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Abdul Jabbar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of Alpacas in australia ii a longitudinal study
Parasitology Research, 2019Co-Authors: Mohammed H Rashid, Angus J D Campbell, Jane L Vaughan, Mark Stevenson, Ian Beveridge, Muhammad A Saeed, Abdul JabbarAbstract:We conducted a longitudinal survey on 13 alpaca farms in four climatic zones of Australia to understand the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of Alpacas. A total of 1688 fresh faecal samples were collected from both sexes of Alpacas from May 2015 to April 2016 and processed for faecal egg counts (FEC) and molecular identification of eggs using the multiplexed-tandem PCR assay. Based on egg morphology, the overall prevalence of GINs was 61% while that for strongyles was 53%. The overall mean FEC was 168 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces, with the highest count of 15,540 EPG. Weaners had the highest prevalence (73%) and mean FEC (295 EPG) of GINs followed by tuis, crias and adults. Alpacas in the winter rainfall zone had the highest prevalence (68%) as well as FEC (266 EPG) followed by Mediterranean-type, non-seasonal and summer rainfall zones. Trichostrongylus spp. (83%, 89/107), Haemonchus spp. (71%, 76/107) and Camelostrongylus mentulatus (63%, 67/107) were the three most common GINs of Alpacas across all climatic zones. The mixed-effects zero-inflated negative binomial regression model used in this study showed that it could help to design parasite control interventions targeted at both the herd level and the individual alpaca level. The findings of this study showed that the epidemiology of GINs of Alpacas is very similar to those of cattle and sheep, and careful attention should be paid when designing control strategies for domestic ruminants co-grazing with Alpacas.
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anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of Alpacas vicugna pacos in australia
Parasites & Vectors, 2018Co-Authors: Mohammed H Rashid, Angus J D Campbell, Jane L Vaughan, Mark Stevenson, Ian Beveridge, Abdul JabbarAbstract:Background Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) can cause significant economic losses in Alpacas due to lowered production of fibre and meat. Although no anthelmintics are registered for use in Alpacas, various classes of anthelmintics are frequently used to control parasitic gastroenteritis in Alpacas in Australia and other countries. Very little is known about the current worm control practices as well as the efficacy of anthelmintics used against common GINs of Alpacas. This study aimed to assess the existing worm control practices used by Australian alpaca farmers and to quantify the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against GINs of Alpacas.
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Sarcocystosis in South American camelids: The state of play revisited
Parasites & Vectors, 2018Co-Authors: Muhammad A Saeed, Mohammed H Rashid, Jane Vaughan, Abdul JabbarAbstract:Members of the genus Sarcocystis (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) are intracellular protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, resulting in economic losses in production animals worldwide. Sarcocystis spp. have indirect life-cycles where canids and felids serve as main definitive hosts while a range of domestic and wild animals serve as intermediate hosts, including South American camelids (SACs) such as Alpacas, llamas and guanacos. These animals primarily occur in South American countries on Andean, elevated plains but in recent years, Alpacas and llamas have become emerging animal industries in other parts of the world such as Australia, Europe and the USA due to their high-quality fiber, meat and hides. For instance, alpaca meat is becoming popular in many parts of the world due to its lower cholesterol content than other red meat, thereby it has the potential of a valuable product for both local and international markets. However, SAC meat can be degraded and/or even condemned due to the presence of macroscopic sarcocysts in skeletal muscles, leading to significant economic losses to farmers. The infection is generally asymptomatic, though highly pathogenic or even fatal Sarcocystis infections have also been reported in Alpacas and llamas. Despite the economic importance of sarcocystosis in SACs, little is known about the life-cycle of parasites involved, disease transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, control and public health significance. This review article provides an in-depth analysis of the existing knowledge on the taxonomy, epidemiology, clinicopathology and diagnosis of Sarcocystis in SACs, highlights knowledge gaps and proposes future areas of research that could contribute to our better understanding of sarcocystosis in these animals.
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First report of anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus in Alpacas in Australia
Parasites & Vectors, 2013Co-Authors: Abdul Jabbar, Angus J D Campbell, Jennifer A Charles, Robin B GasserAbstract:Background Parasitic nematodes can cause substantial clinical and subclinical problems in Alpacas and anthelmintics are regularly used to control parasitic nematodes in Alpacas. Although anthelmintic resistance has been reported in ruminants worldwide, very little is known about anthelmintic resistance in Alpacas. The present study was carried out to confirm a suspected case of anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus in Alpacas in Australia. Methods Post mortem examination of an alpaca was conducted to determine the cause of its death. To confirm a suspected case of macrocyclic lactone (ML) resistance in H. contortus in Alpacas, a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was performed using closantel (7.5 mg/kg) and ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg). Nematode species were identified by morphological and molecular methods. Results Post mortem examination of a 1-year-old female alpaca that had died following a brief period of lethargy, anorexia and recumbency revealed severe anaemia, hypoproteinaemia and gastric parasitism by adult Haemonchus contortus , despite recent abamectin (0.2 mg/kg) treatment. Based on these findings and the exclusive use of MLs in the herd over the preceding six years, ML resistance in parasitic nematodes of Alpacas on this farm was suspected. FECRT revealed that the efficacy of closantel was 99% (95% CI 93-100), whereas that of ivermectin was 35% (95% CI 0-78), indicating that the treatment failure was likely due to the presence of ML-resistant nematodes. Larval culture of faecal samples collected following ivermectin treatment consisted of 99% H. contortus and 1% Cooperia oncophora , a result confirmed using a PCR assay. Conclusions This study provides the first evidence of ML resistance in H. contortus in Alpacas in Australia. Based on the extent of anthelmintic resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes in Australia, veterinarians and alpaca owners should be encouraged to implement integrated parasite management strategies to improve nematode control in Alpacas.
Daniela Bedenice - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis fecal shedding in Alpacas presented to veterinary hospitals in the united states
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: M E Fecteau, Daniela Bedenice, Christopher K Cebra, Toby L Pinn, Susan C Mcadams, Terry L Fyock, R H Whitlock, R W SweeneyAbstract:Background The prevalence of Johne's disease in Alpacas in the United States is unknown. The limits of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in alpaca feces have not been determined. Objectives To evaluate the use of PCR for MAP detection in alpaca feces; and to estimate the prevalence of MAP fecal shedding in Alpacas presented to veterinary teaching hospitals. Animals Alpacas presenting to 4 US veterinary teaching hospitals from November 2009 to February 2011. Methods Prospective study. Ten dilutions of a wild MAP strain were added to negative alpaca feces and processed for MAP detection by means of a commercial real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay, and cultured on Herrold's Egg Yolk Medium (HEYM) and liquid broth. The limits of detection for each method were determined. Fecal samples from Alpacas admitted to the veterinary teaching hospitals during the study period were evaluated for MAP via PCR and HEYM. Results The lowest MAP dilution detectable via PCR was 243 MAP colony-forming units (CFU)/g of feces, at which concentration MAP growth was detectable on HEYM. Ten (6%; 95% confidence interval: 3–9%) of the 180 fecal samples collected were positive on PCR. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Polymerase chain reaction can provide an accurate and rapid detection of MAP fecal shedding in Alpacas; and the prevalence of MAP fecal shedding in hospitalized Alpacas in 4 US veterinary teaching hospitals was 6%.
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systemic distribution of viral antigen in Alpacas persistently infected with bovine pestivirus
Veterinary Pathology, 2013Co-Authors: Jamie Henningson, David J Steffen, Christina L Topliff, Kathy L Kurth, Richard R Dubielzig, Bruce W Brodersen, Daniela Bedenice, Kent M Eskridge, Robert J CallanAbstract:Recently, confirmed occurrences of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in North American Alpacas have raised concerns about the role of persistently infected (PI) Alpacas in transmission of virus among herds, yet only limited pathological descriptions of persistent infections in Alpacas have been reported. The objective of this study was to characterize BVDV antigen distribution in 10 PI Alpacas of varying age and to compare viral antigen distribution and localization in tissues of PI Alpacas with 5 PI calves of varying age. Ocular dysplasia was evident in 1 PI alpaca, constituting the first reported congenital ocular lesion in PI Alpacas. Viral antigen was widely distributed in alpaca tissues and was prominent in neurons, endothelial cells, and vascular tunica media myocytes but had limited distribution in lymphoid tissues and moderate distribution in epithelium of several organ systems of Alpacas. Macrophages in the alpaca gastrointestinal system submucosa and lymph node medullary si...
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florfenicol pharmacokinetics in healthy adult Alpacas after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2012Co-Authors: K Holmes, Daniela Bedenice, Mark G PapichAbstract:Holmes, K., Bedenice, D., Papich, M. G. Florfenicol pharmacokinetics in healthy adult Alpacas after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 382–388. A single dose of florfenicol (Nuflor®) was administered to eight healthy adult Alpacas at 20 mg/kg intramuscular (i.m.) and 40 mg/kg subcutaneous (s.c.) using a randomized, cross-over design, and 28-day washout period. Subsequently, 40 mg/kg florfenicol was injected s.c. every other day for 10 doses to evaluate long-term effects. Maximum plasma florfenicol concentrations (Cmax, measured via high-performance liquid chromatography) were achieved rapidly, leading to a higher Cmax of 4.31 ± 3.03 μg/mL following administration of 20 mg/kg i.m. than 40 mg/kg s.c. (Cmax: 1.95 ± 0.94 μg/mL). Multiple s.c. dosing at 48 h intervals achieved a Cmax of 4.48 ± 1.28 μg/mL at steady state. The area under the curve and terminal elimination half-lives were 51.83 ± 11.72 μg/mL·h and 17.59 ± 11.69 h after single 20 mg/kg i.m. dose, as well as 99.78 ± 23.58 μg/mL·h and 99.67 ± 59.89 h following 40 mg/kg injection of florfenicol s.c., respectively. Florfenicol decreased the following hematological parameters after repeated administration between weeks 0 and 3: total protein (6.38 vs. 5.61 g/dL, P < 0.0001), globulin (2.76 vs. 2.16 g/dL, P < 0.0003), albumin (3.61 vs. 3.48 g/dL, P = 0.0038), white blood cell count (11.89 vs. 9.66 × 103/μL, P < 0.044), and hematocrit (27.25 vs. 24.88%, P < 0.0349). Significant clinical illness was observed in one alpaca. The lowest effective dose of florfenicol should thus be used in Alpacas and limited to treatment of highly susceptible pathogens.
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long term clinicopathological characteristics of Alpacas naturally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus type ib
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2011Co-Authors: Daniela Bedenice, Jamie Henningson, Christina L Topliff, Edward J Dubovi, Clayton L Kelling, Nicola ParryAbstract:Background: Substantial bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-related production losses in North American alpaca herds have been associated with BVDV type Ib infection. Objectives: To classify and differentiate the long-term clinicopathological characteristics of BVDV type Ib infection of alpaca crias, after natural virus exposure. We hypothesized that persistently infected (PI) Alpacas specifically demonstrate growth retardation, clinicopathological evidence of opportunistic infections, and early mortality. Animals: Thirty-five crias naturally exposed to BVDV (18 acute, 3 chronic, 14 PIs), and 19 healthy cohort controls of 5 northeastern alpaca farms were prospectively evaluated over 2 years (September 2005–September 2008). Methods: Observational cohort-control study. Results: Chronically (viremia >3 weeks) and PI crias demonstrated significantly lower birth weights, decreased growth rates, anemia, and monocytosis compared with control animals. Common clinical problems of PI Alpacas included chronic wasting, diarrhea, and respiratory disease. Median survival of PI Alpacas that died was 177 days (interquartile range, 555) with a case fatality rate of 50% within 6 months of life. Transplacental infection was confirmed in 82% (9/11) of pregnant females on 1 farm, resulting in the birth of 7 PI crias (7/10 deliveries; 1 animal was aborted). Mean gestation at the beginning and end of BVDV exposure was 64 and 114 days, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Natural BVDV type 1b infection during early pregnancy resulted in a high incidence of PI offspring. Although PI Alpacas may have distinct clinical characteristics, verification of persistent viremia in the absence of endogenous, neutralizing antibodies is essential to differentiate persistent from chronic infection.
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genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates from bvdv infected Alpacas in north america
Veterinary Microbiology, 2009Co-Authors: Renee R Anderson, Daniela Bedenice, Jin Z Yu, Nancy C Zylich, Hailu Kinde, Suzanne Carman, Edward J DuboviAbstract:Abstract Over a three-year period, 2004–2007, greater than 12,000 Alpacas in the United States were screened by real-time RT-PCR to identify Alpacas persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). A total of 46 BVD viruses were isolated from PI Alpacas or diagnostic samples from Alpacas. Forty-three US alpaca BVDV isolates and 3 Canadian isolates were analyzed by comparison of nucleotide sequences of two viral genomic regions, the 5′-UTR and the Npro gene to determine their genetic relatedness. All 46 alpaca BVDV isolates from 8 different states of the US and Canada were genotype 1b with ≥99% nt identity in the 290-base 5′-UTR region with the exception of one Canadian isolate. In contrast, 21 bovine BVDV isolates collected during the same period were grouped into the typical 3 genotypes, 1a, 1b, and 2, respectively. Forty five alpaca BVDV isolates formed a distinctive cluster separated from closely related bovine genotype 1b isolates by phylogenetic analysis of the 5′-UTR region. Comparison of the 504-base Npro gene sequences of 32 alpaca isolates also assigned them all to type 1b in a similar fashion as observed with the 5′-UTR region. The results suggest that unique genotypes of bovine BVDV 1b may be maintained in the alpaca population even though camelids are susceptible to infection by other genotypes. Further studies are needed to address why Alpacas were predominantly infected with genotype 1b BVDV isolates and how bovine BVD viruses evolved to infect Alpacas.
Thomas J Doherty - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride on tiletamine hydrochloride zolazepam hydrochloride anesthesia in Alpacas
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2016Co-Authors: Reza Seddighi, Agricola Odoi, Thomas J DohertyAbstract:OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of IM administration of a tiletamine hydrochloride–zolazepam hydrochloride (TZ) combination with either dexmedetomidine hydrochloride or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (SS) on the motor response to claw clamping, selected cardiorespiratory variables, and quality of recovery from anesthesia in Alpacas. ANIMALS 5 adult sexually intact male Alpacas. PROCEDURES Each alpaca was given the TZ combination (2 mg/kg) with dexmedetomidine (5 [D5], 10 [D10], 15 [D15], or 20 [D20] µg/kg) or SS IM at 1-week intervals (5 experiments); motor response to claw clamping was assessed, and characteristics of anesthesia, recovery from anesthesia, and selected cardiorespiratory variables were recorded. RESULTS Mean ± SEM duration of lack of motor response to claw clamping was longest when Alpacas received treatments D15 (30.9 ± 5.9 minutes) and D20 (40.8 ± 5.9 minutes). Duration of lateral recumbency was significantly longer with dexmedetomidine administration. The longest time (81.3 ± 10.4 minutes...
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Effect of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride on tiletamine hydrochloride–zolazepam hydrochloride anesthesia in Alpacas
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2016Co-Authors: Reza Seddighi, Agricola Odoi, Thomas J DohertyAbstract:OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of IM administration of a tiletamine hydrochloride–zolazepam hydrochloride (TZ) combination with either dexmedetomidine hydrochloride or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (SS) on the motor response to claw clamping, selected cardiorespiratory variables, and quality of recovery from anesthesia in Alpacas. ANIMALS 5 adult sexually intact male Alpacas. PROCEDURES Each alpaca was given the TZ combination (2 mg/kg) with dexmedetomidine (5 [D5], 10 [D10], 15 [D15], or 20 [D20] µg/kg) or SS IM at 1-week intervals (5 experiments); motor response to claw clamping was assessed, and characteristics of anesthesia, recovery from anesthesia, and selected cardiorespiratory variables were recorded. RESULTS Mean ± SEM duration of lack of motor response to claw clamping was longest when Alpacas received treatments D15 (30.9 ± 5.9 minutes) and D20 (40.8 ± 5.9 minutes). Duration of lateral recumbency was significantly longer with dexmedetomidine administration. The longest time (81.3 ± 10.4 minutes...
J Singh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ovulation inducing factor in the seminal plasma of Alpacas and llamas
Biology of Reproduction, 2005Co-Authors: G P Adams, Marcelo H Ratto, W Huanca, J SinghAbstract:Abstract Studies were conducted to document the existence of an ovulation-inducing factor in the seminal plasma of Alpacas (experiment 1) and llamas (experiment 2) and to determine if the effect is mediated via the pituitary (experiment 3). In experiment 1, female Alpacas (n = 14 per group) were given alpaca seminal plasma or saline intramuscularly or by intrauterine infusion. Only Alpacas that were given seminal plasma i.m. ovulated (13/ 14, 93%; P < 0.01). In experiment 2, ovulation was detected in 9/10 (90%) llamas at a mean of 29.3 ± 0.7 h after seminal plasma treatment. Plasma progesterone concentrations were maximal by Day 9 and were at nadir by Day 12 posttreatment. In experiment 3, female llamas were given llama seminal plasma, GnRH, or saline i.m., and ovulation was detected in 6/6, 5/ 6, and 0/6 llamas, respectively (P < 0.001). Treatment was followed by a surge (P < 0.01) in plasma LH concentration beginning 15 min and 75 min after treatment with GnRH and seminal plasma, respectively. Plasma LH...
J. P. Dubey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A review of coccidiosis in South American camelids
Parasitology Research, 2018Co-Authors: J. P. DubeyAbstract:Camelids (llamas, Alpacas, vicuñas, guanacos) are important for the economy of South America and Eimeria infections are important as cause of mortality in camelids. Of the five most prevalent species of Eimeria in South American camelids, Eimeria macusaniensis , Eimeria lamae , Eimeria alpacae , Eimeria punoensis , and Eimeria ivitaensis, E. macusaniensis is considered the most pathogenic. There is considerable confusion concerning the endogenous developmental stages of Eimeria spp. in camelids. Many papers on camelid coccidiosis were published in local Peruvian journals, not easily accessible to wider audience. The objective of the present paper is to summarize information on history, validity of Eimeria species, life cycle, pathogenicity, prevalence, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of coccidiosis in camelids.
