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Thomas Frank - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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habitat age affects beetle diversity in Wildflower areas
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2012Co-Authors: Thomas Frank, Simone Aeschbacher, Johann G ZallerAbstract:Abstract Abundance, species richness, diversity and evenness of beetles inhabiting the vegetation layer in twenty 1–4 year old Wildflower areas and winter wheat fields were compared to investigate the role of habitat age for biodiversity. Total beetle abundance and also abundance of economically important pest beetles decreased significantly with age of Wildflower areas, showing that Wildflower areas did not promote large populations with habitat age. Beetle species richness was significantly higher in 2–4 year old Wildflower areas than in wheat. Diversity and evenness increased significantly with habitat age. Beetle species composition of wheat differed clearly from that in Wildflower areas. Beetle assemblage was significantly associated with plant species richness, vegetation structure and plant biomass, accounting for 11.75, 10.73 and 9.71% of the total variance, respectively. It is therefore recommended to maintain a mosaic of Wildflower areas of different age to conserve high beetle diversity in agroecosystems.
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beneficial arthropods respond differentially to Wildflower areas of different age
Annales Zoologici Fennici, 2009Co-Authors: Thomas Frank, Irene Kunzle, Simone Aeschbacher, Mario Barone, Christa Lethmayer, Corinne MosimannAbstract:We investigated the response of predatory spiders, carabids, staphylinids and heteropteran bugs to the age of Wildflower areas at twenty 1- to 4-year-old Wildflower sites and in wheat fields. Density, biomass and species richness of spiders, carabids and bugs increased with the age of Wildflower sites, and were higher at older Wildflower sites than in the wheat fields. In contrast, staphylinid density decreased significantly with the age of Wildflower sites. Canonical correspondence analysis explained 42.4% and 46.7% of the total variance of spider and carabid assemblages, respectively. Spider and carabid assemblages were best explained by vegetation cover. Mean individual weights of spiders, carabids and staphylinids increased significantly with the age of Wildflower sites. The positive response of these three groups of beneficials is of practical relevance because many farmers currently remove Wildflower areas after two to three years of establishment. Thus, older stages of succession increase the numbe...
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density and nutritional condition of carabid beetles in Wildflower areas of different age
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2007Co-Authors: Thomas Frank, Patrik Kehrli, Christoph GermannAbstract:Abstract Density and nutritional condition of the five carabid beetle species Agonum mulleri, Anchomenus dorsalis, Anisodactylus binotatus, Pterostichus vernalis and Poecilus cupreus was studied. Carabids were caught in sixteen 1–4-year-old Wildflower areas, identified and counted, their nutritional condition was calculated and calculations were related to habitat parameters (i.e. Wildflower area age, vegetation cover, soil water content, habitat size, surrounding landscape composition) and sex. Whereas the number of Anisodactylus binotatus caught responded positively to succession in Wildflower areas, A. mulleri numbers tended to decrease and the other three species were unaffected. In a stepwise multiple regression species affiliation, sex and age of Wildflower area explained together 98.5% of the variance in the pooled nutritional condition of Anchomenus dorsalis, Anisodactylus binotatus, A. mulleri and P. vernalis. Age of Wildflower area alone explained 61.7% of the variance and age increased the nutritional condition of carabids. Correspondingly, nutritional condition of Poecilus cupreus was positively correlated with the age of Wildflower area. Overall, the nutritional condition of the carabid assemblage studied increased from the first to the second year and then remained stable. To keep the proportion of 1-year-old Wildflower areas low, Wildflower areas should therefore be maintained for several years to improve the life conditions of carabid beetles and to enhance their beneficial effects in agroecosystems.
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effect of early succession in Wildflower areas on bug assemblages insecta heteroptera
European Journal of Endocrinology, 2006Co-Authors: Thomas Frank, Irene KunzleAbstract:One way of reducing the rapid decline in biological diversity in agricultural landscapes is to establish Wildflower areas. The species richness and abundance of heteropteran bugs in twenty 1- to 4-year-old Wildflower areas and winter wheat fields were compared, and the effects of succession in the Wildflower areas investigated. Vegetation and environmental parameters (plant species richness, vegetation structure, flower abundance, field size, surrounding landscape) and their effects on bug species were explored. Total species richness and abundance of bugs were significantly lower in wheat fields than in Wildflower areas but did not differ in the Wildflower areas of different ages. The numbers of zoophagous bugs in the Wildflower areas were positively correlated with the age of the Wildflower areas. Correspondence analysis showed that the bug species composition in the winter wheat fields was very similar but strongly separated from that in the Wildflower areas. The species composition of bugs in the Wildflower areas became increasingly dissimilar with advancing successional age. In a partial canonical correspondence analysis, the bug assemblage was significantly associated with the number of perennial plant species, the number of annual plant species and vegetation structure, which accounted for 13.4%, 12.6% and 7.2% of the variance, respectively. As Wildflower areas clearly increased heteropteran diversity on arable land and bug species composition changed with increasing successional stage, the establishment of a mosaic of Wildflower areas of different age is recommended as it enables the survival of heteropteran bugs with different life history traits.
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staphylinidae and carabidae overwintering in wheat and sown Wildflower areas of different age
Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2004Co-Authors: Thomas Frank, B ReichhartAbstract:Species richness and abundance of staphylinid and carabid beetles overwintering in winter wheat fields and 1- to 3-year-old Wildflower areas were investigated during 2000/2001 on 16 study sites in Switzerland. Abundance and species richness of overwintering staphylinids significantly increased with successional age of the Wildflower areas and were always higher in older Wildflower areas than in winter wheat. A similar but less distinct pattern was observed for the abundance and species richness of carabid beetles. The influence of habitat parameters (vegetation cover, fine sand content, organic matter, pH, soil pore volume, surrounding landscape structure, habitat area) on the staphylinid and carabid assemblages based on the number of individuals per species and site was analysed using canonical correspondence analysis. Vegetation cover was the most significant parameter significantly characterizing both staphylinid and carabid assemblages. The amount of vegetation cover explained 15.7% of the variance, fine sand content accounted for 13.3% and surrounding landscape structure for 10.9% of the variance in the staphylinid assemblage. In the carabid assemblage, vegetation cover was the only significant factor, explaining 24.7% of the variance. This study showed for the first time that the significance of Wildflower areas as a reservoir for hibernation for generalist predatory beetles increases with progressing successional age.
Tim Diekötter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The suitability of sown Wildflower strips as hunting grounds for spider-hunting wasps of the genus Trypoxylon depends on landscape context
Journal of Insect Conservation, 2020Co-Authors: Uta Sophie Hoffmann, Frank Jauker, Eva Diehl, Viktoria Mader, Daniela Fiedler, Volkmar Wolters, Tim DiekötterAbstract:Subsidized Wildflower strips aim at counteracting insect species loss in agricultural landscapes. Little is known yet about their effects on insects that not only feed on pollen and nectar but also hunt for arthropod prey for larval nutrition. Here, we provide new evidence that Wildflower strips may benefit the provisioning of larval prey for spider-hunting wasps. Woody semi-natural habitats in central Germany were selected as trap-nest locations along independent gradients in distance to Wildflower strips and percentage of grassland in the surrounding landscape. From these nests, spider individuals hunted by wasps of the genus Trypoxylon (Crabronidae) were collected. In addition, spiders were collected in the associated Wildflower strips and the similarity between spider communities in nests and in flowering strips was calculated. The similarity of spider communities decreased with the distance to the next Wildflower strips, but the percentage of surrounding grasslands modulated this relationship. This concurred with an observed positive effect of grassland on spider species richness in trap nests, especially if Wildflower strips were distant from the nests. In contrast, landscape context did not affect spider species richness in Wildflower strips. In conclusion, our results suggest that Wildflower strips are used by Trypoxylon wasps for hunting spiders as prey for larvae, yet only if strips are close to nesting habitats and well connected by high shares of grassland. Our results substantiate the importance of Wildflower strips for species richness and trophic interactions in agroecosystems.
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prey dependent benefits of sown Wildflower strips on solitary wasps in agroecosystems
Insect Conservation and Diversity, 2018Co-Authors: Uta Sophie Hoffmann, Frank Jauker, Volkmar Wolters, Tim Diekötter, Daniela Warzecha, Jonathan LanzenAbstract:Sown Wildflower strips can support insects that collect pollen for their larvae. How these strips affect flower visitors with carnivorous larvae, however, is almost unknown. We studied the impact of Wildflower strips and their surroundings on two common solitary wasps: the caterpillar‐hunting Ancistrocerus nigricornis Curtis and the spider‐hunting Trypoxylon figulus Linnaeus. Trap‐nest locations at 22 semi‐natural habitats in central Germany formed independent gradients in landscape complexity and distance to either one or several Wildflower strips in their surroundings. For each brood cell, we recorded the number of prey items, total caterpillar weight and spider species richness. Ancistrocerus nigricornis built more cells in proximity to Wildflower strips and with increasing amount of surrounding grassland. Fewer prey items provided in landscapes with large shares of semi‐natural habitats suggest that in these landscapes high‐quality prey is available. In contrast, T. figulus built more cells with increasing distance of nests to Wildflower strips. If there were few strips, T. figulus built more cells in grassland‐rich landscapes, whereas low shares of grassland were compensated when several Wildflower strips were present. Benefits of flowering strips for T. figulus seem related to flower resources for adults, rather than through prey provisioning. In conclusion, Wildflower strips promote prey‐hunting wasps through species‐specific effects on adult and larval food provisioning. Considering the differential effects of wasps on crop pests (caterpillars) and natural enemies (spiders), the functional role of Wildflower strips in agroecosystems may be much greater than assumed when solely focusing on pollination.
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Prey‐dependent benefits of sown Wildflower strips on solitary wasps in agroecosystems
Insect Conservation and Diversity, 2017Co-Authors: Uta Sophie Hoffmann, Frank Jauker, Volkmar Wolters, Daniela Warzecha, Jonathan Lanzen, Tim DiekötterAbstract:Sown Wildflower strips can support insects that collect pollen for their larvae. How these strips affect flower visitors with carnivorous larvae, however, is almost unknown. We studied the impact of Wildflower strips and their surroundings on two common solitary wasps: the caterpillar‐hunting Ancistrocerus nigricornis Curtis and the spider‐hunting Trypoxylon figulus Linnaeus. Trap‐nest locations at 22 semi‐natural habitats in central Germany formed independent gradients in landscape complexity and distance to either one or several Wildflower strips in their surroundings. For each brood cell, we recorded the number of prey items, total caterpillar weight and spider species richness. Ancistrocerus nigricornis built more cells in proximity to Wildflower strips and with increasing amount of surrounding grassland. Fewer prey items provided in landscapes with large shares of semi‐natural habitats suggest that in these landscapes high‐quality prey is available. In contrast, T. figulus built more cells with increasing distance of nests to Wildflower strips. If there were few strips, T. figulus built more cells in grassland‐rich landscapes, whereas low shares of grassland were compensated when several Wildflower strips were present. Benefits of flowering strips for T. figulus seem related to flower resources for adults, rather than through prey provisioning. In conclusion, Wildflower strips promote prey‐hunting wasps through species‐specific effects on adult and larval food provisioning. Considering the differential effects of wasps on crop pests (caterpillars) and natural enemies (spiders), the functional role of Wildflower strips in agroecosystems may be much greater than assumed when solely focusing on pollination.
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much more than bees Wildflower plantings support highly diverse flower visitor communities from complex to structurally simple agricultural landscapes
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2016Co-Authors: Frank Jauker, Volkmar Wolters, Tim Diekötter, Ingo Grass, Jorg Albrecht, Daniela Warzecha, Nina FarwigAbstract:Abstract One goal of Wildflower plantings is to promote biodiversity in intensively managed agricultural landscapes. Flower visitors of Wildflower plantings encompass many ecologically and economically important species. However, most studies on flower visitors of Wildflower plantings have focused on single or few prominent taxa (e.g., wild bees and hoverflies). In contrast, it remains largely unresolved how non-prominent flower visitors of the community are affected by Wildflower resources, landscape context and time of the flowering season. We studied highly diverse flower-visitor communities on 14 Wildflower plantings varying in flower abundance and richness and their surrounding landscape context within a 500 m radius (percentage arable land, presence of additional Wildflower plantings). Flower visitors were sampled in the early (May–June) and late (June–July) flowering season and grouped as follows: managed honeybees, wild bees, hoverflies, all other flower visitors. Strikingly, only 81 (25.1%) of all 322 visiting species (
Changhee Do - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of seeding rate sheep fescue 50 Wildflowers 50 on the growth characteristics seasonal anthesis distribution and botanical composition in Wildflower pastures
Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science, 2010Co-Authors: Changhee DoAbstract:This study was carried out in the Chungnam National University grassland experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009 in order to find out the growth characteristics of the Wildflowers, the seasonal anthesis distribution of the Wildflowers and the botanical composition of the Wildflowers which were altogether composed of 50% sheep fescue and 50% Wildflowers. The experimental species contained 34 species in total consist of sheep fescue (fundamental turfgrass), 4 native Wildflowers, and 29 introduced Wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the Wildflowers, the average length was 30.0 cm one year later and 35.6 cm two years later. They bloomed out into ten colors, but into simplified colors during August, September, and October. The peak of the blooming was May and June and blooming pattern leant from August to October. Especially, at the age of two (2009) the color, seasonal distribution, and consistency emerged as problems owing to the reduction of annual Wildflowers after winterization. The annual botanical composition of Wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weed came to 28%, 55%, and 17% each one year later (2008) and 24%, 60%, and 17% each two years later (2009). Based on this result, cultivating Wildflower grassland (sheep fescue 50% + Wildflowers 50%) is the proper method for making up such flatlands as parks and riversides in a short period (one year) for the purpose of commanding a fine view.
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Effect of Seeding Rate (Sheep fescue 50% + Wildflowers 50%) on the Growth Characteristics, Seasonal Anthesis Distribution and Botanical Composition in Wildflower Pastures
Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science, 2010Co-Authors: Changhee DoAbstract:This study was carried out in the Chungnam National University grassland experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009 in order to find out the growth characteristics of the Wildflowers, the seasonal anthesis distribution of the Wildflowers and the botanical composition of the Wildflowers which were altogether composed of 50% sheep fescue and 50% Wildflowers. The experimental species contained 34 species in total consist of sheep fescue (fundamental turfgrass), 4 native Wildflowers, and 29 introduced Wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the Wildflowers, the average length was 30.0 cm one year later and 35.6 cm two years later. They bloomed out into ten colors, but into simplified colors during August, September, and October. The peak of the blooming was May and June and blooming pattern leant from August to October. Especially, at the age of two (2009) the color, seasonal distribution, and consistency emerged as problems owing to the reduction of annual Wildflowers after winterization. The annual botanical composition of Wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weed came to 28%, 55%, and 17% each one year later (2008) and 24%, 60%, and 17% each two years later (2009). Based on this result, cultivating Wildflower grassland (sheep fescue 50% + Wildflowers 50%) is the proper method for making up such flatlands as parks and riversides in a short period (one year) for the purpose of commanding a fine view.
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effect of seeding rate sheep fescue 90 Wildflowers 10 on the growth characteristics seasonal anthesis distribution and botanical composition in Wildflower pastures
Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science, 2010Co-Authors: Changhee DoAbstract:This study was carried out in order to find out the growth characteristics, the seasonal anthesis distribution and the botanical composition of the Wildflower pastures which were altogether composed of 90% sheep fescue and 10% Wildflowers in the Chungnam National University experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009. The experimental species contained 34 species in total consisting of sheep fescue (fundamental turfgrass), 4 native Wildflowers, and 29 induced Wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the Wildflowers, the average length was 28.7 cm one year later and 36.7 cm two years later. They bloomed out into from six to nine colors, but into one or three colors during August, September, and October. The blooming season leant toward May and June, and from August, there was lots of difficulty in the Wildflower blooming and the maintenance of their consistency. Especially, at the age of two (2009) the color, seasonal distribution, and consistency emerged as problems owing to the reduction of annual Wildflowers after winterization. The annual botanical composition of Wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weeds came to 22%, 68%, and 10% each one year later (2008) and 19%, 72%, and 9% each two years later (2009). Based on this result, cultivating Wildflower in grassland (90% sheep fescue and 10% Wildflowers) is the proper method not only for maintaining green space, to prevent soil erosion by sheep fescue, but also for commanding a fine view of Wildflowers.
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Effect of Seeding Rate (Sheep fescue 90% + Wildflowers 10%) on the Growth Characteristics, Seasonal Anthesis Distribution and Botanical Composition in Wildflower Pastures
Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science, 2010Co-Authors: Changhee DoAbstract:This study was carried out in order to find out the growth characteristics, the seasonal anthesis distribution and the botanical composition of the Wildflower pastures which were altogether composed of 90% sheep fescue and 10% Wildflowers in the Chungnam National University experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009. The experimental species contained 34 species in total consisting of sheep fescue (fundamental turfgrass), 4 native Wildflowers, and 29 induced Wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the Wildflowers, the average length was 28.7 cm one year later and 36.7 cm two years later. They bloomed out into from six to nine colors, but into one or three colors during August, September, and October. The blooming season leant toward May and June, and from August, there was lots of difficulty in the Wildflower blooming and the maintenance of their consistency. Especially, at the age of two (2009) the color, seasonal distribution, and consistency emerged as problems owing to the reduction of annual Wildflowers after winterization. The annual botanical composition of Wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weeds came to 22%, 68%, and 10% each one year later (2008) and 19%, 72%, and 9% each two years later (2009). Based on this result, cultivating Wildflower in grassland (90% sheep fescue and 10% Wildflowers) is the proper method not only for maintaining green space, to prevent soil erosion by sheep fescue, but also for commanding a fine view of Wildflowers.
Norja Vanderelst - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the project of Wildflowers of banff park jacinthe lavoie
2016Co-Authors: Colour Infusion Ca, Norja VanderelstAbstract:The purpose of Wildflowers of Banff Park is to capture the splendour of Wildflowers in this area, and to inspire others to appreciate the beauty of Banff Park and value our natural heritage.
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The project of Wildflowers of Banff Park | Jacinthe Lavoie
2016Co-Authors: Colour Infusion.ca, Norja VanderelstAbstract:The purpose of Wildflowers of Banff Park is to capture the splendour of Wildflowers in this area, and to inspire others to appreciate the beauty of Banff Park and value our natural heritage.
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Presentations of Wildflowers of Banff | Canadian Wild Flowers | Events Banff
2013Co-Authors: Colour Infusion.ca, Norja VanderelstAbstract:Ian Wilson and Jacinthe Lavoie will be giving presentations about Wildflowers of Banff Park and participating in special events about Wildflowers this spring and summer.
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Sponsor Links | Wildflowers of Banff Book | Wildflower Guide
2013Co-Authors: Colour Infusion.ca, Norja VanderelstAbstract:Sponsors of Wildflowers of Banff features more than 160 flowers of Banff National Park and Sunshine Meadows.
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Sponsor Links | Wildflowers of Waterton Book | Wildflower Guide
2013Co-Authors: Colour Infusion.ca, Norja VanderelstAbstract:Sponsors of Wildflowers of Waterton features more than 160 flowers of Waterton National Park and Sunshine Meadows.
Uta Sophie Hoffmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The suitability of sown Wildflower strips as hunting grounds for spider-hunting wasps of the genus Trypoxylon depends on landscape context
Journal of Insect Conservation, 2020Co-Authors: Uta Sophie Hoffmann, Frank Jauker, Eva Diehl, Viktoria Mader, Daniela Fiedler, Volkmar Wolters, Tim DiekötterAbstract:Subsidized Wildflower strips aim at counteracting insect species loss in agricultural landscapes. Little is known yet about their effects on insects that not only feed on pollen and nectar but also hunt for arthropod prey for larval nutrition. Here, we provide new evidence that Wildflower strips may benefit the provisioning of larval prey for spider-hunting wasps. Woody semi-natural habitats in central Germany were selected as trap-nest locations along independent gradients in distance to Wildflower strips and percentage of grassland in the surrounding landscape. From these nests, spider individuals hunted by wasps of the genus Trypoxylon (Crabronidae) were collected. In addition, spiders were collected in the associated Wildflower strips and the similarity between spider communities in nests and in flowering strips was calculated. The similarity of spider communities decreased with the distance to the next Wildflower strips, but the percentage of surrounding grasslands modulated this relationship. This concurred with an observed positive effect of grassland on spider species richness in trap nests, especially if Wildflower strips were distant from the nests. In contrast, landscape context did not affect spider species richness in Wildflower strips. In conclusion, our results suggest that Wildflower strips are used by Trypoxylon wasps for hunting spiders as prey for larvae, yet only if strips are close to nesting habitats and well connected by high shares of grassland. Our results substantiate the importance of Wildflower strips for species richness and trophic interactions in agroecosystems.
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prey dependent benefits of sown Wildflower strips on solitary wasps in agroecosystems
Insect Conservation and Diversity, 2018Co-Authors: Uta Sophie Hoffmann, Frank Jauker, Volkmar Wolters, Tim Diekötter, Daniela Warzecha, Jonathan LanzenAbstract:Sown Wildflower strips can support insects that collect pollen for their larvae. How these strips affect flower visitors with carnivorous larvae, however, is almost unknown. We studied the impact of Wildflower strips and their surroundings on two common solitary wasps: the caterpillar‐hunting Ancistrocerus nigricornis Curtis and the spider‐hunting Trypoxylon figulus Linnaeus. Trap‐nest locations at 22 semi‐natural habitats in central Germany formed independent gradients in landscape complexity and distance to either one or several Wildflower strips in their surroundings. For each brood cell, we recorded the number of prey items, total caterpillar weight and spider species richness. Ancistrocerus nigricornis built more cells in proximity to Wildflower strips and with increasing amount of surrounding grassland. Fewer prey items provided in landscapes with large shares of semi‐natural habitats suggest that in these landscapes high‐quality prey is available. In contrast, T. figulus built more cells with increasing distance of nests to Wildflower strips. If there were few strips, T. figulus built more cells in grassland‐rich landscapes, whereas low shares of grassland were compensated when several Wildflower strips were present. Benefits of flowering strips for T. figulus seem related to flower resources for adults, rather than through prey provisioning. In conclusion, Wildflower strips promote prey‐hunting wasps through species‐specific effects on adult and larval food provisioning. Considering the differential effects of wasps on crop pests (caterpillars) and natural enemies (spiders), the functional role of Wildflower strips in agroecosystems may be much greater than assumed when solely focusing on pollination.
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Prey‐dependent benefits of sown Wildflower strips on solitary wasps in agroecosystems
Insect Conservation and Diversity, 2017Co-Authors: Uta Sophie Hoffmann, Frank Jauker, Volkmar Wolters, Daniela Warzecha, Jonathan Lanzen, Tim DiekötterAbstract:Sown Wildflower strips can support insects that collect pollen for their larvae. How these strips affect flower visitors with carnivorous larvae, however, is almost unknown. We studied the impact of Wildflower strips and their surroundings on two common solitary wasps: the caterpillar‐hunting Ancistrocerus nigricornis Curtis and the spider‐hunting Trypoxylon figulus Linnaeus. Trap‐nest locations at 22 semi‐natural habitats in central Germany formed independent gradients in landscape complexity and distance to either one or several Wildflower strips in their surroundings. For each brood cell, we recorded the number of prey items, total caterpillar weight and spider species richness. Ancistrocerus nigricornis built more cells in proximity to Wildflower strips and with increasing amount of surrounding grassland. Fewer prey items provided in landscapes with large shares of semi‐natural habitats suggest that in these landscapes high‐quality prey is available. In contrast, T. figulus built more cells with increasing distance of nests to Wildflower strips. If there were few strips, T. figulus built more cells in grassland‐rich landscapes, whereas low shares of grassland were compensated when several Wildflower strips were present. Benefits of flowering strips for T. figulus seem related to flower resources for adults, rather than through prey provisioning. In conclusion, Wildflower strips promote prey‐hunting wasps through species‐specific effects on adult and larval food provisioning. Considering the differential effects of wasps on crop pests (caterpillars) and natural enemies (spiders), the functional role of Wildflower strips in agroecosystems may be much greater than assumed when solely focusing on pollination.
