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Richard A. Bryant - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Current Evidence for Acute Stress Disorder.
Current Psychiatry Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Richard A. BryantAbstract:The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the current evidence pertaining to the course of Acute and chronic posttraumatic Stress, the diagnosis of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), and treatment of Acute Stress Disorder and prevention of posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Although Acute Stress Disorder was introduced partly to predict subsequent PTSD, longitudinal studies indicate that ASD is not an accurate predictor of PTSD. Recent analytic approaches adopting latent growth mixture modeling have shown that trauma-exposed people tend to follow one of four trajectories: (a) resilient, (b) worsening, (c) recovery, and (d) chronically diStressed. The complexity of the course of posttraumatic Stress limits the capacity of the ASD diagnosis to predict subsequent PTSD. Current evidence indicates that the treatment of choice for ASD is trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy, and this intervention results in reduced chronic PTSD severity. Recent attempts to limit subsequent PTSD by early provision of pharmacological interventions have been promising, especially administration of corticosterone to modulate glucocorticoid levels. Although the ASD diagnosis does not accurately predict chronic PTSD, it describes recently trauma-exposed people with severe diStress. Provision of CBT in the Acute phase is the best available strategy to limit subsequent PTSD.
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Acute Stress Disorder
Current opinion in psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Richard A. BryantAbstract:Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) was introduced in DSM-IV to describe posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms that (a) occur in the initial month after trauma and (b) predict subsequent PTSD. Longitudinal studies have shown that most people who develop PTSD do not initially meet ASD criteria, which led to the decision in DSM-5 to limit the ASD diagnosis to describing Acute Stress reactions without any predictive function. Controlled trials have shown that trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy is the treatment of choice for ASD, and is superior to pharmacological interventions. Recent longitudinal studies have challenged previous conceptualizations of the course of posttraumatic Stress, and highlighted that people follow different trajectories of adaptation that are influenced by events that occur after the Acute posttraumatic period.
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The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology - Acute Stress Disorder
Current Opinion in Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Richard A. BryantAbstract:Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) was introduced in DSM-IV to describe posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms that (a) occur in the initial month after trauma and (b) predict subsequent PTSD. Longitudinal studies have shown that most people who develop PTSD do not initially meet ASD criteria, which led to the decision in DSM-5 to limit the ASD diagnosis to describing Acute Stress reactions without any predictive function. Controlled trials have shown that trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy is the treatment of choice for ASD, and is superior to pharmacological interventions. Recent longitudinal studies have challenged previous conceptualizations of the course of posttraumatic Stress, and highlighted that people follow different trajectories of adaptation that are influenced by events that occur after the Acute posttraumatic period.
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Acute Stress Disorder
The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Anne Malaktaris, Richard A. Bryant, Richard J Mcnally, Steven Jay LynnAbstract:Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) first appeared in the DSM-IV as a diagnosis describing Acute Stress reactions occurring within a month following exposure to trauma. In response to accumulating evidence, DSM-5 no longer places the same emphasis on dissociative symptoms, and does not require a specific number of any cluster of symptoms for a diagnosis of ASD. Instead, it requires the presence of 9 of any of 14 potential symptoms of ASD, and prohibits the diagnosis until 3 days have elapsed post trauma. Although ASD predicts the onset of posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), relative to trauma-exposed people who do not develop ASD, most individuals with PTSD do not meet ASD diagnostic criteria prior to the diagnosis of PTSD. Accordingly, the DSM-5 diagnosis of ASD intends to describe severe Acute reactions rather than predict subsequent PTSD. Cognitive behavioral therapy reduces the rate of subsequent PTSD in individuals with ASD. Keywords: psychology of Stress; psychopathology; post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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A Review of Acute Stress Disorder in DSM-5
FOCUS, 2011Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, David Spiegel, Robert J. Ursano, Matthew J. Friedman, James J. StrainAbstract:Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) was introduced into DSM-IV to describe Acute Stress reactions (ASRs) that occur in the initial month after exposure to a traumatic event and before the possibility of diagnosing posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and to identify trauma survivors in the Acute phase who are high risk for PTSD. This review considers ASD in relation to other diagnostic approaches to Acute Stress responses, critiques the evidence of the predictive power of ASD, and discusses ASD in relation to Adjustment Disorder. The evidence suggests that ASD does not adequately identify most people who develop PTSD. This review presents a number of options and preliminary considerations to be considered for DSM-5. It is proposed that ASD be limited to describing severe ASRs (that are not necessarily precursors of PTSD). The evidence suggests that the current emphasis on dissociation may be overly restrictive and does not recognize the heterogeneity of early posttraumatic Stress responses. It is proposed that A...
Allison G. Harvey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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gender differences in the relationship between Acute Stress Disorder and posttraumatic Stress Disorder following motor vehicle accidents
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 2003Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, Allison G. HarveyAbstract:Objective: Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) describes initial posttraumatic Stress reactions that purportedly predict subsequent posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to index the influence of gender on the relationship between ASD and PTSD.Method: Motor vehicle accident survivors were assessed for ASD within 1-month posttrauma (n = 171) and were subsequently assessed for PTSD 6-months later (n = 134).Results: Acute Stress Disorder was diagnosed in 8% of males and 23% of females, and PTSD was diagnosed in 15% of males and 38% of females. In terms of patients followed up at 6 months, 57% and 92% of males and females, respectively, who met criteria for ASD were diagnosed with PTSD. Females displayed significantly more peritraumatic dissociation than males.Conclusion: Peritraumatic dissociation and ASD is a more accurate predictor of PTSD in females than males. This gender difference may be explained in terms of response bias or biological differences in trauma response between males and females.
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Acute Stress Disorder: a synthesis and critique.
Psychological Bulletin, 2002Co-Authors: Allison G. Harvey, Richard A. BryantAbstract:The diagnosis of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) was introduced to describe initial trauma reactions that predict chronic posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This review outlines and critiques the rationales underpinning the ASD diagnosis and highlights conceptual and empirical problems inherent in this diagnosis. The authors conclude that there is little justification for the ASD diagnosis in its present form. The evidence for and against the current emphasis on peritraumatic dissociation is discussed, and the range of biological and cognitive mechanisms that potentially mediate Acute trauma response are reviewed. The available evidence indicates that alternative means of conceptualizing Acute trauma reactions and identifying Acutely traumatized people who are at risk of developing PTSD need to be considered.
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Two-year prospective evaluation of the relationship between Acute Stress Disorder and posttraumatic Stress Disorder following mild traumatic brain injury.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 2000Co-Authors: Allison G. Harvey, Richard A. BryantAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of Acute Stress Disorder to predict posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), the relationship between Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD over the 2 years following mild traumatic brain injury was determined. METHOD: Survivors of motor vehicle accidents who sustained mild traumatic brain injuries were assessed for Acute Stress Disorder within 1 month of the trauma (N=79) and for PTSD at 6 months (N=63) and 2 years (N=50) posttrauma. RESULTS: Acute Stress Disorder was diagnosed in 14% of the patients. Among the patients who participated in all three assessments, 80% of the subjects who met the criteria for Acute Stress Disorder were diagnosed with PTSD at 2 years. Of the total initial group, 73% of those diagnosed with Acute Stress Disorder had PTSD at 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further support for the utility of the Acute Stress Disorder diagnosis as a predictor of PTSD but indicates that the predictive power of the diagnostic criteria can be increased by placing gr...
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Acute Stress Disorder: A Handbook of Theory, Assessment, and Treatment
2000Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, Allison G. HarveyAbstract:The Emergence of Acute Stress Disorder Theoretical Perspectives of Acute Stress Disorder Empirical Status of Acute Stress Disorder How to Diagnoze Acute Stress Disorder Assessment Tools What Do You Know About Treating Acute Stress Disorder Treating Acute Stress Disorder Treatment Obstacles Special Populations The Role of Debriefing Legal Issues Acute Stress Disorder Interview Acute Stress Disorder Scale.
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Dissociative symptoms in Acute Stress Disorder.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1999Co-Authors: Allison G. Harvey, Richard A. BryantAbstract:This study provides a profile of symptoms, and particularly dissociative symptoms, in the diagnosis of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) following motor vehicle accidents (MVAs). Consecutive adult non-brain-injured admissions to a major trauma hospital (N = 92) were assessed between 2 days and 4 weeks following an MVA. Presence of ASD was determined by a structured clinical interview. The occurrence of full and subsyndromal ASD was approximately 13% and 21%, respectively. The majority of those who met criteria for subsyndromal ASD did not meet the ASD criteria for dissociation. At least 80% of individuals who reported derealization also reported reduced awareness and depersonalization. This significant overlap between dissociative symptoms questions the discriminatory power and conceptual independence of the dissociative criteria. These findings suggest the need for a more refined conceptual and operational understanding of dissociative symptoms in the Acute trauma stage.
Rachel M. Guthrie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Treating Acute Stress Disorder Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
American Journal of Psychiatry, 2003Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, Rachel M. Guthrie, Michelle L. Moulds, Reginald D. V. NixonAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Acute Stress Disorder permits early identification of trauma survivors who are at risk of developing chronic posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to prevent PTSD in people who developed Acute Stress Disorder after a mild brain injury by early provision of cognitive behavior therapy. METHOD: Twenty-four civilian trauma survivors with Acute Stress Disorder were given five individually administered sessions of either cognitive behavior therapy or supportive counseling within 2 weeks of their trauma. RESULTS: Fewer patients receiving cognitive behavior therapy than supportive counseling met criteria for PTSD at a posttreatment evaluation (8% versus 58%, respectively). There were also fewer cases of PTSD at a 6-month follow-up evaluation among those receiving cognitive behavior therapy (17%) than among those receiving supportive counseling (58%). Patients in the cognitive behavior therapy condition displayed less reexperiencing and avoidance symptoms at the follow-up evaluation tha...
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Hypnotizability in Acute Stress Disorder
American Journal of Psychiatry, 2001Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, Rachel M. Guthrie, Michelle L. MouldsAbstract:OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the relationship between Acute dissociative reactions to trauma and hypnotizability. METHOD: Acutely traumatized patients (N=61) with Acute Stress Disorder, subclinical Acute Stress Disorder (no dissociative symptoms), and no Acute Stress Disorder were administered the Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale within 4 weeks of their trauma. RESULTS: Although patients with Acute Stress Disorder and patients with subclinical Acute Stress Disorder displayed comparable levels of nondissociative psychopathology, Acute Stress Disorder patients had higher levels of hypnotizability and were more likely to display reversible posthypnotic amnesia than both patients with subclinical Acute Stress Disorder and patients with no Acute Stress Disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The findings may be interpreted in light of a diathesis-Stress process mediating trauma-related dissociation. People who develop Acute Stress Disorder in response to traumatic experience may have a stronger ability to experience diss...
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Cognitive strategies and the resolution of Acute Stress Disorder
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2001Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, Michelle L. Moulds, Rachel M. GuthrieAbstract:Information processing theories propose that resolution of posttraumatic Stress is mediated by activation of traumatic memories and modification of threat-based beliefs. It is argued that this adaptive response is associated with reduced cognitive avoidance. Thought control strategies were assessed in civilian trauma survivors with Acute Stress Disorder (N = 45) prior to and following either cognitive behavior therapy or supportive counseling. Participants completed the Acute Stress Disorder Interview, the Beck Depression Inventory, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Impact of Event Scale, and the Thought Control Questionnaire within 2 weeks of their trauma and 6 months following treatment. Receiving cognitive behavior therapy was associated with reductions in the use of punishment and worry, and increases in the use of reappraisal and social control strategies. Further, reduced posttraumatic Stress symptoms were associated with increased use of social control strategies and reappraisal strategies, and decreased use of worry. Findings are discussed in terms of the cognitive strategies that may mediate Acute posttraumatic Stress.
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Acute Stress Disorder Scale : A self-report measure of Acute Stress Disorder
Psychological Assessment, 2000Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, Michelle L. Moulds, Rachel M. GuthrieAbstract:The Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS) is a self-report inventory that (a) indexes Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and (b) predicts posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The ASDS is a 19-item inventory that is based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria. The ASDS possessed good sensitivity (95%) and specificity (83%) for identifying ASD against the ASD Interview on 99 civilian trauma survivors. Test-retest reliability of the ASDS scores between 2 and 7 days was strong (r = .94). The ASDS predicted 91% of bushfire survivors who developed PTSD and 93% of those who did not; one third of those identified by the ASDS as being at risk did not develop PTSD, however. The ASDS shows promise as a screening instrument to identify Acutely traumatized individuals who warrant more thorough assessment for risk of PTSD.
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treating Acute Stress Disorder an evaluation of cognitive behavior therapy and supportive counseling techniques
American Journal of Psychiatry, 1999Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, Michelle L. Moulds, Tanya Sackville, Suzanne T Dang, Rachel M. GuthrieAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Acute Stress Disorder permits an early identification of trauma survivors who are at risk of developing chronic posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to prevent PTSD by an early provision of cognitive behavior therapy. Specifically, this study indexed the relative efficacy of prolonged exposure and anxiety management in the treatment of Acute Stress Disorder. METHOD: Forty-five civilian trauma survivors with Acute Stress Disorder were given five sessions of 1) prolonged exposure (N=14), 2) a combination of prolonged exposure and anxiety management (N=15), or 3) supportive counseling (N=16) within 2 weeks of their trauma. Forty-one trauma survivors were assessed at the 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Fewer patients with prolonged exposure (14%, N=2 of 14) and prolonged exposure plus anxiety management (20%, N=3 of 15) than supportive counseling (56%, N=9 of 16) met the criteria for PTSD after treatment. There were also fewer cases of PTSD in the prolonged exposure group (15%, N=2 of...
Michelle L. Moulds - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Influence of DiStressing Information on Memory in Acute Stress Disorder
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2006Co-Authors: Michelle L. Moulds, Richard A. BryantAbstract:Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) is purportedly characterized by impaired encoding of aversive material. In this study ASD, trauma-exposed non-ASD, and non-traumatized control participants (N=45) were administered intermixed presentations of either diStressing (i.e. disfigured) or neutral faces. For each presentation, two words were presented centrally to the image and two were presented peripherally. Participants were subsequently administered recall and recognition tests for the presented words. Participants recalled more words presented centrally to neutral images than those presented centrally to trauma images. Dissociative tendencies were negatively correlated with recognition of words centrally presented with diStressing stimuli. These findings are consistent with the proposal that dissociative reactions are associated with impaired memory for diStress-related information.
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An investigation of retrieval inhibition in Acute Stress Disorder.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2005Co-Authors: Michelle L. Moulds, Richard A. BryantAbstract:Acute Stress Disorder is characterized by dissociative responses that are theorized to result in deficient encoding and retrieval of trauma-related material. This study examined retrieval inhibition using the list method of the directed forgetting paradigm in traumatized individuals with Acute Stress Disorder (ASD; n = 14), no ASD (n = 14), and a nontraumatized control group (n = 15). Participants were presented with a list of intermixed positive, neutral, and trauma-related words. Instructions to forget that list and instead remember a second list were then given, and a new list presented. ASD participants exhibited poorer recall of to-be-forgotten trauma words than the non-ASD and control groups. The ASD group also demonstrated deficient recognition of to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten positive words. Severity of Acute posttraumatic Stress response was associated with retrieval impairments. The cumulative findings suggest that ASD is associated with impoverished memory for trauma-related and positive material.
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Traumatic Memories in Acute Stress Disorder: An Analysis of Narratives before and after Treatment.
Clinical Psychologist, 2005Co-Authors: Michelle L. Moulds, Richard A. BryantAbstract:The dissociative reactions in Acute Stress Disorder purportedly impede encoding and organization of traumatic memories and consequently impair the individual's ability to retrieve trauma-related details. A qualitative examination was conducted on trauma narratives of individuals with Acute Stress Disorder (N = 15) prior to cognitive behavior therapy (including prolonged exposure and cognitive restructuring) and following treatment. Trauma narratives prior to and after therapy were coded on the constructs of dissociation, disorganization and perception of threat. Significant correlations demonstrated a relationship between improvement in the coherence and organization of trauma memories and reference to dissociative symptoms in the narrative.
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Treating Acute Stress Disorder Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
American Journal of Psychiatry, 2003Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, Rachel M. Guthrie, Michelle L. Moulds, Reginald D. V. NixonAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Acute Stress Disorder permits early identification of trauma survivors who are at risk of developing chronic posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to prevent PTSD in people who developed Acute Stress Disorder after a mild brain injury by early provision of cognitive behavior therapy. METHOD: Twenty-four civilian trauma survivors with Acute Stress Disorder were given five individually administered sessions of either cognitive behavior therapy or supportive counseling within 2 weeks of their trauma. RESULTS: Fewer patients receiving cognitive behavior therapy than supportive counseling met criteria for PTSD at a posttreatment evaluation (8% versus 58%, respectively). There were also fewer cases of PTSD at a 6-month follow-up evaluation among those receiving cognitive behavior therapy (17%) than among those receiving supportive counseling (58%). Patients in the cognitive behavior therapy condition displayed less reexperiencing and avoidance symptoms at the follow-up evaluation tha...
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Cognitive behaviour therapy of Acute Stress Disorder: a four-year follow-up
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2003Co-Authors: Richard A. Bryant, Michelle L. Moulds, Reginald V.d. NixonAbstract:The aim of this study was to index the long-term benefits of early provision of cognitive behavior therapy to trauma survivors with Acute Stress Disorder. Civilian trauma survivors (n = 80) with Acute Stress Disorder were randomly allocated to either cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or supportive counseling (SC) - 69 completed treatment, and 41 were assessed four years post-treatment for post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale. Two CBT patients (8%) and four SC patients (25%) met PTSD criteria at four-year follow-up. Patients who received CBT reported less intense PTSD symptoms, and particularly less frequent and less avoidance symptoms, than patients who received SC. These findings suggest that early provision of CBT in the initial month after trauma has long-term benefits for people who are at risk of developing PTSD.
Mohammad Narimani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Thought Control Strategies in the Patients with Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013Co-Authors: F Bakhshian, Abbas Abolghasemi, Mohammad NarimaniAbstract:Abstract The purpose of the present research was to compare thought control strategies of patients with Acute Stress Disorder and posttraumatic Stress Disorder and normal person. This research is a case-control study. The research sample consisted of 40 patients with PTSD, 40 patients with Acute Stress Disorder and 40 normal persons which were selected from available sampling. To collect the data, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Thought Control Questionnaire and The Impact of Event Scale-Revised were used. The results showed that there are significant differences between patients with Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD and normal person in thought control strategies (P
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Response inhibition and cognitive appraisal in clients with Acute Stress Disorder and posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
Iranian journal of psychiatry, 2013Co-Authors: Abass Abolghasemi, F Bakhshian, Mohammad NarimaniAbstract:Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare response inhibition and cognitive appraisal in clients with Acute Stress Disorder, clients with posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and normal individuals . Method: This was a comparative study. The sample consisted of 40 clients with Acute Stress Disorder, 40 patients with posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and 40 normal individuals from Mazandaran province selected through convenience sampling method. Data were collected using Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Stroop Color-Word Test, Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory, and the Impact of Event Scale. Results: Results showed that individuals with Acute Stress Disorder are less able to inhibit inappropriate responses and have more impaired cognitive appraisals compared to those with posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Moreover, results showed that response inhibition and cognitive appraisal explain 75% of the variance in posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms and 38% o the variance in posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms . Conclusion: The findings suggest that response inhibition and cognitive appraisal are two variables that influence the severity of posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder symptoms. Also, these results have important implications for pathology, prevention, and treatment of posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder.
