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Darren Mays - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • mediational effects on motivation to quit smoking after exposure to a cigarette pictorial Warning Label among young adults
    Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2021
    Co-Authors: Andrea C Johnson, Andrew A. Strasser, Monique Mitchell Turner, Samuel J Simmens, Douglas W Evans, Darren Mays
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Young adults are vulnerable to cigarette package marketing. Pictorial Warning Labels are recommended for tobacco control. Research should address questions raised in legal challenges including causal mechanisms. Evidence is mixed and understudied among young adults (e.g., discrete emotions and risk perceptions). PURPOSE This study investigated mediators of pictorial Warning Label effects on motivation to quit smoking among young adult smokers. METHODS This study analyzed data from a randomized trial with a 4 week exposure to a cigarette pictorial Warning among young adult smokers (N = 229) aged 18-30 with assessments at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and 3 months. Mediation analyses used latent change scores to test the effects post-intervention on fear, anger, and risk perceptions. We also examined whether post-intervention measures predicted change in motivation to quit smoking at 3 months. The first model assessed aggregate risk perceptions and the second model assessed discrete risk perceptions (deliberative, affective). RESULTS Pictorial Warning Label exposure led to increases in fear which led to increased motivation to quit smoking for the first (B = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.26) and second (B = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.25) model. Exposure modestly increased motivation to quit by way of fear and affective risk perceptions (B = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.00, 0.04). Exposure had a direct relationship on increased motivation to quit as well. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate factors contributing to change in motivation to quit smoking among young adult smokers after pictorial Warning Label exposure. Affective processes are mediators of pictorial Warning Label effects.

  • effects of pictorial Warning Label message framing and standardized packaging on cigarette packaging appeal among young adult smokers
    Addictive Behaviors, 2021
    Co-Authors: Andrea C Johnson, Raymond Niaura, George Luta, Kenneth P Tercyak, Darren Mays
    Abstract:

    Abstract Introduction: Pictorial Warning Labels and standardized “plain” packaging are policy interventions to reduce smoking, in part, by making cigarette packs and smoking less appealing. To inform potential policy decisions, this study examined the relative effects of message text framing (gain vs. loss) and cigarette packaging (standardized vs. branded) on appeal in a sample of young adult cigarette smokers. Methods: Cigarette smokers (N = 339) ages 18–30 completed two within-subjects experimental tasks. Tasks assessed the effects of message text framing (gain vs. loss) and packaging (standardized vs. branded) on cigarette packaging appeal. Task 1 was a 2 × 2 discrete choice experiment, where participants chose between each experimental pack and a standard branded cigarette pack without a pictorial Warning Label. Task 2 was a ranking task where participants ranked all packs on measures of appeal. Results: In Task 1, there were no significant differences in measures of appeal between packs displaying gain- vs. loss-framed message text, but all packs with pictorial Warning Labels significantly decreased appeal relative to standard branded packs without pictorial Warning Labels. Standardized packs with pictorial Warning Labels significantly reduced appeal relative to branded packs with pictorial Warning Labels and standard branded packs without pictorial Warning Labels. Task 2 pack rankings showed similar effects of pictorial Warning Labels and standardized packaging on appeal. Conclusions: Pictorial Warning Labels with gain- and loss-framed text were equally powerful at reducing appeal of cigarette packs in young adult smokers relative to branded packs without pictorial Warning Labels, especially when combined with standardized packaging.

  • the effects of varying electronic cigarette Warning Label design features on attention recall and product perceptions among young adults
    Health Communication, 2019
    Co-Authors: Darren Mays, Andrea C. Villanti, Raymond Niaura, Eric N. Lindblom, Andrew A. Strasser
    Abstract:

    This study was a 3 (Brand: Blu, MarkTen, Vuse) by 3 (Warning Size: 20%, 30%, or 50% of advertisement surface) by 2 (Warning Background: White, Red) experimental investigation of the effects of elec...

  • The Effects of Varying Electronic Cigarette Warning Label Design Features On Attention, Recall, and Product Perceptions Among Young Adults
    Health communication, 2017
    Co-Authors: Darren Mays, Andrea C. Villanti, Raymond Niaura, Eric N. Lindblom, Andrew A. Strasser
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACTThis study was a 3 (Brand: Blu, MarkTen, Vuse) by 3 (Warning Size: 20%, 30%, or 50% of advertisement surface) by 2 (Warning Background: White, Red) experimental investigation of the effects of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) Warning Label design features. Young adults aged 18–30 years (n = 544) were recruited online, completed demographic and tobacco use history measures, and randomized to view e-cigarette advertisements with Warning Labels that varied by the experimental conditions. Participants completed a task assessing self-reported visual attention to advertisements with a-priori regions of interest defined around Warning Labels. Warning message recall and perceived addictiveness of e-cigarettes were assessed post-exposure. Approximately half of participants reported attending to Warning Labels and reported attention was greater for Warnings on red versus white backgrounds. Recall of the Warning message content was also greater among those reporting attention to the Warning Label. Overall,...

Susan S Martier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • has awareness of the alcohol Warning Label reached its upper limit
    Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1996
    Co-Authors: Janet R Hankin, James J Sloan, Ira J Firestone, J W Ager, Robert J Sokol, Susan S Martier
    Abstract:

    Has awareness of the alcoholic beverage Warning Label reached its maximum? This study tracks changes in the level of awareness among a sample of 7334 inner-city African-American gravidas seeking prenatal care between May 1989 and June 1993. Previously, we found that a significant increase in awareness of the Warning Label occurred in March 1990. In the current analysis over a 50-month period, the level of awareness continued to increase through December 1992 and then leveled off, suggesting a negatively accelerated growth function. The logistic function fitted to the awareness curve predicts that the upper limit of awareness in this population has been reached (the predicted upper limit being 81.5%). In addition a logit regression analysis showed that women who did not know about the Warning Label were more likely to be over 29 years of age. Heavier drinkers were 1.25 times more likely to be aware of the Label. Among those drinkers who were not aware of the Label, 30% drank at both conception and antenally, thus putting their fetus at high risk for alcohol-related birth defects.

  • heeding the alcoholic beverage Warning Label during pregnancy multiparae versus nulliparae
    Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 1996
    Co-Authors: Janet R Hankin, James J Sloan, Ira J Firestone, J W Ager, Robert J Sokol, Susan S Martier
    Abstract:

    Objective: We compared the impact of the Federal Alcoholic Beverage Warning Label on multiparae (women with at least one previous live birth) and nulliparae (women with no previous live births). The Label, implemented on November 18, 1989, urges women not to drink during pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects. If multiparae drank during prior pregnancies, delivering apparently normal babies, we hypothesized that the Warning might be less salient for them. Method: We studied 17,456 inner city black gravidas seen between September 1986 and September 1993 at one antenatal clinic. Time series analysis (ARIMA) examined trends in monthly means of antenatal drinking scores (alcohol consumption adjusted for weeks' gestation, age, parity and periconceptional drinking). Results: For nulliparae (n = 7,349), reported drinking began to show a significant decline in June 1990, 7 months after the implementation of the Warning Label (t = 2.00, p < .04). In contrast, multiparae (n = 10,107) showed no change in rep...

  • the alcohol beverage Warning Label when did knowledge increase
    Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1993
    Co-Authors: Janet R Hankin, James J Sloan, Ira J Firestone, J W Ager, Robert J Sokol, Susan S Martier, Joyce Townsend
    Abstract:

    This article presents data on the awareness of the alcohol beverage Warning Label among a sample of 5,169 inner city African-American gravidas seeking prenatal care. While the Label law was implemented in November 1989, a significant increase in knowledge of the Label did not occur until March 1990. Women who predominantly consumed wine coolers and beer, and those under age 30 were more likely to know about the Label than their counterparts.

  • a time series analysis of the impact of the alcohol Warning Label on antenatal drinking
    Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1993
    Co-Authors: Janet R Hankin, James J Sloan, Ira J Firestone, J W Ager, Robert J Sokol, Susan S Martier
    Abstract:

    In a sample of over 12,000 African-American gravidas, we tested the hypothesis that the Federal Beverage Labeling Act of 1988 has decreased antenatal drinking. Results of time series analysis indicated a 7-month lag in the impact of the alcohol Warning Label. Controlling for population changes, antenatal drinking began to fall as of June 1990. However, this decrease was small in size and did not impact on the heaviest drinkers. Seasonal trends in drinking were also detected, with peaks around the end of the year and the summer.

  • the impact of the alcohol Warning Label on drinking during pregnancy
    Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 1993
    Co-Authors: Janet R Hankin, James J Sloan, Ira J Firestone, J W Ager, Robert J Sokol, Allen C Goodman, Susan S Martier
    Abstract:

    Has drinking by pregnant women decreased since the implementation of the alcoholic beverage Warning Label? The authors examined the reported drinking of 4397 pregnant black women who sought prenata...

Janet R Hankin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the modest impact of the alcohol beverage Warning Label on drinking during pregnancy among a sample of african american women
    Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 1998
    Co-Authors: Janet R Hankin, James J Sloan, Robert J Sokol
    Abstract:

    Time-series analysis examines the impact of the alcohol Warning Label on in-pregnancy drinking by 21,127 African-American pregnant women between 1986 and 1995. Controlling for patient characteristi...

  • has awareness of the alcohol Warning Label reached its upper limit
    Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1996
    Co-Authors: Janet R Hankin, James J Sloan, Ira J Firestone, J W Ager, Robert J Sokol, Susan S Martier
    Abstract:

    Has awareness of the alcoholic beverage Warning Label reached its maximum? This study tracks changes in the level of awareness among a sample of 7334 inner-city African-American gravidas seeking prenatal care between May 1989 and June 1993. Previously, we found that a significant increase in awareness of the Warning Label occurred in March 1990. In the current analysis over a 50-month period, the level of awareness continued to increase through December 1992 and then leveled off, suggesting a negatively accelerated growth function. The logistic function fitted to the awareness curve predicts that the upper limit of awareness in this population has been reached (the predicted upper limit being 81.5%). In addition a logit regression analysis showed that women who did not know about the Warning Label were more likely to be over 29 years of age. Heavier drinkers were 1.25 times more likely to be aware of the Label. Among those drinkers who were not aware of the Label, 30% drank at both conception and antenally, thus putting their fetus at high risk for alcohol-related birth defects.

  • heeding the alcoholic beverage Warning Label during pregnancy multiparae versus nulliparae
    Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 1996
    Co-Authors: Janet R Hankin, James J Sloan, Ira J Firestone, J W Ager, Robert J Sokol, Susan S Martier
    Abstract:

    Objective: We compared the impact of the Federal Alcoholic Beverage Warning Label on multiparae (women with at least one previous live birth) and nulliparae (women with no previous live births). The Label, implemented on November 18, 1989, urges women not to drink during pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects. If multiparae drank during prior pregnancies, delivering apparently normal babies, we hypothesized that the Warning might be less salient for them. Method: We studied 17,456 inner city black gravidas seen between September 1986 and September 1993 at one antenatal clinic. Time series analysis (ARIMA) examined trends in monthly means of antenatal drinking scores (alcohol consumption adjusted for weeks' gestation, age, parity and periconceptional drinking). Results: For nulliparae (n = 7,349), reported drinking began to show a significant decline in June 1990, 7 months after the implementation of the Warning Label (t = 2.00, p < .04). In contrast, multiparae (n = 10,107) showed no change in rep...

  • the alcohol beverage Warning Label when did knowledge increase
    Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1993
    Co-Authors: Janet R Hankin, James J Sloan, Ira J Firestone, J W Ager, Robert J Sokol, Susan S Martier, Joyce Townsend
    Abstract:

    This article presents data on the awareness of the alcohol beverage Warning Label among a sample of 5,169 inner city African-American gravidas seeking prenatal care. While the Label law was implemented in November 1989, a significant increase in knowledge of the Label did not occur until March 1990. Women who predominantly consumed wine coolers and beer, and those under age 30 were more likely to know about the Label than their counterparts.

  • a time series analysis of the impact of the alcohol Warning Label on antenatal drinking
    Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1993
    Co-Authors: Janet R Hankin, James J Sloan, Ira J Firestone, J W Ager, Robert J Sokol, Susan S Martier
    Abstract:

    In a sample of over 12,000 African-American gravidas, we tested the hypothesis that the Federal Beverage Labeling Act of 1988 has decreased antenatal drinking. Results of time series analysis indicated a 7-month lag in the impact of the alcohol Warning Label. Controlling for population changes, antenatal drinking began to fall as of June 1990. However, this decrease was small in size and did not impact on the heaviest drinkers. Seasonal trends in drinking were also detected, with peaks around the end of the year and the summer.

David Hammond - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the impact of cigarette packaging design among young females in canada findings from a discrete choice experiment
    Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Kathy Kotnowski, Geoffrey T Fong, Karine Gallopelmorvan, Towhidul Islam, David Hammond
    Abstract:

    Abstract Introduction: The tobacco industry uses various aspects of cigarette packaging design to market to specific groups. The current study examined the relative importance of five cigarette packaging attributes—pack structure (eg, “slims”), brand, branding, Warning Label size, and price—on perceptions of product taste, harm, and interest in trying, among young females in Canada. Methods: A discrete choice experiment was conducted with smoking and nonsmoking females, aged 16 to 24 ( N = 448). Respondents were shown 10 choice sets, each containing four packs with different combinations of the attributes: pack structure (slim, lipstick, booklet, traditional); brand (“Vogue,” “du Maurier”); branding (branded, plain); Warning Label size (50%, 75%); and price ($8.45, $10.45). For each choice set, respondents chose the brand that they: (1) would rather try, (2) would taste better, and (3) would be less harmful, or “none.” For each outcome, the attributes’ impact on consumer choice was analyzed using a multinomial logit model. Results: The multinomial logit analyses revealed that young females weighted pack structure to be most important to their intention to try (46%), judgment of product taste (52%), and judgment of product harm (48%). Price and branding were weighted important in trial intent decisions (23% and 18%, respectively) and product taste judgments (29% and 15%, respectively). Whereas Warning Label size and brand were weighted important when judging product harm (23% and 17%, respectively). Conclusion: The findings suggest that standardized cigarette packaging may decrease demand and reduce misleading perceptions about product harm among young females.

  • predictive and external validity of a pre market study to determine the most effective pictorial health Warning Label content for cigarette packages
    Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Li Ling Huang, James F. Thrasher, Jessica L Reid, David Hammond
    Abstract:

    INTRODUCTION Studies examining cigarette package pictorial health Warning Label (HWL) content have primarily used designs that do not allow determination of effectiveness after repeated, naturalistic exposure. This research aimed to determine the predictive and external validity of a pre-market evaluation study of pictorial HWLs. METHODS Data were analyzed from: (1) a pre-market convenience sample of 544 adult smokers who participated in field experiments in Mexico City before pictorial HWL implementation (September 2010); and (2) a post-market population-based representative sample of 1765 adult smokers in the Mexican administration of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey after pictorial HWL implementation. Participants in both samples rated six HWLs that appeared on cigarette packs, and also ranked HWLs with four different themes. Mixed effects models were estimated for each sample to assess ratings of relative effectiveness for the six HWLs, and to assess which HWL themes were ranked as the most effective. RESULTS Pre- and post-market data showed similar relative ratings across the six HWLs, with the least and most effective HWLs consistently differentiated from other HWLs. Models predicting rankings of HWL themes in post-market sample indicated: (1) pictorial HWLs were ranked as more effective than text-only HWLs; (2) HWLs with both graphic and "lived experience" content outperformed symbolic content; and, (3) testimonial content significantly outperformed didactic content. Pre-market data showed a similar pattern of results, but with fewer statistically significant findings. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests well-designed pre-market studies can have predictive and external validity, helping regulators select HWL content.

  • the influence of sugar sweetened beverage health Warning Labels on parents choices
    Pediatrics, 2016
    Co-Authors: Christina A Roberto, Diandra Wong, Aviva Musicus, David Hammond
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: US states have introduced bills requiring sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) to display health Warning Labels. This study examined how such Labels may influence parents and which Labels are most impactful. METHODS: In this study, 2381 demographically and educationally diverse parents participated in an online survey. Parents were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 conditions: (1) no Warning Label (control); (2) calorie Label; or (3–6) 1 of 4 text versions of a Warning Label (eg, Safety Warning: Drinking beverages with added sugar[s] contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay). Parents chose a beverage for their child in a vending machine choice task, rated perceptions of different beverages, and indicated interest in receiving beverage coupons. RESULTS: Regression analyses controlling for frequency of beverage purchases were used to compare the no Warning Label group, calorie Label group, and all Warning Label groups combined. Significantly fewer parents chose an SSB for their child in the Warning Label condition (40%) versus the no Label (60%) and calorie Label conditions (53%). Parents in the Warning Label condition also chose significantly fewer SSB coupons, believed that SSBs were less healthy for their child, and were less likely to intend to purchase SSBs. All P values CONCLUSIONS: Health Warning Labels on SSBs improved parents’ understanding of health harms associated with overconsumption of such beverages and may reduce parents’ purchase of SSBs for their children.

Andrew A. Strasser - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • mediational effects on motivation to quit smoking after exposure to a cigarette pictorial Warning Label among young adults
    Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2021
    Co-Authors: Andrea C Johnson, Andrew A. Strasser, Monique Mitchell Turner, Samuel J Simmens, Douglas W Evans, Darren Mays
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Young adults are vulnerable to cigarette package marketing. Pictorial Warning Labels are recommended for tobacco control. Research should address questions raised in legal challenges including causal mechanisms. Evidence is mixed and understudied among young adults (e.g., discrete emotions and risk perceptions). PURPOSE This study investigated mediators of pictorial Warning Label effects on motivation to quit smoking among young adult smokers. METHODS This study analyzed data from a randomized trial with a 4 week exposure to a cigarette pictorial Warning among young adult smokers (N = 229) aged 18-30 with assessments at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and 3 months. Mediation analyses used latent change scores to test the effects post-intervention on fear, anger, and risk perceptions. We also examined whether post-intervention measures predicted change in motivation to quit smoking at 3 months. The first model assessed aggregate risk perceptions and the second model assessed discrete risk perceptions (deliberative, affective). RESULTS Pictorial Warning Label exposure led to increases in fear which led to increased motivation to quit smoking for the first (B = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.26) and second (B = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.25) model. Exposure modestly increased motivation to quit by way of fear and affective risk perceptions (B = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.00, 0.04). Exposure had a direct relationship on increased motivation to quit as well. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate factors contributing to change in motivation to quit smoking among young adult smokers after pictorial Warning Label exposure. Affective processes are mediators of pictorial Warning Label effects.

  • the effects of varying electronic cigarette Warning Label design features on attention recall and product perceptions among young adults
    Health Communication, 2019
    Co-Authors: Darren Mays, Andrea C. Villanti, Raymond Niaura, Eric N. Lindblom, Andrew A. Strasser
    Abstract:

    This study was a 3 (Brand: Blu, MarkTen, Vuse) by 3 (Warning Size: 20%, 30%, or 50% of advertisement surface) by 2 (Warning Background: White, Red) experimental investigation of the effects of elec...

  • visual attention patterns differ by pictorial health Warning Label features
    Tobacco regulatory science, 2018
    Co-Authors: Melissa Mercincavage, J Burdge, Kirsten Lochbuehler, A A Mccullough, Andrew A. Strasser
    Abstract:

    Objectives In this study, we sought to determine how smokers allocate their attention when viewing the 9 cigarette pictorial Warning Labels (PWLs) proposed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and identify PWL attributes associated with increased attention. Methods Using eye-tracking data from an exploratory within-subject study, we examined smokers' attention (latency, latency duration, and dwell time) to areas of interest (image vs textual Warning) for each PWL among 95 daily, non-treatment-seeking smokers (62.1% male, 48.4% white, mean [SD] age = 32.98 [10.14], mean [SD] cigarettes/day = 15.51 [8.43]). We also compared attention measures by PWL message congruency, textual Warning location, and participant rankings of effectiveness. Results Attention measures differed significantly among PWLs (p s < .001) and by features and self-reported effectiveness rankings (p s < .001 - .039). Congruent PWLs, those displaying text across the Warning Label, and those ranked most effective were associated with sustained attention to image, whereas incongruent PWLs, those displaying left text, and those ranked least effective, were associated with faster and sustained attention to text. Conclusions Smokers allocated their attention differently across PWLs. Formats and participant effectiveness rankings of PWLs were associated with visual attention patterns, suggesting the importance of these features to the design of potential future PWLs.

  • The Effects of Varying Electronic Cigarette Warning Label Design Features On Attention, Recall, and Product Perceptions Among Young Adults
    Health communication, 2017
    Co-Authors: Darren Mays, Andrea C. Villanti, Raymond Niaura, Eric N. Lindblom, Andrew A. Strasser
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACTThis study was a 3 (Brand: Blu, MarkTen, Vuse) by 3 (Warning Size: 20%, 30%, or 50% of advertisement surface) by 2 (Warning Background: White, Red) experimental investigation of the effects of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) Warning Label design features. Young adults aged 18–30 years (n = 544) were recruited online, completed demographic and tobacco use history measures, and randomized to view e-cigarette advertisements with Warning Labels that varied by the experimental conditions. Participants completed a task assessing self-reported visual attention to advertisements with a-priori regions of interest defined around Warning Labels. Warning message recall and perceived addictiveness of e-cigarettes were assessed post-exposure. Approximately half of participants reported attending to Warning Labels and reported attention was greater for Warnings on red versus white backgrounds. Recall of the Warning message content was also greater among those reporting attention to the Warning Label. Overall,...