energy use are estimated at about $2.4 million per year. An improved understanding of Urban Forests and how they are changing can facilitate better management plans to sustain ecosystem services and desired Forest structure for future generations.
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Assessing Urban Forest effects and values: Toronto's Urban Forest
2013Co-Authors: David J Nowak, Eric J. Greenfield, Robert E. Hoehn, Allison R. Bodine, Alexis Ellis, Theodore A. Endreny, Yang Yang, Tian Zhou, Ruthanne HenryAbstract:An analysis of trees in Toronto, Ontario, reveals that this city has about 10.2 million trees with a tree and shrub canopy that covers approximately 26.6 percent of the city. The most common tree species are eastern white-cedar, sugar maple, and Norway maple. The Urban Forest currently stores an estimated 1.1 million metric tons of carbon valued at CAD$25.0 million. In addition, these trees remove about 46,700 metric tons of carbon per year (CAD$1.1 million per year) and about 1,905 metric tons of air pollution per year (CAD$16.9 million per year). Trees in Toronto are estimated to reduce annual residential energy costs by CAD$9.7 million per year. The compensatory value is estimated at CAD$7.1 billion. Information on the structure and functions of the Urban Forest can be used to improve and augment support for Urban Forest management programs and to integrate Urban Forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the Toronto area.
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Assessing Urban Forest effects and values: Morgantown's Urban Forest
2012Co-Authors: David J Nowak, Daniel E. Crane, Jack C. Stevens, Robert Hoehn, Jonathan R. Cumming, Sandhya Mohen, Anne Buckelew CummingAbstract:An analysis of the community Forest in Morgantown, WV, was undertaken in 2004 to characterize the structural and functional attributes of this Forest resource. The assessment revealed that this city has about 658,000 trees with canopies that cover 35.5 percent of the area. The most common tree species are sugar maple, black cherry, and hawthorn. The Urban Forest currently stores about 93,000 tons of carbon valued at $1.9 million. In addition, these trees remove about 2,900 tons of carbon per year ($60,000 per year), with trees and shrubs removing about 104 tons of air pollution per year ($711,000 per year). Trees in Morgantown are estimated to reduce annual residential energy costs by $380,000 per year. The structural, or compensatory, value is estimated at $488 million. Information on the structure and functions of the Urban Forest can be used to improve and augment support for Urban Forest management programs and to integrate Urban Forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the Morgantown, WV area.
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Assessing Urban Forest effects and values, Los Angeles' Urban Forest
2011Co-Authors: David J Nowak, Daniel E. Crane, Robert Hoehn, Lorraine Weller, Antonio DavilaAbstract:An analysis of trees in Los Angeles, CA, reveals that this area has about 6 million trees with tree and shrub canopies that cover 24.9 percent of the city. The most common tree species are Italian cypress, scrub oak, laurel sumac, Mexican fan palm, and Indian laurel, Trees in Los Angeles currently store about 1.3 million tons of carbon (4.7 million tons CO2) valued at $26.3 million. In addition, these trees remove about 77,000 tons of carbon per year (282,000 tons CO2/year) ($1.6 million per year) and about 1,976 tons of air pollution per year ($14.2 million per year). Los Angeles' trees are estimated to reduce annual residential energy costs by $10.2 million per year. The structural value of the trees is estimated at $12.4 billion. Information on the structure and functions of the Urban Forest can be used to inform Urban Forest management programs and to integrate Urban Forests within plans to improve environmental quality in Los Angeles.
Peter N. Duinker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Urban Forest Values of the Citizenry in Three Colombian Cities
Society & Natural Resources, 2014Co-Authors: Camilo Ordóñez, Peter N. DuinkerAbstract:Urban Forests are an integral part of Urban ecosystems and quality of life. With an overwhelmingly Urban population, Latin American countries benefit considerably from their Urban Forests. However, little is known about the values that make such Forests important. The goal of this study was to provide an overview of Urban Forest values in Colombia. Exploratory research was undertaken in the cities of Bogota, Cali, and Pereira, with the use of field tours based on visits to five Urban Forest types, personal diaries, and focus groups. Recruitment was based on voluntary self-selection. Data were captured from 72 participants and analyzed via coding and theme extraction. The data demonstrate that Colombian Urban dwellers value the Urban Forest in terms of a rich array of psychological, aesthetic, sociocultural, ecological, environmental, and economic themes. This study is a primer for eliciting Urban Forest values and developing typologies in a novel and effective way.
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An analysis of Urban Forest management plans in Canada: Implications for Urban Forest management
Landscape and Urban Planning, 2013Co-Authors: Camilo Ordóñez, Peter N. DuinkerAbstract:Abstract Urban Forests are an integral part of Urban ecosystems and quality of city life. The Urban Forest in Canada is highly valued, underscoring the importance of devising schemes for sustainable Urban Forest management. During the last decade, many Urban Forest management plans (UFMPs) have been prepared. This study analyses 14 Canadian UFMPs published in this period. We found that most of the UFMPs are dominated by an approach that relies on single-tree maintenance, canopy-cover enhancement, tree-diversity enhancement, and planting-oriented educational programmes. These activities dominate the operational features of the plans, while other ecological, social, and economic considerations lack specificity and operational clarity. A suite of best management practices based on UFMP documentation is included here.
Camilo Ordóñez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Urban Forest Values of the Citizenry in Three Colombian Cities
Society & Natural Resources, 2014Co-Authors: Camilo Ordóñez, Peter N. DuinkerAbstract:Urban Forests are an integral part of Urban ecosystems and quality of life. With an overwhelmingly Urban population, Latin American countries benefit considerably from their Urban Forests. However, little is known about the values that make such Forests important. The goal of this study was to provide an overview of Urban Forest values in Colombia. Exploratory research was undertaken in the cities of Bogota, Cali, and Pereira, with the use of field tours based on visits to five Urban Forest types, personal diaries, and focus groups. Recruitment was based on voluntary self-selection. Data were captured from 72 participants and analyzed via coding and theme extraction. The data demonstrate that Colombian Urban dwellers value the Urban Forest in terms of a rich array of psychological, aesthetic, sociocultural, ecological, environmental, and economic themes. This study is a primer for eliciting Urban Forest values and developing typologies in a novel and effective way.
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An analysis of Urban Forest management plans in Canada: Implications for Urban Forest management
Landscape and Urban Planning, 2013Co-Authors: Camilo Ordóñez, Peter N. DuinkerAbstract:Abstract Urban Forests are an integral part of Urban ecosystems and quality of city life. The Urban Forest in Canada is highly valued, underscoring the importance of devising schemes for sustainable Urban Forest management. During the last decade, many Urban Forest management plans (UFMPs) have been prepared. This study analyses 14 Canadian UFMPs published in this period. We found that most of the UFMPs are dominated by an approach that relies on single-tree maintenance, canopy-cover enhancement, tree-diversity enhancement, and planting-oriented educational programmes. These activities dominate the operational features of the plans, while other ecological, social, and economic considerations lack specificity and operational clarity. A suite of best management practices based on UFMP documentation is included here.
E G Mcpherson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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using aviris data and multiple masking techniques to map Urban Forest tree species
International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2004Co-Authors: Qingfu Xiao, Susan L Ustin, E G McphersonAbstract:Tree type and species information are critical parameters for Urban Forest management, benefit cost analysis and Urban planning. However, traditionally, these parameters have been derived based on limited field samples in Urban Forest management practice. In this study we used high-resolution Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data and multiple-spectral masking techniques to identify and map Urban Forest trees. Trees were identified based on their spectral character difference in AVIRIS data. The use of multiple-masking techniques shift the focus to the target land cover types only, thus reducing confounding noise during spectral analysis. The results were checked against ground reference data and by comparison to tree information in an existing geographical information system (GIS) database. At the tree type level, mapping was accomplished with 94% accuracy. At the tree species level, the average accuracy was 70% but this varied with both tree type and species. Of the four evergreen ...
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benefits cost analysis of modesto s municipal Urban Forest
Journal of arboriculture, 1999Co-Authors: E G Mcpherson, James R Simpson, P J Peper, Q XiaoAbstract:This study answers the question: Do the accrued benefits from Modesto's Urban Forest justify an annual munici- pal budget that exceeds $2 million? Results indicate that the benefits residents obtain from Modesto's 91,179 public trees exceeded management costs by a factor of nearly 2. In fiscal year 1997-1998, Modesto spent $2.6 million for Urban Forestry ($14.36/resident, $28.77/tree), and 74% of this amount was for mature tree care. Total annual ben- efits from Modesto's Urban Forest were $4.95 million ($27.12/ resident, $54.33/tree). Net benefits for FY 1997- 1998 were $2,329,900 ($12.76/resident, $25.55/tree). Annual air-pollutant uptake was 154 metric tonnes (3.7 lb/tree), with an implied value of $1.48 million ($16/ tree). Aesthetics and other benefits had an estimated value of $1.5 million ($17/tree). Building shade and cooler sum- mer temperatures attributed to street and park trees saved 110,133 MBtu, valued at $870,000 (122 kWh/tree, $10/ tree). Smaller benefits resulted from reductions in stormwater runoff (292,000 m 3 or 845 gal/tree, $616,000 or $7/tree) and atmospheric carbon dioxide (13,900 t or 336 lb/tree, $460,000 or $5/tree). Due to the population's relatively even-aged structure and heavy reliance on ma- ture Modesto ash for benefits, management strategies are needed that may reduce net benefits but increase diversity and stability. estate values, provide neighborhoods with a sense of place, and foster psychological well-being (Dwyer et al. 1992). Street and park trees are associated with other intangible benefits such as increased commu- nity attractiveness and recreational opportunities that make Modesto a more enjoyable place to work and play. Modesto's Urban Forest creates a setting that helps attract new businesses and residents.
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rainfall interception by sacramento s Urban Forest
Journal of arboriculture, 1998Co-Authors: Q Xiao, E G Mcpherson, James R Simpson, Susan L UstinAbstract:A one-dimensional mass and energy balance model was developed to simulate rainfall interception in Sacramento County, California. The model describes tree interception processes: gross precipitation, leaf drip, stem flow, and evaporation. Kriging was used to extend existing meteorological point data over the region. Regional land use/ land cover and tree canopy cover were parameterized with data obtained by remote sensing and ground sampling. Annual interception was 1.1% for the entire county and 11.1% of precipitation falling on the Urban Forest canopy. Summer interception at the Urban Forest canopy level was 36% for an Urban Forest stand dominated by large, broadleaf evergreens and conifers (leaf area index = 6.1) and 18% for a stand dominated by medium-sized conifers and broadleaf deciduous trees (leaf area index = 3.7). For 5 precipitation events with return frequencies ranging from 2 to 200 years, interception was greatest for small storms and least for large storms. Because small storms are responsible for most pollutant washout, Urban Forests are likely to produce greater benefits through water quality protection than through flood control.
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structure and sustainability of sacramento s Urban Forest
Journal of arboriculture, 1998Co-Authors: E G McphersonAbstract:The Urban Forest of Sacramento County, California, contains approximately 6 million trees. Tree density and basal area decrease along an Urban-rural gradient from city (73 trees/ha, 13.4 m/ha), to subUrban (64 trees/ha, 4.5 m/ha), to rural (10 trees/ha, 0.9 m/ha) sectors. Within the city and subUrban sectors, where 90% of all residents live, approximately 75% of total tree numbers, basal area, and leaf area occurs on residential land. Sacramento's Urban Forest is relatively sustainable. Seventy percent of the trees are in excellent or good condition, the population is well distributed by age and species, and the most abundant species are reasonably well suited to local conditions. Factors likely to trigger change in Sacramento's Urban Forest during the next 50 years are described (e.g., water conservation, development patterns, landscape maintenance issues) and species with potential to thrive in these conditions are listed for future planting and evaluation. A comparison of canopy cover, density, and basal area of trees in the city sectors of Sacramento and Chicago, Illinois, reveal surprising similarities. However, in Sacramento these values decrease along the Urban-rural gradient, while in Chicago they increase. As human influences wane along the gradient, such factors as climate, soils, competition, and natural regeneration become more important forces in causing Urban Forest structure to approach presettlement conditions.
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atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by sacramento s Urban Forest
Journal of arboriculture, 1998Co-Authors: E G McphersonAbstract:Sacramento County's 6 million trees store 8 million tons of CO2 (31 t/ha), and annually sequester 238,000 t (0.92 t/ha). Air-conditioning (157 GWh) and space-heating (145 TJ) savings from the Urban Forest further reduce emissions by 75,600 t of CO2 annually (0.29 t/ha). These avoided emissions are only 32% of the amount sequestered, due to a clean, hydroelectric energy supply. Annual CO, release associated with tree maintenance is estimated at 9,400 t (0.04 t/ha), or 3% of the amount sequestered and avoided. In net, the Urban Forest removes approximately 304,000 t (1.2 t/ha) each year, with an implied value of US $3.3 million ($0.55/tree). Carbon dioxide reduction by Sacramento's Urban Forest offsets the total amount of CO2 emitted as a byproduct of human consumption by 1.8%. Most benefits accrue on residential lands in the city and subUrban sectors, where rates of storage and sequestration are about one-half those reported for U.S. Forests. Guidelines for managing Urban Forests to reduce atmospheric CO2 are presented.
Jeffrey T. Walton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Assessing Urban Forest canopy cover using airborne or satellite imagery
Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, 2008Co-Authors: Jeffrey T. Walton, David J Nowak, Eric J. GreenfieldAbstract:With the availability of many sources of imagery and various digital classification techniques, assessing Urban Forest canopy cover is readily accessible to most Urban Forest managers. Understanding the capability and limitations of various types of imagery and classification methods is essential to interpreting canopy cover values. An overview of several remote sensing techniques used to assess Urban Forest canopy cover is presented. A case study comparing canopy cover percentages for Syracuse, New York, U.S. interprets the multiple values developed using different methods. Most methods produce relatively similar results, but the estimate based on the National Land Cover Database is much lower
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a ground based method of assessing Urban Forest structure and ecosystem services
Aboriculture & Urban Forestry. 34(6): 347-358., 2008Co-Authors: David J Nowak, Jeffrey T. Walton, Daniel E. Crane, Jack C. Stevens, Robert E. Hoehn, Jerry BondAbstract:To properly manage Urban Forests, it is essential to have data on this important resource. An efficient means to obtain this information is to randomly sample Urban areas. To help assess the Urban Forest structure (e.g., number of trees, species composition, tree sizes, health) and several functions (e.g., air pollution removal, carbon storage and sequestration), the Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) model was developed. Data collection variables and model methods are detailed and Urban Forest structure results are compared among 14 United States cities with average tree density ranging between 22.5 trees/ha (9.1 trees/ac) in Casper, Wyoming, U.S. to 275.8 trees/ha (111.6 trees/ac) in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Advantages and disadvantages of this ground-based method of assessing Urban Forest structure, functions, and values are discussed.
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Assessing Urban Forest effects and values, Philladelphia's Urban Forest
2007Co-Authors: David J Nowak, Iii Hoehn Robert E., Daniel E. Crane, Jack C. Stevens, Jeffrey T. WaltonAbstract:An analysis of trees in Philadelphia reveals that this city has about 2.1 million trees with canopies that cover 15.7 percent of the area. The most common tree species are black cherry, crabapple, and tree of heaven. The Urban Forest currently stores about 530,000 tons of carbon valued at $9.8 million. In addition, these trees remove about 16,100 tons of carbon per year ($297,000 per year) and about 802 tons of air pollution per year ($3.9 million per year). The structural, or compensatory, value is estimated at $1.8 billion. Information on the structure and functions of the Urban Forest can be used to improve and augment support for Urban Forest management programs and to integrate Urban Forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the Philadelphia area.
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Assessing Urban Forest effects and values, San Francisco's Urban Forest
2007Co-Authors: David J Nowak, Daniel E. Crane, Jack C. Stevens, Robert E. Hoehn, Jeffrey T. WaltonAbstract:An analysis of trees in San Francisco, CA reveals that this city has about 669,000 trees with canopies that cover 11.9 percent of the area. The most common tree species are blue gum eucalyptus, Monterey pine, and Monterey cypress. The Urban Forest currently stores about 196,000 tons of carbon valued at $3.6 million. In addition, these trees remove about 5,200 tons of carbon per year ($95,000 per year) and about 260 tons of air pollution per year ($1.3 million per year). The structural, or compensatory, value is estimated at $1.7 billion. Information on the structure and functions of the Urban Forest can be used to improve and augment support for Urban Forest management programs and to integrate Urban Forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the San Francisco area.
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Assessing Urban Forest effects and values, New York City's Urban Forest
2007Co-Authors: David J Nowak, Daniel E. Crane, Jack C. Stevens, Robert E. Hoehn, Jeffrey T. WaltonAbstract:An analysis of trees in New York City reveals that this city has about 5.2 million trees with canopies that cover 20.9 percent of the area. The most common tree species are tree of heaven, black cherry, and sweetgum. The Urban Forest currently stores about 1.35 million tons of carbon valued at $24.9 million. In addition, these trees remove about 42,300 tons of carbon per year ($779,000 per year) and about 2,202 tons of air pollution per year ($10.6 million per year). The structural, or compensatory, value is estimated at $5.2 billion. Information on the structure and functions of the Urban Forest can be used to improve and augment support for Urban Forest management programs and to integrate Urban Forests within plans to improve environmental quality in the New York City area.