The Experts below are selected from a list of 243 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Bernard Cohen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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control of the three dimensional dynamic characteristics of the angular vestibulo ocular reflex by the nodulus and Uvula
Progress in Brain Research, 1997Co-Authors: Susan L Wearne, Theodore Raphan, W Waespe, Bernard CohenAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter explains that spatial orientation of the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) is controlled by the nodulus and Uvula. The data suggest that nodulo-Uvular modules separately control the time constants of velocity storage about individual semicircular canal-related axes, as well as crosscoupling among these axes. The aVOR is a sensorimotor system with unique properties for studying behavioral manifestations of the zonal structure of the cerebellar cortex. It is naturally subdivided according to the coordinate frame of the semicircular canals into three functional components, which are separately represented in the vestibular nuclei and the cerebellar cortex. The chapter shows that computations performed by the nodulus and Uvula differentially control the three-dimensional dynamic characteristics of velocity storage that determine the spatial orientation of the aVOR. Time constants about a vertical axis are represented in lateral modules, whereas time constants about horizontal axes are represented in more medial zones.
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stimulation of the nodulus and Uvula discharges velocity storage in the vestibulo ocular reflex
Experimental Brain Research, 1994Co-Authors: David Solomon, Bernard CohenAbstract:The nodulus and sublobule d of the Uvula of rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys were electrically stimulated with short trains of pulses to study changes in horizontal slow-phase eye velocity. Nodulus and Uvula stimulation produced a rapid decline in horizontal slow phase velocity, one aspect of the spatial reorientation of the axis of eye rotation that occurs when the head is tilted with regard to gravity during per- and post-rotatory nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN). Nodulus and Uvula stimulation also reproduced the reduction of the horizontal time constant of post-rotatory nystagmus and OKAN that occurs during visual suppression. The brief electric stimuli (4–5 s) induced little slow-phase velocity and had no effect on the initial jump in eye velocity at the onset or the end of angular rotation. Effects of stimulation were unilateral, suggesting specificity of the output pathways. Activation of more caudal sites in the Uvula produced nystagmus with a rapid rise in eye velocity, but the effects did not outlast the stimulus and did not affect VOR or OKAN time constants. Thus, stimulation of caudal parts of the Uvula did not affect eye velocity produced by velocity storage. We postulate that the nodulus and sublobule d of the Uvula control the time constant of the yaw axis (horizontal) component of slow-phase eye velocity produced by velocity storage.
Macario Camacho - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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neuromuscular function of the soft palate and Uvula in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea a systematic review
American Journal of Otolaryngology, 2018Co-Authors: Jagatkumar A Patel, Camilo Fernandezsalvador, Christopher J Gouveia, Soroush Zaghi, Macario CamachoAbstract:Abstract Objective A collapsible upper airway is a common cause of obstructive sleep apnea. The exact pathophysiology leading to a more collapsible airway is not well understood. A progressive neuropathy of the soft palate and pharyngeal dilators may be associated with the progression of snoring to OSA. The purpose of this study is to systematically review the international literature investigating the neurophysiologic changes in the soft palate and Uvula that contribute to progression from snoring to OSA. Methods PubMed/MEDLINE and 4 other databases were systematically searched through July 4, 2017. Eligibility: (1) Patients: controls, snoring or OSA patients (2) Intervention: neuromuscular evaluation of the palate and/or Uvula (3) Comparison: differences between controls, snoring and OSA patients (4) Outcomes: neuromuscular outcomes (5) Study design: Peer reviewed publications of any design. Results 845 studies were screened, 76 were downloaded in full text form and thirty-one studies met criteria. Histological studies of the soft palate demonstrated diffuse inflammatory changes, muscular changes consistent with neuropathy, and neural aberrancies. Sensory testing studies provided heterogeneous outcomes though the majority favored neuronal dysfunction. Studies have consistently demonstrated that increasing severity of snoring and sleep apnea is associated with worsening sensory nerve function of the palate in association with atrophic histological changes to the nerves and muscle fibers of the soft palate and Uvula. Conclusions Recent evidence highlighted in this systematic review implicates the role of neurogenic pathology underlying the loss of soft palate and/or Uvular tone in the progression of snoring to sleep apnea.
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the relationship of the Uvula with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea a systematic review
Sleep and Breathing, 2018Co-Authors: Edward T Chang, Grace Baik, Carlos Torre, Scott E Brietzke, Macario CamachoAbstract:Currently, the relationship between Uvula size and sleep-disordered breathing (snoring and obstructive sleep apnea) lacks data for objective interpretation. This study conducted a systematic review of the international literature for research describing the measurable characteristics of the Uvula (i.e., size, length, width) and any association with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). PubMED, Scopus, Google Scholar, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were each systematically searched from inception through November 15, 2016. We screened 1037 titles and abstracts. We conducted a full review of 54 downloaded articles. Sixteen articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The 16 studies included a total of 2604 patients. The selected articles included data and information for (1) normative data for Uvular size in the control groups, (2) snoring and Uvula size, (3) OSA and Uvula size, and (4) overall Uvula function. Our review noted variability in findings; however, in general, a Uvular length > 15 mm was considered elongated and a Uvular width > 10 mm was considered to be wide. The studies included in this systematic review reveal a relationship between Uvula size, snoring, and OSA. Further, larger Uvulas appear associated with more severe snoring and OSA. The direct correlation between Uvula size and its relationship specifically to snoring and OSA remain as topics for future prospective research.
A. Gottschalk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Uvula-Schwellung und -Elongation nach Intubationsnarkose
Der Anaesthesist, 2008Co-Authors: C. Rempf, I. Pechlivanis, M. Zenz, M. Michels, K. Schmieder, A. GottschalkAbstract:Lokalisierte pathologische Veränderungen der Uvula sind seltene, aber potenziell lebensgefährliche Komplikationen nach einer Intubationsnarkose. Es wird über eine postoperativ isoliert geschwollene und elongierte Uvula nach einer Intubationsnarkose in Bauchlage berichtet. Ein mechanisches Trauma scheint als Ursache plausibel. Localized pathological changes of the Uvular are rare but potentially life-threatening complications after general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation. A case of postoperative swollen and elongated Uvula after general anaesthesia in a prone position is presented. A mechanical trauma seems to be the most likely etiology.
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Uvula schwellung und elongation nach intubationsnarkose
Anaesthesist, 2008Co-Authors: C. Rempf, I. Pechlivanis, M. Zenz, M. Michels, K. Schmieder, A. GottschalkAbstract:Lokalisierte pathologische Veranderungen der Uvula sind seltene, aber potenziell lebensgefahrliche Komplikationen nach einer Intubationsnarkose. Es wird uber eine postoperativ isoliert geschwollene und elongierte Uvula nach einer Intubationsnarkose in Bauchlage berichtet. Ein mechanisches Trauma scheint als Ursache plausibel.
Israel Rubinstein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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decrease in immunoreactive neutral endopeptidase in Uvula epithelium of patients with obstructive sleep apnea
Annals of Otology Rhinology and Laryngology, 1997Co-Authors: Mohamed Zakkar, Marin Sekosan, Barry L. Wenig, Christopher O. Olopade, Israel RubinsteinAbstract:The purpose of this study was to determine whether neutral endopeptidase (NEP; EC 3.4.24.11) is decreased in the Uvula epithelium of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Tissues were obtained by uvulopharyngopalatoplasty in seven patients with moderate OSA and by autopsy in five individuals not known to have OSA. Using antisera to human NEP and immunoperoxidase staining, we found that NEP was localized in Uvula epithelial cells of both patients with OSA and controls. However, there was a significant decrease in the number of epithelial cells staining for NEP in patients with OSA relative to controls (67 ± 10 cells versus 261 ± 33 cells, in 5 randomly selected high-power microscopic fields, respectively; mean ± SEM; p <.05). The intensity of staining for NEP was similar in both groups. We conclude that immunoreactive NEP is significantly decreased in the Uvula epithelium of patients with OSA.
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Inflammation in the Uvula Mucosa of Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Laryngoscope, 1996Co-Authors: Marin Sekosan, Mohamed Zakkar, Barry L. Wenig, Christopher O. Olopade, Israel RubinsteinAbstract:This study was conducted to determine whether inflammation is present in the Uvula mucosa of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Uvulas were obtained by uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in 21 patients with moderate OSA (mean apnea/hypopnea index and standard error of the mean : 32±4) and by autopsy in 5 individuals not known to have OSA. Using point counting in five randomly selected high-power microscopic fields (x100), the authors found that the number of leukocytes in the lamina propria of the Uvula mucosa was significantly higher in patients with OSA than in the controls 1179±12 cells vs. 71±4 cells, respectively ; P
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inflammation in the Uvula mucosa of patients with obstructive sleep apnea
Laryngoscope, 1996Co-Authors: Marin Sekosan, Mohamed Zakkar, Barry L. Wenig, Christopher O. Olopade, Israel RubinsteinAbstract:This study was conducted to determine whether inflammation is present in the Uvula mucosa of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Uvulas were obtained by uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in 21 patients with moderate OSA (mean apnea/hypopnea index and standard error of the mean : 32±4) and by autopsy in 5 individuals not known to have OSA. Using point counting in five randomly selected high-power microscopic fields (x100), the authors found that the number of leukocytes in the lamina propria of the Uvula mucosa was significantly higher in patients with OSA than in the controls 1179±12 cells vs. 71±4 cells, respectively ; P<.05). This was due to a significant increase in the number of plasma cells in patients with OSA as compared with controls (89±15 cells vs. 21±5 cells, respectively ; P<.05). The thickness of the lamina propria (an index of interstitial edema) was also significantly increased in patients with OSA compared with controls 10.99±0 :12 mm vs. 0.27±0.02 mm, respectively ; P<0.05). The authors conclude that inflammation, characterized by plasma cell infiltration and interstitial edema, is present in the Uvula mucosa of patients with moderate OSA. They also suggest that soft palate inflammation contributes to upper airway occlusion observed during sleep in these patients.
Douglas R Wylie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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topographic organization of inferior olive projections to the zebrin ii stripes in the pigeon cerebellar Uvula
Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 2018Co-Authors: Iulia Craciun, Cristian Gutierrezibanez, Jeremy R Corfield, Peter L Hurd, Douglas R WylieAbstract:This study was aimed at mapping the organization of the projections from the inferior olive (IO) to the ventral Uvula in pigeons. The Uvula is part of the vestibulocerebellum, which is involved in the processing of optic flow resulting from self-motion. As in other areas of the cerebellum, the Uvula is organized into sagittal zones, which is apparent with respect to afferent inputs, the projection patterns of Purkinje cell (PC) efferents, the response properties of PCs and the expression of molecular markers such as zebrin II (ZII). ZII is heterogeneously expressed such that there are sagittal stripes of PCs with high ZII expression (ZII+), alternating with sagittal stripes of PCs with little to no ZII expression (ZII-). We have previously demonstrated that a ZII+/- stripe pair in the Uvula constitutes a functional unit, insofar as the complex spike activity of all PCs within a ZII+/-stripe pair respond to the same type of optic flow stimuli. In the present study we sought to map the climbing fibre inputs from the inferior olive to the ZII+ and ZII- stripes in the Uvula. We injected fluorescent Cholera Toxin B (CTB) of different colours (red and green) into ZII+ and ZII- bands of functional stripe pair. Injections in the ZII+ and ZII- bands resulted in retrograde labelling of spatially separate, but adjacent regions in the inferior olive. Thus, although a ZII+/ZII- stripe pair represents a functional unit in the pigeon Uvula, climbing fibre inputs to the ZII+ and ZII- stripes of a unit arise from separate regions of the inferior olive.
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differential projections from the vestibular nuclei to the flocculus and Uvula nodulus in pigeons columba livia
The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2008Co-Authors: Janelle M P Pakan, David J Graham, Andrew N Iwaniuk, Douglas R WylieAbstract:The pigeon vestibulocerebellum is divided into two regions based on the responses of Purkinje cells to optic flow stimuli: the Uvula-nodulus responds best to self-translation, and the flocculus responds best to self-rotation. We used retrograde tracing to determine whether the flocculus and Uvula-nodulus receive differential mossy fiber input from the vestibular and cerebellar nuclei. From retrograde injections into the both the flocculus and Uvula-nodulus, numerous cells were found in the superior vestibular nucleus (VeS), the cerebellovestibular process (pcv), the descending vestibular nucleus (VeD), and the medial vestibular nucleus (VeM). Less labeling was found in the prepositus hypoglossi, the cerebellar nuclei, the dorsolateral vestibular nucleus, and the lateral vestibular nucleus, pars ventralis. In the VeS, the differential input to the flocculus and Uvula-nodulus was distinct: cells were localized to the medial and lateral regions, respectively. The same pattern was observed in the VeD, although there was considerable overlap. In the VeM, the majority of cells labeled from the flocculus were in rostral margins on the ipsilateral side, whereas labeling from Uvula-nodulus injections was distributed bilaterally throughout the VeM. Finally, from injections in the flocculus but not the Uvulanodulus, moderate labeling was observed in a paramedian area, adjacent to the medial longitudinal fasciculus. In summary, there were clear differences with respect to the projections from the vestibular nuclei to functionally distinct parts of the vestibulocerebellum. Generally speaking, the mossy fibers to the flocculus and Uvula-nodulus arise from regions of the vestibular nuclei that receive input from the semicircular canals and otolith organs, respectively. J. Comp. Neurol.
