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Stephen R Downie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Expansion and Contraction of the Chloroplast Inverted Repeat in Apiaceae Subfamily Apioideae
Systematic Botany, 2020Co-Authors: Gregory M Plunkett, Stephen R DownieAbstract:Abstract Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction site maps for 113 species of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) and the allied families Araliaceae and Pittosporaceae were constructed for two enzymes and examined for variation in position of JLB, the junction between the large single copy and inverted repeat regions that is typically contained within the ribosomal protein S10 operon. With the exception of one large clade in Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae, all species possess a JLB indistinguishable from that found in the vast majority of angiosperms. Within this large clade, however, at least one expansion and seven different contractions of the IR relative to the tobacco JLB were detected, each ranging in size from ∼1–16 kb. Five of the junction shifts are parsimony informative, and three support major clades delimited in earlier phylogenetic studies. In light of cladograms based on previous studies of restriction site and DNA sequencing data, the IR appears to have expanded and contracted a minimum of ten times during t...
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Cryptotaenia (Apiaceae, Oenantheae): an appraisal using molecular data
2020Co-Authors: Krzysztof Spalik, Stephen R DownieAbstract:Aim The angiosperm genus Cryptotaenia (family Apiaceae, tribe Oenantheae) exhibits an anomalous distribution pattern, with five of its eight species being narrow endemics geographically isolated from their presumed relatives. We examined the monophyly of the genus and ascertained the phylogenetic placements of its constituent members in order to explain their distribution patterns.
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new combinations in lomatium Apiaceae subfamily apioideae
Phytotaxa, 2017Co-Authors: Mary Ann Feist, Stephen R Downie, Gregory M Plunkett, James F Smith, Donald H Mansfield, Mark Darrach, Richard P Mcneill, Barbara L WilsonAbstract:Molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses indicate that many of the perennial endemic genera of North American Apiaceae are either polyphyletic or nested within paraphyletic groups. In light of these results, taxonomic changes are needed to ensure that ongoing efforts to prepare state, regional, and continental floristic treatments of Apiaceae reflect recent findings. Thus, six new combinations are made to accommodate the movement of five taxa from their current assignment into the genus Lomatium and the elevation of one variety of Lomatium to the level of species; Lomatium lithosolamans, Lomatium tenuissimum, Lomatium fusiformis, Lomatium linearifolium, Lomatium multifidum, and Lomatium planosum .
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The role of the Southern Hemisphere in the evolutionary history of Apiaceae, a mostly north temperate plant family
Journal of Biogeography, 2015Co-Authors: Carolina I. Calviño, Federico E. Teruel, Stephen R DownieAbstract:Aim To estimate the most likely pathways of expansion of the first diverging lineages of the angiosperm family Apiaceae across the Southern Hemisphere and to Eurasia by reconstructing the biogeographical history of the family through space and time. Location Southern Hemisphere, with emphasis on Africa. Methods Divergence times were assessed under a penalized-likelihood method (r8s) and a data set of 129 cpDNA rps16 intron sequences. Confidence intervals were estimated using ABCq, BCa, bootstrap-t and standard normal methods. Biogeographical distributions were reconstructed using DEC analyses over rps16 intron and/or nrDNA ITS trees. Results Crown Apiaceae likely originated by the Late Cretaceous in Australasia. Apiaceae subfamilies diverged between 45.9 and 71.2 Ma in the Southern Hemisphere, specifically, Mackinlayoideae in Australasia, Azorelloideae in South America and Apioideae and Saniculoideae in southern Africa. From the Palaeocene to Oligocene, Africa showed connections via transoceanic dispersals as a sink continent with Australasia and as a source continent with South America and Eurasia. These dispersals explain the present intercontinental disjunctions of the subfamilies. The first diverging lineages of Apioideae and Saniculoideae likely originated in Africa and diversified in situ since the Palaeocene, with no input from newcomers until the Miocene. Subsequently, several dispersals mainly from Eurasia are estimated back to northern and eastern Africa. Main conclusions The Southern Hemisphere has played a key role in the origin and early diversification of Apiaceae, currently a mostly north temperate family. African Apiaceae was likely assembled by Palaeocene lineages that diversified in situ and are now restricted mainly to southern Africa and post Miocene newcomers mostly restricted to northern and eastern Africa by effective environmental barriers.
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identification of species in the angiosperm family Apiaceae using dna barcodes
Molecular Ecology Resources, 2014Co-Authors: Geng Li, Heng Lu, Xiaoteng Zhou, Fanyun Meng, Stephen R DownieAbstract:Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) is a large angiosperm family that includes many medicinally important species. The ability to identify these species and their adulterants is important, yet difficult to do so because of their subtle fruit morphological differences and often lack of diagnostic features in preserved specimens. Moreover, dried roots are often the official medical organs, making visual identification to species almost impossible. DNA barcoding has been proposed as a powerful taxonomic tool for species identification. The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) Plant Working Group has recommended the combination of rbcL+matK as the core plant barcode. Recently, the China Plant BOL Group proposed that the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), as well as a subset of this marker (ITS2), be incorporated alongside rbcL+matK into the core barcode for seed plants, particularly angiosperms. In this study, we assess the effectiveness of these four markers plus psbA-trnH as Apiaceae barcodes. A total of 6032 sequences representing 1957 species in 385 diverse genera were sampled, of which 211 sequences from 50 individuals (representing seven species) were newly obtained. Of these five markers, ITS and ITS2 showed superior results in intra- and interspecific divergence and DNA barcoding gap assessments. For the matched data set (173 samples representing 45 species in five genera), the ITS locus had the highest identification efficiency (73.3%), yet ITS2 also performed relatively well with 66.7% identification efficiency. The identification efficiency increased to 82.2% when using an ITS+psbA-trnH marker combination (ITS2+psbA-trnH was 80%), which was significantly higher than that of rbcL+matK (40%). For the full sample data set (3052 ITS sequences, 3732 ITS2 sequences, 1011 psbA-trnH sequences, 567 matK sequences and 566 rbcL sequences), ITS, ITS2, psbA-trnH, matK and rbcL had 70.0%, 64.3%, 49.5%, 38.6% and 32.1% discrimination abilities, respectively. These results confirm that ITS or its subset ITS2 be incorporated into the core barcode for Apiaceae and that the combination of ITS/ITS2+psbA-trnH has much potential value as a powerful, standard DNA barcode for Apiaceae identification.
Gregory M Plunkett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Expansion and Contraction of the Chloroplast Inverted Repeat in Apiaceae Subfamily Apioideae
Systematic Botany, 2020Co-Authors: Gregory M Plunkett, Stephen R DownieAbstract:Abstract Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction site maps for 113 species of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) and the allied families Araliaceae and Pittosporaceae were constructed for two enzymes and examined for variation in position of JLB, the junction between the large single copy and inverted repeat regions that is typically contained within the ribosomal protein S10 operon. With the exception of one large clade in Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae, all species possess a JLB indistinguishable from that found in the vast majority of angiosperms. Within this large clade, however, at least one expansion and seven different contractions of the IR relative to the tobacco JLB were detected, each ranging in size from ∼1–16 kb. Five of the junction shifts are parsimony informative, and three support major clades delimited in earlier phylogenetic studies. In light of cladograms based on previous studies of restriction site and DNA sequencing data, the IR appears to have expanded and contracted a minimum of ten times during t...
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new combinations in lomatium Apiaceae subfamily apioideae
Phytotaxa, 2017Co-Authors: Mary Ann Feist, Stephen R Downie, Gregory M Plunkett, James F Smith, Donald H Mansfield, Mark Darrach, Richard P Mcneill, Barbara L WilsonAbstract:Molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses indicate that many of the perennial endemic genera of North American Apiaceae are either polyphyletic or nested within paraphyletic groups. In light of these results, taxonomic changes are needed to ensure that ongoing efforts to prepare state, regional, and continental floristic treatments of Apiaceae reflect recent findings. Thus, six new combinations are made to accommodate the movement of five taxa from their current assignment into the genus Lomatium and the elevation of one variety of Lomatium to the level of species; Lomatium lithosolamans, Lomatium tenuissimum, Lomatium fusiformis, Lomatium linearifolium, Lomatium multifidum, and Lomatium planosum .
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The phylogenetic significance of the carpophore in Apiaceae
Annals of Botany, 2012Co-Authors: Gregory M Plunkett, Patricia M. Tilney, Porter P. LowryAbstract:† Background and aims Fruit structural characters have traditionally been important in the taxonomy of the family Apiaceae. Previous investigations using a limited number of taxa have shown that the carpophore may be especially useful in helping to circumscribe subfamily Azorelloideae. The present study examines, for the first time, carpophore structure in 92 species from 43 genera, representing all subfamilies of Apiaceae, and including all genera assigned to subfamily Azorelloideae. Phylogenetic interpretations are made for the first time, using all available information, and a standard terminology is proposed to describe the various character states found in carpophores. † Methods Carpophore structure was studied in detail using light microscopy. † Key Results Carpophores, when present, may be categorized into two main groups (B and C) based mainly on the arrangement of the vascular bundles in transverse section, and further divided into six sub-types according to the length of the carpophore (short in B1 and C1) and whether they are entire (B1‐B3 and C1) or bifurcate (B4 and C2). Free carpophores are absent in subfamily Mackinlayoideae, and in tribes Lichtensteinieae and Phlyctidocarpeae, which have two opposite vascular bundles (Group A). Entire carpophores with one or two vascular bundles, or bifurcate carpophores with lateral vascular bundles (arranged side by side within the commissural plane), are the main types characterizing Azorelloideae. The short, hygroscopic carpophores found in Choritaenia are unique in Apiaceae and provide additional evidence for the exclusion of this genus from Azorelloideae. Carpophore type C2 is typical for most Apioideae sensu lato (exceptions are, for example, Arctopus and Alepidea, which have type B2). † Conclusions A single carpophore and ventral vascular bundles not forming free carpophores are proposed to be the ancestral conditions in Apiaceae, while bifurcate carpophores with opposite vascular bundles are the derived state, present in most Apioideae. Secondary reductions seem to have occurred in several unrelated lineages in all major groups, e.g. many Azorelloideae, several protoapioids (including nearly all members of the tribe Saniculeae) and 29 euapioid genera (e.g. some Oenantheae).
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the demise of subfamily hydrocotyloideae Apiaceae and the re alignment of its genera across the entire order apiales
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2009Co-Authors: Antoine N Nicolas, Gregory M PlunkettAbstract:As circumscribed by Drude, the umbellifer subfamily Hydrocotyloideae posed a major hindrance to resolving the phylogeny of order Apiales. Previous studies have suggested its polyphyly, but have not had sufficient sampling to address the issue fully. To put an end to the out-dated concept of Hydrocotyloideae, we investigated the placement of 40 of the 42 genera once placed in the subfamily, using extensive taxon sampling across the entire order. Molecular phylogenies were constructed using plastid sequences of the rpl16 intron and the trnD-trnT regions and revealed at least six hydrocotyloid lineages dispersed across both families Apiaceae and Araliaceae. The most speciose of these clades corresponds to the recently erected subfamily Azorelloideae. Another lineage includes genera grouped in Mackinlayoideae, where relationships are well resolved. Platysace appears paraphyletic with respect to Homalosciadium, and their placement is well supported as a basal lineage in Apiaceae. The type genus, Hydrocotyle, belongs to a supported clade in Araliaceae. The placements of Hermas as sister to a clade consisting of Apiaceae subfamilies Apioideae and Saniculoideae, and of Choritaenia as sister to Lichtensteinia in a clade with affinities to both Apioideae and Saniculoideae, calls into question the circumscriptions of the two subfamilies. Finally, plastid data suggest that many former hydrocotyloid genera are non-monophyletic (e.g., Azorella, Schizeilema, and Eremocharis) and are in dire need of additional phylogenetic and taxonomic studies.
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major lineages within Apiaceae subfamily apioideae a comparison of chloroplast restriction site and dna sequence data
American Journal of Botany, 1999Co-Authors: Gregory M Plunkett, Stephen R DownieAbstract:Abstract Traditional sources of taxonomic characters in the large and taxonomically complex subfamily Apioideae (Apiaceae) have been confounding and no classification system of the subfamily has been widely accepted. A restriction site analysis of the chloroplast genome from 78 representatives of Apioideae and related groups provided a data matrix of 990 variable characters (750 of which were potentially parsimony-informative). A comparison of these data to that of three recent DNA sequencing studies of Apioideae (based on ITS, rpoCl intron, and matK sequences) shows that the restriction site analysis provides 2.6-3.6 times more variable characters for a comparable group of taxa. Moreover, levels of divergence appear to be well suited to studies at the subfamilial and tribal levels of Apiaceae. Cladistic and phenetic analyses of the restriction site data yielded trees that are visually congruent to those derived from the other recent molecular studies. On the basis of these comparisons, six lineages and one paraphyletic grade are provisionally recognized as informal groups. These groups can serve as the starting point for future, more intensive studies of the subfamily.
Caio P Fernandes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aniseed (Pimpinella anisum, Apiaceae) oils
Essential Oils in Food Preservation Flavor and Safety, 2015Co-Authors: Leandro Rocha, Caio P FernandesAbstract:Pimpinella anisum, commonly known as aniseed, is one of the oldest species used by people, being cultivated in Egypt and later in Greece, Rome, and the Middle East. Anise has white flowers and yellow-brown or green-brown fruits, which contain not less than 2% (w/w) of essential oil. Egypt and Spain are the world's biggest producers of this essential oil. Its fruits and essential oil are widely used in the food industry as a flavoring, antioxidant, antispoilage agent, and preservative in many products, such as candies, sweets, toffees, and beverages. Many countries around the Mediterranean region, such as Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, and France, have traditional alcoholic beverages produced with P. anisum, such as anis, arak, pastis, ouzo, sambuca, zivania, and raki. This chapter provides relevant information regarding this species in the food industry context.
Deborah S Katzdownie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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circumscription of Apiaceae tribe oenantheae
South African Journal of Botany, 2004Co-Authors: T M Hardway, Stephen R Downie, Deborah S Katzdownie, Mark F Watson, Krzysztof Spalik, P M TilneyAbstract:Previous molecular systematic investigations into the higher-level relationships of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae have revealed a strongly supported clade recognised as tribe Oenantheae Dumort. These plants may have clusters of fibrous or tuberous-thickened roots, corky-thickened fruits, and other adaptations for existence in wet or aquatic habitats. In some species, the leaves may be finely dissected or linear-septate and much reduced. We have initiated collaborative studies to produce a comprehensive estimate of phylogeny of the tribe, but such investigations are thwarted because information on the composition of the tribe is lacking. Herein, tribe Oenantheae is circumscribed to include the following genera: Afrocarum, Berula, Bifora (pro parte), Cicuta, Cryptotaenia (pro parte), Cynosciadium, Daucosma, Helosciadium, Lilaeopsis, Limnosciadium, Neogoezia, Oenanthe, Oxypolis, Perideridia, Ptilimnium, Sium, and Trepocarpus. Relationships inferred from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear rDNA ITS sequences from 64 accessions representing all 17 genera reveal that four genera are not monophyletic. Bifora and Cryptotaenia have members that fall outside of the tribe; Berula and Sium each comprise two or more lineages within Oenantheae. The St Helena endemics, Sium bracteatum and S. burchellii, ally with African Berula erecta; this clade is sister to the African endemic species Sium repandum and Afrocarum imbricatum, and this entire group is allied closely with north temperate Berula erecta. Nomenclatural changes are in order, but must await further study. Representatives of eight genera native to North America comprise a monophyletic group, and results from relative rate tests suggest that this lineage is evolving much faster than any other major clade recognised within the tribe.
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a phylogeny of the flowering plant family Apiaceae based on chloroplast dna rpl16 and rpoc1 intron sequences towards a suprageneric classification of subfamily apioideae
American Journal of Botany, 2000Co-Authors: Stephen R Downie, Deborah S Katzdownie, Mark F WatsonAbstract:The higher level relationships within Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) subfamily Apioideae are controversial, with no widely acceptable modern classification available. Comparative sequencing of the intron in chloroplast ribosomal protein gene rpl16 was carried out in order to examine evolutionary relationships among 119 species (99 genera) of subfamily Apioideae and 28 species from Apiaceae subfamilies Saniculoideae and Hydrocotyloideae, and putatively allied families Araliaceae and Pittosporaceae. Phylogenetic analyses of these intron sequences alone, or in conjunction with plastid rpoC1 intron sequences for a subset of the taxa, using maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining methods, reveal a pattern of relationships within Apioideae consistent with previously published chloroplast DNA and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS based phylogenies. Based on consensus of relationship, seven major lineages within the subfamily are recognized at the tribal level. These are referred to as tribes Heteromorpheae M. F. Watson & S. R. Downie Trib. Nov., Bupleureae Spreng. (1820), Oenantheae Dumort. (1827), Pleurospermeae M. F. Watson & S. R. Downie Trib. Nov., Smyrnieae Spreng. (1820), Aciphylleae M. F. Watson & S. R. Downie Trib. Nov., and Scandiceae Spreng. (1820). Scandiceae comprises subtribes Daucinae Dumort. (1827), Scandicinae Tausch (1834), and Torilidinae Dumort. (1827). Rpl16 intron sequences provide valuable characters for inferring high-level relationships within Apiaceae but, like the rpoC1 intron, are insufficient to resolve relationships among closely related taxa.
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phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast rps16 intron sequences reveals relationships within the woody southern african Apiaceae subfamily apioideae
Botany, 1999Co-Authors: Stephen R Downie, Deborah S KatzdownieAbstract:Evolutionary relationships among 48 genera of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) were inferred using maximum parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and neighbor-joining analyses of chloroplast DNA rps16 intron and adjacent rps16 3prime exon sequences. Emphasis was placed on woody members of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae endemic to southern Africa, a region hypothesized to be the place of origin of this largely herbaceous subfamily. The resultant phylogenies were highly concordant and indicate that the apioid genera Polemanniopsis and Steganotaenia form a clade sister to Apiaceae subfamily Saniculoideae. The African genera Anginon, Dracosciadium, Glia, Heteromorpha, and Polemannia also comprise a clade and likely represent the most basal elements within Apioideae. Heteromorpha, however, is not monophyletic, with Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl. var. abyssinica (A. Rich.) H. Wolff and Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl. var. arborescens arising in separate subclades. Progressing up the trees,...
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molecular systematics of Apiaceae subfamily apioideae phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer and plastid rpoc1 intron sequences
American Journal of Botany, 1998Co-Authors: Stephen R Downie, Seemanti Ramanath, Deborah S Katzdownie, Esmeralda LlanasAbstract:Evolutionary relationships among representatives of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) subfamily Apioideae have been inferred from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS 1 and ITS 2) and plastid rpoC1 intron sequences. High levels of nucleotide sequence variation preclude the use of the ITS region for examining relationships across subfamilial boundaries in Apiaceae, whereas the rpoC1 intron is more suitably conserved for family-wide phylogenetic study but is too conserved for examining relationships among closely related taxa. In total, 126 ITS sequences from subfamily Apioideae and 100 rpoC1 intron sequences from Apiaceae (all three subfamilies) and outgroups Araliaceae and Pittosporaceae were examined. Phylogenies estimated using parsimony, neighbor-joining, and maximum likelihood methods reveal that: (1) Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae is monophyletic and is sister group to Apiaceae subfamily Saniculoideae; (2) Apiaceae subfamily Hydrocotyloideae is not monophyletic, with some members strongly allied to Araliaceae and others to Apioideae 1 Saniculoideae; and (3) Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae comprises several well-supported subclades, but none of these coincide with previously recognized tribal divisions based largely on morphological and anatomical characters of the fruit. Four major clades in Apioideae are provisionally recognized and provide the framework for future lower level phylogenetic analyses. A putative secondary structure model of the Daucus carota(carrot) rpoC1 group II intron is presented. Of its six major structural domains, domains II and III are the most, and domains V and VI the least, variable.
Pamela S Soltis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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clarification of the relationship between Apiaceae and araliaceae based on matk and rbcl sequence data
American Journal of Botany, 1997Co-Authors: Gregory M Plunkett, Douglas E Soltis, Pamela S SoltisAbstract:Apiaceae and Araliaceae (Apiales) represent a particularly troublesome example of the difficulty in understanding evolutionary relationships between tropical-temperate family pairs. Previous studies based on rbcL sequence data provided insights at higher levels, but were unable to resolve fully the family-pair relationship. In this study, sequence data from a more rapidly evolving gene, matK, was employed to provide greater resolution. In Apiales, matK sequences evolve an average of about two times faster than rbcL sequences. Results of phylogenetic analysis of matK sequences were first compared to those obtained previously from rbcL data; the two data sets were then combined and analyzed together. Molecular analyses confirm the polyphyly of apiaceous subfamily Hydrocotyloideae and suggest that some members of this subfamily are more closely related to Araliaceae than to other Apiaceae. The remainder of Apiaceae forms a monophyletic group with well-defined subclades corresponding to subfamilies Apioideae and Saniculoideae. Both the matK and the combined rbcL-matK analyses suggest that most Araliaceae form a monophyletic group, including all araliads sampled except Delarbrea and Mackinlaya. The unusual combination of morphological characters found in these two genera and the distribution of matK and rbcL indels suggest that these taxa may be the remnants of an ancient group of pro-araliads that gave rise to both Apiaceae and Araliaceae. Molecular data indicate that the evolutionary history of the two families is more complex than simple derivation of Apiaceae from within Araliaceae. Rather, the present study suggests that there are two well-defined ‘‘families,’’ both of which may have been derived from a lineage (or lineages) or pro-araliads that may still have extant taxa. Apiaceae and Araliaceae are a particularly troublesome example of the difficulty in resolving relationships between closely related pairs of plant families. This ‘‘family-pair dilemma’’ also characterizes a number of other dicot groups, including Bombacaceae-Malvaceae, Capparaceae-Brassicaceae, Moraceae-Urticaceae, Bignoniaceae-Scrophulariaceae, Verbenaceae-Lamiaceae, and Apocynaceae-Asclepiadaceae (see Judd, Sanders, and Donoghue, 1994). In each of these pairs, one family is mostly woody and tropical, whereas its counterpart is largely herbaceous and temperate. With Araliaceae and Apiaceae, the difficulties at the interfamilial level are further compounded by problems at almost every other taxonomic level as well. For example, the placement of these two families among the other orders of dicots has been the subject of widespread disagreement. Virtually all systems unite Apiaceae and Araliaceae into a single order (Apiales or Araliales) that is traditionally placed near Cornaceae in subclass Rosidae (Takhtajan, 1987; Thorne,
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evolutionary patterns in Apiaceae inferences based on matk sequence data
Systematic Botany, 1996Co-Authors: Gregory M Plunkett, Douglas E Soltis, Pamela S Soltis, Lucinda A McdadeAbstract:Phylogenetic relationships among the genera of Apiaceae are poorly understood, and the commonly employed systems of classification of this family are widely regarded as artificial. The understand- ing of evolutionary relationships in Apiaceae has been hampered by difficulties in interpreting traditional taxonomic characters, especially fruit characters. A cladistic analysis of 53 sequences from the chloroplast gene matK was used to provide a phylogenetic perspective for interpreting evolutionary patterns and relationships in Apiaceae. Results of the analysis of mnatK sequence data are in conflict with the subfamilial and tribal treatment of Cerceau-Larrival, as well as the tribal system of Drude. matK sequence data do support much of Drude's subfamilial system, suggesting subfamilies Apioideae and Saniculoideae are largely monophyletic. The saniculoid genus Lagoecia, however, is found among the apioids and should perhaps be transferred to that subfamily. Three of the apioid genera analyzed (Bupleurum, Anginon, and Heteromorpha) are placed in basally-branching clades within subfamily Apioideae. This topology, along with evidence from morphology, anatomy, geographic distribution, and insertions and deletions in matK sequences, suggests that subfamily Apioideae may have originated in southern Africa from woody, simple-leaved ancestors. Relationships among the remaining taxa of Apioideae agree largely with other recent molecular studies, and suggest that the carpological characters used to construct older systems of classification have been prone to parallel evolution.
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higher level relationships of apiales Apiaceae and araliaceae based on phylogenetic analysis of rbcl sequences
American Journal of Botany, 1996Co-Authors: Gregory M Plunkett, Douglas E Soltis, Pamela S SoltisAbstract:The two families of the order Apiales (Apiaceae and Araliaceae) represent a classic example of the difficulty in understanding evolutionary relationships between tropical-temperate family pairs. In Apiales, this problem is further compounded by phylogenetic confusion at almost every taxonomic level, including ordinal, interfamilial, and infrafamilial, due largely to difficulties in understanding trends in morphological evolution. Phylogenetic analyses of rbcL sequences were employed to resolve relationships at the ordinal and familial levels. The results of the ordinal analysis confirm the placement of Apiales in an expanded subclass Asteridae as the sister group to Pittosporaceae, and refute the traditional alliance of Apiales with Cornales and Rosidae. This study has also resolved relationships of a number of enigmatic genera, suggesting, for example, that Melanophylla, Aralidium, Griselinia, and Toricellia are close relatives of Apiales. Clarification of phylogenetic relationships has concomitantly provided insights into trends of morphological evolution, and suggests that the ancestral apialean taxon was probably bicarpellate, simple-leaved, woody, and paleotropical. Phylogenetic analysis at the family level suggests that apiaceous subfamily Hydrocotyloideae, often envisioned as an intermediate group between Apiaceae and Araliaceae, is polyphyletic, with some hydrocotyloids closely allied with Araliaceae rather than Apiaceae. With the exception of some hydrocotyloids, Apiaceae appear to be monophyletic. The relationship between Apiaceae and Araliaceae remains problematic. Although the shortest rbcL trees suggest that Apiaceae are derived from within a paraphyletic Araliaceae, this result is only weakly supported.
