The Experts below are selected from a list of 312 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Johannes Eckert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
world association for the advancement of Veterinary Parasitology waavp the 50th anniversary in 2013 history achievements and future perspectives
Veterinary Parasitology, 2013Co-Authors: Johannes EckertAbstract:Abstract In 2013 the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) can celebrate its 50th anniversary. At this occasion in this article selected historical data are updated, and the achievements and future perspectives of the WAAVP are discussed. Although the WAAVP is a small association with only a few hundred members, it has been able to develop remarkable activities. Between 1963 and 2011 the WAAVP has organized 23 international scientific congresses, and the 24th conference will take place in Perth, Western Australia, in 2013. These conferences have achieved a high degree of international recognition as indicated by relatively large numbers of participants (up to ∼800). Furthermore, the WAAVP has promoted Veterinary Parasitology in various ways, such as publishing international guidelines (efficacy evaluation of antiparasitic drugs, parasitological methods, standardized nomenclature of animal parasitic diseases “SNOAPAD”), stimulating international discussions on teaching and continued education (“colleges of Veterinary Parasitology”) and by supporting the high quality journal “Veterinary Parasitology” which is the official organ of the WAAVP. In retrospect, the development of the WAAVP can be classified as very successful. New challenges associated with global changes (growth of the world population, urbanization, climate change, new developments in animal and plant production, etc.) will require new efforts in research in various fields, including Veterinary Parasitology. Future activities of WAAVP may include inter alia: (a) support of international parasitological networks; (b) stimulation of coordinated research aimed at the solution of defined problems; (c) increasing the exposure of WAAVP to Parasitology from hitherto neglected regions of the world; (d) strengthening of official links to international organizations (FAO, WHO, etc.); (e) continuation of guideline preparation; and (d) preparation and international distribution of high quality electronic programs for self-education in Veterinary Parasitology.
-
World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP): The 50th anniversary in 2013—History, achievements, and future perspectives
Veterinary Parasitology, 2013Co-Authors: Johannes EckertAbstract:Abstract In 2013 the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) can celebrate its 50th anniversary. At this occasion in this article selected historical data are updated, and the achievements and future perspectives of the WAAVP are discussed. Although the WAAVP is a small association with only a few hundred members, it has been able to develop remarkable activities. Between 1963 and 2011 the WAAVP has organized 23 international scientific congresses, and the 24th conference will take place in Perth, Western Australia, in 2013. These conferences have achieved a high degree of international recognition as indicated by relatively large numbers of participants (up to ∼800). Furthermore, the WAAVP has promoted Veterinary Parasitology in various ways, such as publishing international guidelines (efficacy evaluation of antiparasitic drugs, parasitological methods, standardized nomenclature of animal parasitic diseases “SNOAPAD”), stimulating international discussions on teaching and continued education (“colleges of Veterinary Parasitology”) and by supporting the high quality journal “Veterinary Parasitology” which is the official organ of the WAAVP. In retrospect, the development of the WAAVP can be classified as very successful. New challenges associated with global changes (growth of the world population, urbanization, climate change, new developments in animal and plant production, etc.) will require new efforts in research in various fields, including Veterinary Parasitology. Future activities of WAAVP may include inter alia: (a) support of international parasitological networks; (b) stimulation of coordinated research aimed at the solution of defined problems; (c) increasing the exposure of WAAVP to Parasitology from hitherto neglected regions of the world; (d) strengthening of official links to international organizations (FAO, WHO, etc.); (e) continuation of guideline preparation; and (d) preparation and international distribution of high quality electronic programs for self-education in Veterinary Parasitology.
-
various approaches of teaching Veterinary Parasitology
Veterinary Parasitology, 2002Co-Authors: Bruno Gottstein, Johannes EckertAbstract:In this paper, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches of teaching Veterinary Parasitology, including the disciplinary, the problem-oriented and combined approaches. In the disciplinary approach, Parasitology is taught in the classical manner as a coherent subject, covering parasite morphology, biology, molecular biology, epidemiology, pathology, immunology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, therapy, control, and prevention. Problem-oriented teaching approaches the subjects starting from diseases in animal species or from organ systems or other objectives (e.g. food safety); it also tackles training of skills for problem solving and self-learning. Combined approaches include elements of the disciplinary approach and those of other methods. A combined approach of teaching Veterinary Parasitology, including basic disciplinary teaching of at least 70-90 h, and additional problem-oriented education, was recently proposed in a resolution by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology [WAAVP News Lett. 5 (1) 3-4]. In 1999, a new curriculum has been established at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Berne, originally planned as a combination of organ-focused and problem-based approach. This model was soon identified to cause problems in teaching some disciplines, including infectious diseases. Conversely, the short-term experiences with this combined approach also confirmed some advantages of problem-oriented teaching in other, mainly clinical domains. Nevertheless, closer interdisciplinary contact and collaboration--especially in elective teaching--was enforced between paraclinical and clinical teaching by reforming the curriculum. However, it turned out that large student numbers in relation to the resources of manpower, rooms and finances limited the workability of the curriculum. Therefore, further and probably continuous improvement of the curriculum is necessary.
-
waavp pfizer award for excellence in teaching Veterinary Parasitology teaching of Veterinary Parasitology quo vadis
Veterinary Parasitology, 2000Co-Authors: Johannes EckertAbstract:Abstract Some thoughts on training and recruitment of academic teachers and future trends in teaching Veterinary Parasitology are presented with emphasis on the European situation. It is underlined that research is an indispensable basis for academic teaching. Besides a broad scientific background of the teacher, motivation and teaching methods are also important. Many academic teachers do not receive formal training in teaching methods. In order to improve future education, training of staff members in teaching methods should be promoted. Quality control of teaching and research, already established in many schools, should generally be introduced. Teaching is mostly underestimated in relation to research. Therefore, more weight should be placed on the former both in selecting scientists for the career as academic teachers and in evaluating and ranking departments for their academic activities. In the future Veterinary medicine will have to cope with profound changes in the society and the Veterinary profession, and the progressing European unification will enhance trends for internationalizing teaching curricula. Therefore, Veterinary medicine has to reconsider the teaching subjects and methods and to lay more emphasis on flexibility, skills of problem-solving and self-learning and on training for life-long learning. At present there is an ongoing discussion on the question how to teach Veterinary medicine, including Veterinary Parasitology. There are various options, and some of them are discussed, namely, the disciplinary and the problem-based/organ-focussed approaches. It is concluded that for teaching of Veterinary Parasitology and related disciplines a combined disciplinary and problem-based approach offers the best chances for fulfilling the requirements of teaching for the future. In the curriculum of undergraduate teaching of Veterinary medicine at least 70–90 h should be dedicated to Veterinary Parasitology using a disciplinary and taxonomic approach. Additional hours are required for instructions on clinical cases in approaches focussed on animal species and/or organ diseases. As there is a need for discussing teaching issues, post-graduate specialization, and continuing education in Parasitology and related disciplines on national and international levels, it is recommended to WAAVP to include regular workshops on teaching in the programmes of the biannual conferences, and to establish a permanent committee which should collect information and submit proposals for improvement of teaching Veterinary Parasitology.
-
WAAVP/Pfizer award for excellence in teaching Veterinary Parasitology: teaching of Veterinary Parasitology--quo vadis?
Veterinary Parasitology, 2000Co-Authors: Johannes EckertAbstract:Abstract Some thoughts on training and recruitment of academic teachers and future trends in teaching Veterinary Parasitology are presented with emphasis on the European situation. It is underlined that research is an indispensable basis for academic teaching. Besides a broad scientific background of the teacher, motivation and teaching methods are also important. Many academic teachers do not receive formal training in teaching methods. In order to improve future education, training of staff members in teaching methods should be promoted. Quality control of teaching and research, already established in many schools, should generally be introduced. Teaching is mostly underestimated in relation to research. Therefore, more weight should be placed on the former both in selecting scientists for the career as academic teachers and in evaluating and ranking departments for their academic activities. In the future Veterinary medicine will have to cope with profound changes in the society and the Veterinary profession, and the progressing European unification will enhance trends for internationalizing teaching curricula. Therefore, Veterinary medicine has to reconsider the teaching subjects and methods and to lay more emphasis on flexibility, skills of problem-solving and self-learning and on training for life-long learning. At present there is an ongoing discussion on the question how to teach Veterinary medicine, including Veterinary Parasitology. There are various options, and some of them are discussed, namely, the disciplinary and the problem-based/organ-focussed approaches. It is concluded that for teaching of Veterinary Parasitology and related disciplines a combined disciplinary and problem-based approach offers the best chances for fulfilling the requirements of teaching for the future. In the curriculum of undergraduate teaching of Veterinary medicine at least 70–90 h should be dedicated to Veterinary Parasitology using a disciplinary and taxonomic approach. Additional hours are required for instructions on clinical cases in approaches focussed on animal species and/or organ diseases. As there is a need for discussing teaching issues, post-graduate specialization, and continuing education in Parasitology and related disciplines on national and international levels, it is recommended to WAAVP to include regular workshops on teaching in the programmes of the biannual conferences, and to establish a permanent committee which should collect information and submit proposals for improvement of teaching Veterinary Parasitology.
J. Armour - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
W.A.A.V.P. and Pfizer award for excellence in research in Veterinary Parasitology. Veterinary helminthology 1954–1993: a personal view of four decades of research
Veterinary Parasitology, 1994Co-Authors: J. ArmourAbstract:I have been involved with Veterinary Parasitology and in particular Veterinary helminthology for close on four decades. At the request of the President of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, Dr Owen Slocombe, I have been asked to reflect on seminal research achievements during that period with emphasis where appropriate to my own work. By way of a preamble I will start by describing how I came into Veterinary Parasitology. As a young veterinarian I had joined the British Colonial Service in 1953 and was posted to the Veterinary Research Station at Vom, Nigeria. Although my remit was to work in the general area of animal production I soon recognised that apart from major scourges such as rinderpest, the biggest problems affecting animal production were parasitic infections and nutrition and the interaction between these. A vacancy occurred in the Parasitology Division of the Department of Animal Production and I joined the team led by Professor Rob Lee and Dr John Ross, both of whom are distinguished Veterinary helminthologists; they were my mentors and my friends. Our laboratory concentrated on helminthology while another on the same station dealt with entomology and blood protozoa. I now propose to provide a personal view of research in Veterinary helminthology over the past four decades, i.e. 1954-1993.
-
w a a v p and pfizer award for excellence in research in Veterinary Parasitology Veterinary helminthology 1954 1993 a personal view of four decades of research
Veterinary Parasitology, 1994Co-Authors: J. ArmourAbstract:I have been involved with Veterinary Parasitology and in particular Veterinary helminthology for close on four decades. At the request of the President of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, Dr Owen Slocombe, I have been asked to reflect on seminal research achievements during that period with emphasis where appropriate to my own work. By way of a preamble I will start by describing how I came into Veterinary Parasitology. As a young veterinarian I had joined the British Colonial Service in 1953 and was posted to the Veterinary Research Station at Vom, Nigeria. Although my remit was to work in the general area of animal production I soon recognised that apart from major scourges such as rinderpest, the biggest problems affecting animal production were parasitic infections and nutrition and the interaction between these. A vacancy occurred in the Parasitology Division of the Department of Animal Production and I joined the team led by Professor Rob Lee and Dr John Ross, both of whom are distinguished Veterinary helminthologists; they were my mentors and my friends. Our laboratory concentrated on helminthology while another on the same station dealt with entomology and blood protozoa. I now propose to provide a personal view of research in Veterinary helminthology over the past four decades, i.e. 1954-1993.
B L Penzhorn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
a century of teaching Veterinary Parasitology in south africa lessons learnt
Veterinary Parasitology, 2018Co-Authors: B L PenzhornAbstract:Abstract Finding a healthy balance between classical Parasitology and clinical Veterinary medicine remains a challenge. Veterinary Parasitology, of vital interest in sub-Saharan Africa, has always featured prominently at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria (founded in 1920). The faculty was initially an integral part of the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI), and Parasitology was taught by specialist researchers from OVI – a cult of total coverage prevailed. Presenting three separate courses – ectoParasitology, helminthology and protozoology – continued for many decades. From 1949 to 1973 an attendance course in Veterinary Parasitology was presented in the final academic year. This was revived in 1995, with a “refresher” in Parasitology for final-year students (during their clinic rotation), including diagnostic parasite identification and problem-solving group discussions (prepared and led by students). Student contact time (including practical classes and assessments), initially 80 h/discipline/year, was gradually reduced. A species-based approach (introduced in 1998) had a major impact - an introductory course in general Parasitology was followed by fragmented lectures in the subsequent 2 years on key parasitic diseases in the species-based subjects. In 2013 the curriculum reverted to being discipline-based, i.e. all aspects of Parasitology and parasitic diseases covered during one academic year. The 3 sub-disciplines are included in a 2-semester course, with a total contact time of 100 h, which barely meets the minimum recommended by the WAAVP. Various lessons learnt are discussed.
-
A century of teaching Veterinary Parasitology in South Africa – Lessons learnt
Veterinary Parasitology, 2018Co-Authors: B L PenzhornAbstract:Abstract Finding a healthy balance between classical Parasitology and clinical Veterinary medicine remains a challenge. Veterinary Parasitology, of vital interest in sub-Saharan Africa, has always featured prominently at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria (founded in 1920). The faculty was initially an integral part of the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI), and Parasitology was taught by specialist researchers from OVI – a cult of total coverage prevailed. Presenting three separate courses – ectoParasitology, helminthology and protozoology – continued for many decades. From 1949 to 1973 an attendance course in Veterinary Parasitology was presented in the final academic year. This was revived in 1995, with a “refresher” in Parasitology for final-year students (during their clinic rotation), including diagnostic parasite identification and problem-solving group discussions (prepared and led by students). Student contact time (including practical classes and assessments), initially 80 h/discipline/year, was gradually reduced. A species-based approach (introduced in 1998) had a major impact - an introductory course in general Parasitology was followed by fragmented lectures in the subsequent 2 years on key parasitic diseases in the species-based subjects. In 2013 the curriculum reverted to being discipline-based, i.e. all aspects of Parasitology and parasitic diseases covered during one academic year. The 3 sub-disciplines are included in a 2-semester course, with a total contact time of 100 h, which barely meets the minimum recommended by the WAAVP. Various lessons learnt are discussed.
R C Krecek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
assessment of a novel method for teaching Veterinary Parasitology
Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 2014Co-Authors: Mary Mauldin Pereira, Kathleen Yvorchukst Jean, Charles E Wallace, R C KrecekAbstract:ABSTRACT A student-centered innovative method of teaching Veterinary Parasitology was launched and evaluated at the Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (RUSVM) in St. Kitts, where Parasitology is a required course for second-semester Veterinary students. A novel method, named Iron Parasitology, compared lecturer-centered teaching with student-centered teaching and assessed the retention of Parasitology knowledge of students in their second semester and again when they reached their seventh semester. Members of five consecutive classes chose to participate in Iron Parasitology with the opportunity to earn an additional 10 points toward their final grade by demonstrating their knowledge, communication skills, clarity of message, and creativity in the Iron Parasitology exercise. The participants and nonparticipants were assessed using seven parameters. The initial short-term study parameters used to evaluate lecturer- versus student-centered teaching were age, gender, final Parasitology course grad...
-
origin and history to date of the world association for the advancement of Veterinary Parasitology waavp african foundation
Journal of The South African Veterinary Association-tydskrif Van Die Suid-afrikaanse Veterinere Vereniging, 2011Co-Authors: R C Krecek, Roger K Prichard, B L Penzhorn, D T De Waal, Rj Peter, D SumptionAbstract:The origin of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) African Foundation is described. The 16th WAAVP Conference held in South Africa in 1997 generated a surplus of ZAR 430 460 (US$ 70 116). This was invested and a foundation established to manage the fund with the intention of using it to the mutual advantage of the WAAVP and African Veterinary parasitologists. To date, more than 110 scholarship applications have been screened, and 51 full and partial scholarships awarded to young African Veterinary parasitologists to attend subsequent biennial WAAVP Conferences. This investment has grown into a very successful endowment currently valued at US$ 206 553. This article is written in response to many queries across the globe about the origin of this fund and how it has been invested, managed, sustained and utilised.
-
resolution on teaching Veterinary Parasitology world association for the advancement of Veterinary Parasitology waavp
Veterinary Parasitology, 2002Co-Authors: R C KrecekAbstract:The principles of this resolution were adopted by the General Assembly of the WAAVP on 30 August 2001 at the occasion of the 18th International WAAVP Congress in Stresa, Italy. The resolution has been published in [WAAVP Newslett. 5 (1) (2002) 3-4] and is added to the series of manuscripts on teaching of Veterinary Parasitology published in this issue, as it defines minimum requirements of contact hours in undergraduate teaching of Veterinary Parasitology.
G C Coles - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the future of Veterinary Parasitology
Veterinary Parasitology, 2001Co-Authors: G C ColesAbstract:Abstract Current evidence suggests research in Veterinary Parasitology is in decline despite its importance. This is particularly true in the UK where research funds have been diverted into BSE. Decline in interest in Veterinary Parasitology is at least in part due to the success of major pharmaceutical companies in producing a range of effective and safe anti-parasitic drugs. Research is needed because of the effects of parasites on animal welfare and the economic costs of parasites. However, there is little information on the actual costs of animal parasites. Another major reason for research is the development of drug resistance in protozoa, helminths and arthropods of Veterinary importance. This is a serious problem particularly for sheep and goats in the southern hemisphere. A prioritised list of research requirements is suggested: (i) new drugs; (ii) resistance management; (iii) vaccines; (iv) breeding for resistance; (v) improved diagnostics; (vi) zoonoses; (vii) global warming and parasites. There is a major political challenge to raise the profile of Veterinary Parasitology and thus the funding essential for its advancement and the continued welfare and productivity of animals.
-
the future of Veterinary Parasitology a uk view
Parasitology Today, 2000Co-Authors: G C ColesAbstract:Andy Thompson is to be commended on his wide-ranging review of Veterinary Parasitology1xVeterinary Parasitology: looking to the next millennium. Thompson, R.C.A. Parasitol. Today. 1999; 15: 320–325Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (14)See all References1. The effect of global warming on the ecology of parasites important to Veterinary Parasitology was the only major omission. For example, in the UK, spring and autumn transmission of equine nematodes may now be more important than summer transmission, because of mild winters and dry spells during the summer. This, however, does remain to be confirmed. There are many exciting scientific opportunities and challenges in Veterinary Parasitology, but ‘a limiting factor will be the availability of funding' (Ref. 1xVeterinary Parasitology: looking to the next millennium. Thompson, R.C.A. Parasitol. Today. 1999; 15: 320–325Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (14)See all ReferencesRef. 1) which is also the most important2xAnimal parasites, politics and agricultural research. Coles, G.C. and Klei, T.R. Parasitol. Today. 1995; 11: 276–278Abstract | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (4)See all References2.In many countries, including Australia and the UK, Veterinary Parasitology research units have been reduced drastically in recent years. For example, in the UK except for contract research, Parasitology has been effectively eliminated at the government-run Central Veterinary Laboratory. At its height, however, there were around 70 people in the former Parasitology Department. Few Veterinary parasitologists, particularly those working on large-animal parasites, remain within UK Veterinary schools. Because of the lack of funding, I do not see a next generation of field-based Veterinary parasitologists (particularly those who have also trained as Veterinary surgeons) emerging. Perhaps only in Denmark, Belgium and New Zealand does Veterinary Parasitology appear to receive the research-related recognition it deserves. In Denmark and Belgium, this is due to the ability of individuals to raise funding. In New Zealand, the importance of livestock production to the national economy, combined with the developing threat from anthelmintic resistance, may have encouraged the retention of applied Veterinary Parasitology research.Despite the real threat from the development of drug-resistant parasites to the UK sheep industry3xDrug-resistant parasites of sheep: an emerging problem in Britain?. Coles, G.C. Parasitol. Today. 1998; 14: 86–87Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (26)See all References3, the government appears to consider that research on endemic animal diseases should be funded by industry, unless the diseases are significant zoonoses. UK livestock farmers have very serious financial problems because of the low price of meat and milk and such research, as is supported by the levy bodies, is used to address those areas that may give the farmers rapid financial returns. As long as one drug works, parasite control is not viewed as a major issue. With reduced spending on drugs by farmers, pharmaceutical companies cannot afford to fund much Veterinary Parasitology. In addition, the public appear to be less excited now by research than they were in the past, and a general cutting of public expenditure is seen as beneficial. Unless the importance of research in Veterinary Parasitology is recognised by those who control potential funding, relatively few of the challenges listed by Thompson will be addressed in the UK.
-
The Future of Veterinary Parasitology – A UK View
Parasitology Today, 2000Co-Authors: G C ColesAbstract:Andy Thompson is to be commended on his wide-ranging review of Veterinary Parasitology1xVeterinary Parasitology: looking to the next millennium. Thompson, R.C.A. Parasitol. Today. 1999; 15: 320–325Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (14)See all References1. The effect of global warming on the ecology of parasites important to Veterinary Parasitology was the only major omission. For example, in the UK, spring and autumn transmission of equine nematodes may now be more important than summer transmission, because of mild winters and dry spells during the summer. This, however, does remain to be confirmed. There are many exciting scientific opportunities and challenges in Veterinary Parasitology, but ‘a limiting factor will be the availability of funding' (Ref. 1xVeterinary Parasitology: looking to the next millennium. Thompson, R.C.A. Parasitol. Today. 1999; 15: 320–325Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (14)See all ReferencesRef. 1) which is also the most important2xAnimal parasites, politics and agricultural research. Coles, G.C. and Klei, T.R. Parasitol. Today. 1995; 11: 276–278Abstract | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (4)See all References2.In many countries, including Australia and the UK, Veterinary Parasitology research units have been reduced drastically in recent years. For example, in the UK except for contract research, Parasitology has been effectively eliminated at the government-run Central Veterinary Laboratory. At its height, however, there were around 70 people in the former Parasitology Department. Few Veterinary parasitologists, particularly those working on large-animal parasites, remain within UK Veterinary schools. Because of the lack of funding, I do not see a next generation of field-based Veterinary parasitologists (particularly those who have also trained as Veterinary surgeons) emerging. Perhaps only in Denmark, Belgium and New Zealand does Veterinary Parasitology appear to receive the research-related recognition it deserves. In Denmark and Belgium, this is due to the ability of individuals to raise funding. In New Zealand, the importance of livestock production to the national economy, combined with the developing threat from anthelmintic resistance, may have encouraged the retention of applied Veterinary Parasitology research.Despite the real threat from the development of drug-resistant parasites to the UK sheep industry3xDrug-resistant parasites of sheep: an emerging problem in Britain?. Coles, G.C. Parasitol. Today. 1998; 14: 86–87Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (26)See all References3, the government appears to consider that research on endemic animal diseases should be funded by industry, unless the diseases are significant zoonoses. UK livestock farmers have very serious financial problems because of the low price of meat and milk and such research, as is supported by the levy bodies, is used to address those areas that may give the farmers rapid financial returns. As long as one drug works, parasite control is not viewed as a major issue. With reduced spending on drugs by farmers, pharmaceutical companies cannot afford to fund much Veterinary Parasitology. In addition, the public appear to be less excited now by research than they were in the past, and a general cutting of public expenditure is seen as beneficial. Unless the importance of research in Veterinary Parasitology is recognised by those who control potential funding, relatively few of the challenges listed by Thompson will be addressed in the UK.
