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Mosbah M Kushad - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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correlation of quinone reductase activity and allyl isothiocyanate formation among different genotypes and grades of horseradish roots
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2015Co-Authors: Elizabeth H Jeffery, John A Juvik, Mosbah M KushadAbstract:Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) is a perennial crop and its ground root tissue is used in condiments because of the pungency of the glucosinolate (GS)-hydrolysis products allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) derived from sinigrin and gluconasturtiin, respectively. Horseradish roots are sold in three grades: U.S. Fancy, U.S. No. 1, and U.S. No. 2 according to the USDA standards. These grading standards are primarily based on root diameter and length. There is little information on whether root grades vary in their phytochemical content or potential health promoting properties. This study measured GS, GS-hydrolysis products, potential anticancer activity (as quinone reductase inducing activity), total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities from different grades of horseradish accessions. U.S. Fancy showed significantly higher sinigrin and AITC concentrations than U.S. No. 1 ,whereas U.S. No. 1 showed significantly higher concentrations of 1-cyano 2,3-epithiopropane, the e...
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myrosinase in horseradish Armoracia rusticana root isolation of a full length cdna and its heterologous expression in spodoptera frugiperda insect cells
Plant Science, 2007Co-Authors: Zhimou Wen, Hans J Bohnert, Mary A Schuler, Mosbah M KushadAbstract:Abstract Myrosinase (β-thioglucoside glucohydrolase, EC. 3.2.3.1), is the only known S -glucosidase in plants, catalyzing the hydrolysis of glucosinolates into compounds that have diverse biological activities. In the present study, a full-length cDNA encoding myrosinase ( ArMY1 ) was cloned from horseradish ( Armoracia rusticana ) root. ArMY1 has an open reading frame of 1614 nucleotides with a deduced protein of 538 amino acids and molecular mass of 61.6 kD. ArMY1 shows highest overall amino acid identity (72%) with Arabidopsis thaliana myrosinase TGG2. Heterologous expression of ArMY1 in baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells resulted in an immunologically active recombinant ArMY1 protein, when probed with myrosinase-specific monoclonal antibody 3D7, with apparent mass 65 kD. ArMY1 mRNA signal of about 1.95 kb was detected in the leaves and roots of horseradish, but not in the florets of broccoli. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ArMY1 does not cluster with any of the currently known myrosinase subfamilies, MA, MB, MC, and may represent a novel myrosinase subfamily. This is the first report of cloning of myrosinase cDNA from horseradish root. It provides important sequence information that will enable further studies of myrosinase expression patterns and their interaction with myrosinase-binding proteins and other myrosinase-associated proteins.
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purification and characterization of myrosinase from horseradish Armoracia rusticana roots
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2005Co-Authors: Mosbah M KushadAbstract:Abstract Myrosinase (β-thioglucoside glucohydrolase; EC 3.2.3.147) from horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) roots was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, Q-sepharose, and concanavalin A sepharose affinity chromatography. The purified protein migrated as a single band with a mass of about 65 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using LC–MS/MS, this band was identified as myrosinase. Western blot analysis, using the anti-myrosinase monoclonal antibody 3D7, showed a single band of about 65 kDa for horseradish crude extract and for the purified myrosinase. The native molecular mass of the purified myrosinase was estimated, using gel filtration, to be about 130 kDa. Based on these data, it appeared that myrosinase from horseradish root consists of two subunits of similar molecular mass of about 65 kDa. The enzyme exhibited high activity at broad pH (pH 5.0–8.0) and temperature (37 and 45 °C). The purified enzyme remained stable at 4 °C for more than 1 year. Using sinigrin as a substrate, the Km and Vmax values for the purified enzyme were estimated to be 0.128 mM and 0.624 μmol min–1, respectively. The enzyme was strongly activated by 0.5 mM ascorbic acid and was able to breakdown intact glucosinolates in a crude extract of broccoli.
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correlation of glucosinolate content to myrosinase activity in horseradish Armoracia rusticana
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Mosbah M KushadAbstract:Fully developed horseradish (Armoracia rusticana Gaertn., Mey., & Scherb.) roots from 27 accessions and leaves from a subset of 9 accessions were evaluated for glucosinolates and myrosinase enzyme activity. Eight different glucosinolates were detected (based on HPLC retention times as desulfoglucosinolates) in both root and leaf tissues. The sum of these glucosinolates, referred to as total, ranged from 2 to 296 micromol g(-1) of dry weight (DW) in both tissues. Four glucosinolates (sinigrin, glucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin) were detected in major quantities. In fully developed roots, sinigrin concentration represented approximately 83%, gluconasturtiin approximately 11%, and glucobrassicin approximately 1% of the total glucosinolates. Approximately the same proportions of individual glucosinolates appeared in fully developed leaves, except that glucobrassicin was substituted by neoglucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin concentration was significantly lower (<1%). At least four other glucosinolates were detected in very small quantities (<1%) in both roots and leaves. Myrosinase (beta-thioglucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.3.1) is the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of the parent glucosinolates into biologically active products. Very little is known about myrosinase activity and the correlation of its activity to total and individual glucosinolates in plant tissues. Significant differences in myrosinase activity were detected between the roots and leaves, ranging from 1.2 to 57.1 units g(-1) of DW. Data showed no correlation between myrosinase activity and total and/or individual glucosinolates in the roots. However, in the leaves, significant correlations were found between myrosinase activity and total glucosinolates (0.78 at P = 0.01) and between myrosinase activity and sinigrin (0.80 at P = 0.01). Glucosinolates content and myrosinase activity were also correlated in young and fully developed roots and leaves and during tissue crushing. Glucobrassicin concentration in the roots and neoglucobrassicin concentration in the leaves were significantly higher in young than in fully developed tissue. Crushing of the tissue resulted in rapid hydrolysis of sinigrin and glucobrassicin, as expected, from the presence of myrosinase. Likewise, myrosinase activity declined rapidly after crushing, perhaps due to inactivation by the reaction products and/or the depletion of its substrates.
Muraleedharan G. Nair - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tumor cell proliferation and cyclooxygenase inhibitory constituents in horseradish Armoracia rusticana and wasabi wasabia japonica
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005Co-Authors: Marvin J Weil, Yanjun Zhang, Muraleedharan G. NairAbstract:Cyclooxygenase and human tumor cell growth inhibitory extracts of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and wasabi (Wasabia japonica) rhizomes upon purification yielded active compounds 1−3 from horseradish and 4 and 5 from wasabi rhizomes. Spectroscopic analyses confirmed the identities of these active compounds as plastoquinone-9 (1), 6-O-acyl-β-d-glucosyl-β-sitosterol (2), 1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-galactosylglycerol (3), linolenoyloleoyl-3-β-galactosylglycerol (4), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-β-galactosylglycerol (5). 3-Acyl-sitosterols, sinigrin, gluconasturtiin, and phosphatidylcholines isolated from horseradish and α-tocopherol and ubiquinone-10 from wasabi rhizomes isolated were inactive in our assays. At a concentration of 60 μg/mL, compounds 1 and 2 selectively inhibited COX-1 enzyme by 28 and 32%, respectively. Compounds 3, 4, and 5 gave 75, 42, and 47% inhibition of COX-1 enzyme, respectively, at a concentration of 250 μg/mL. In a dose response study, compound 3 inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cell...
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tumor cell proliferation and cyclooxygenase inhibitory constituents in horseradish Armoracia rusticana and wasabi wasabia japonica
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005Co-Authors: Marvin J Weil, Yanjun Zhang, Muraleedharan G. NairAbstract:Cyclooxygenase and human tumor cell growth inhibitory extracts of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and wasabi (Wasabia japonica) rhizomes upon purification yielded active compounds 1-3 from horseradish and 4 and 5 from wasabi rhizomes. Spectroscopic analyses confirmed the identities of these active compounds as plastoquinone-9 (1), 6-O-acyl-beta-d-glucosyl-beta-sitosterol (2), 1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-galactosylglycerol (3), linolenoyloleoyl-3-beta-galactosylglycerol (4), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-beta-galactosylglycerol (5). 3-Acyl-sitosterols, sinigrin, gluconasturtiin, and phosphatidylcholines isolated from horseradish and alpha-tocopherol and ubiquinone-10 from wasabi rhizomes isolated were inactive in our assays. At a concentration of 60 microg/mL, compounds 1 and 2 selectively inhibited COX-1 enzyme by 28 and 32%, respectively. Compounds 3, 4, and 5 gave 75, 42, and 47% inhibition of COX-1 enzyme, respectively, at a concentration of 250 microg/mL. In a dose response study, compound 3 inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cells (HCT-116) by 21.9, 42.9, 51.2, and 68.4% and lung cancer cells (NCI-H460) by 30, 39, 44, and 71% at concentrations of 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 microg/mL, respectively. At a concentration of 60 microg/mL, compound 4 inhibited the growth of colon, lung, and stomach cancer cells by 28, 17, and 44%, respectively. This is the first report of the COX-1 enzyme and cancer cell growth inhibitory monogalactosyl diacylglycerides from wasabi and horseradish rhizomes.
Rocco Rossano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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anti inflammatory activity of horseradish Armoracia rusticana root extracts in lps stimulated macrophages
Food & Function, 2015Co-Authors: Stefania Marzocco, Luana Calabrone, Simona Adesso, Marilena Larocca, Silvia Franceschelli, Giuseppina Autore, Giuseppe Martelli, Rocco RossanoAbstract:Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) is a perennial crop belonging to the Brassicaceae family. Horseradish root is used as a condiment due to its extremely pungent flavour, deriving from the high content of glucosinolates and their breakdown products such as isothiocyanates and other sulfur compounds. Horseradish also has a long history in ethnomedicine. In this study the anti-inflammatory potential of three accessions of Armoracia rusticana on lipopolysaccharide from E. coli treated J774A.1 murine macrophages was evaluated. Our results demonstrate that Armoracia rusticana reduced nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 release and nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in macrophages, acting on nuclear transcription factor NF-κB p65 activation. Moreover Armoracia rusticana reduced reactive oxygen species release and increased heme-oxygenase-1 expression, thus contributing to the cytoprotective cellular effect during inflammation.
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total phenols and flavonoids content antioxidant capacity and lipase inhibition of root and leaf horseradish Armoracia rusticana extracts
Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2015Co-Authors: Luana Calabrone, Stefania Marzocco, Marilena Larocca, Giuseppe Martelli, Rocco RossanoAbstract:Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana Gaertn) is a perennial crop belonging to the Brassicaceae family, widely used as spice in food and as herbal ingredient in ethno-medicine. This study evaluated the phenolic compounds content, antioxidant capacity and anti-lipase activity of methanol, methanol/water (70/30, v/v) and methanol/water (50/50, v/v) extracts of horseradish roots and leaves. Among the extracts tested, both roots and leaves aqueous methanolic (70/30, v/v and 50/50, v/v) extracts showed higher total phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity than the corresponding methanol extracts. But extraction yield was high for methanol/ water (50/50, v/v) extracts, in both roots and leaves. The extracts exhibited anti-lipase activity in dose-dependent manner. The results showed that the extraction yield and the antioxidant capacity were strictly dependent on the solvent polarity. The results suggest that A. rusticana could provide opportunities for the development of functional food and further in vivo studies for obesity treatment.
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Total phenols and flavonoids content, antioxidant capacity and lipase inhibition of root and leaf horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) extracts
'Scientific Research Publishing Inc.', 2015Co-Authors: Luana Calabrone, Stefania Marzocco, Marilena Larocca, Giuseppe Martelli, Rocco RossanoAbstract:Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana Gaertn) is a perennial crop belonging to the Brassicaceae family, widely used as spice in foods and herbal ingredient in ethno-medicine. In this study, were evaluated the phenolic compounds content, antioxidant capacity and anti-lipase activity of methanol, methanol/water (70/30, v/v) and methanol/water (50/50, v/v) extracts of horseradish roots and leaves. Among the extracts tested, both roots and leaves aqueous methanolic (70/30, v/v and 50/50, v/v) extracts showed higher total phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity than the corresponding methanol extracts. But extraction yield was high for methanol/water (50/50, v/v) extracts, in both roots and leaves. The extracts exhibited anti-lipase activity in dose-dependent manner. The results showed that the extraction yield and the antioxidant capacity were strictly dependent on the solvent polarity. The results suggest that A. rusticana could provide opportunities for the development of functional food and further in vivo studies for obesity treatment
Marvin J Weil - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tumor cell proliferation and cyclooxygenase inhibitory constituents in horseradish Armoracia rusticana and wasabi wasabia japonica
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005Co-Authors: Marvin J Weil, Yanjun Zhang, Muraleedharan G. NairAbstract:Cyclooxygenase and human tumor cell growth inhibitory extracts of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and wasabi (Wasabia japonica) rhizomes upon purification yielded active compounds 1−3 from horseradish and 4 and 5 from wasabi rhizomes. Spectroscopic analyses confirmed the identities of these active compounds as plastoquinone-9 (1), 6-O-acyl-β-d-glucosyl-β-sitosterol (2), 1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-galactosylglycerol (3), linolenoyloleoyl-3-β-galactosylglycerol (4), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-β-galactosylglycerol (5). 3-Acyl-sitosterols, sinigrin, gluconasturtiin, and phosphatidylcholines isolated from horseradish and α-tocopherol and ubiquinone-10 from wasabi rhizomes isolated were inactive in our assays. At a concentration of 60 μg/mL, compounds 1 and 2 selectively inhibited COX-1 enzyme by 28 and 32%, respectively. Compounds 3, 4, and 5 gave 75, 42, and 47% inhibition of COX-1 enzyme, respectively, at a concentration of 250 μg/mL. In a dose response study, compound 3 inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cell...
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tumor cell proliferation and cyclooxygenase inhibitory constituents in horseradish Armoracia rusticana and wasabi wasabia japonica
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005Co-Authors: Marvin J Weil, Yanjun Zhang, Muraleedharan G. NairAbstract:Cyclooxygenase and human tumor cell growth inhibitory extracts of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and wasabi (Wasabia japonica) rhizomes upon purification yielded active compounds 1-3 from horseradish and 4 and 5 from wasabi rhizomes. Spectroscopic analyses confirmed the identities of these active compounds as plastoquinone-9 (1), 6-O-acyl-beta-d-glucosyl-beta-sitosterol (2), 1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-galactosylglycerol (3), linolenoyloleoyl-3-beta-galactosylglycerol (4), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-beta-galactosylglycerol (5). 3-Acyl-sitosterols, sinigrin, gluconasturtiin, and phosphatidylcholines isolated from horseradish and alpha-tocopherol and ubiquinone-10 from wasabi rhizomes isolated were inactive in our assays. At a concentration of 60 microg/mL, compounds 1 and 2 selectively inhibited COX-1 enzyme by 28 and 32%, respectively. Compounds 3, 4, and 5 gave 75, 42, and 47% inhibition of COX-1 enzyme, respectively, at a concentration of 250 microg/mL. In a dose response study, compound 3 inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cells (HCT-116) by 21.9, 42.9, 51.2, and 68.4% and lung cancer cells (NCI-H460) by 30, 39, 44, and 71% at concentrations of 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 microg/mL, respectively. At a concentration of 60 microg/mL, compound 4 inhibited the growth of colon, lung, and stomach cancer cells by 28, 17, and 44%, respectively. This is the first report of the COX-1 enzyme and cancer cell growth inhibitory monogalactosyl diacylglycerides from wasabi and horseradish rhizomes.
Sándor Gonda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) of Endophytic Fungi Growing on Extracts of the Host, Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana).
Metabolites, 2020Co-Authors: Tamás Plaszkó, Zsolt Szűcs, Gábor Vasas, Zoltán Kállai, Hajnalka Csoma, Sándor GondaAbstract:The interaction between plant defensive metabolites and different plant-associated fungal species is of high interest to many disciplines. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are natural products that are easily evaporated under ambient conditions. They play a very important role in inter-species communication of microbes and their hosts. In this study, the VOCs produced by 43 different fungal isolates of endophytic and soil fungi during growth on horseradish root (Armoracia rusticana) extract or malt extract agar were examined, by using headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (headspace-GC-MS) and a high relative surface agar film as a medium. The proposed technique enabled sensitive detection of several typical VOCs (acetone, methyl acetate, methyl formate, ethyl acetate, methyl butanol isomers, styrene, beta-phellandrene), along with glucosinolate decomposition products, including allyl cyanide and allyl isothiocyanate and other sulfur-containing compounds—carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfide. The VOC patterns of fungi belonging to Setophoma, Paraphoma, Plectosphaerella, Pyrenochaeta, Volutella, Cadophora, Notophoma, and Curvularia genera were described for the first time. The VOC pattern was significantly different among the isolates. The pattern was indicative of putative myrosinase activity for many tested isolates. On the other hand, endophytes and soil fungi as groups could not be separated by VOC pattern or intensity.
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Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological data of Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertner, B. Meyer et Scherb. in Hungary and Romania: a case study
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2018Co-Authors: Nóra Papp, Sándor Gonda, Tamás Plaszkó, Attila Kiss-szikszai, Péter Lőrincz, Gábor VasasAbstract:Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) is a popular vegetable, spice and medicinal plant. We aimed to collect data about its cultivation, ethnomedicinal and culinary applications in a horseradish-producing region in Hungary and 32 villages in Romania. Horseradish roots are used in ethnomedicine for sore throat, asthma, cough and flu in both areas, alone or in combination with e.g. honey. In Transylvania, additional applications included digestive problems, pleuritis, and rheuma in various forms. The leaf and the grated root is for toothache and fever. Some applications were novel, others matched earlier records from these areas and those of other European countries. In ethnoveterinary practice, the root is used against roaring of horses in all regions. It is traditionally consumed in a soup in Hungary, as pickles, and the leaf in Transylvania. The root samples of the region of interest showed typical chemical pattern of horseradish roots, as shown by GC–MS: allyl isothiocyanate and 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate were present in high amounts. The presented ethnomedicinal data are supported by a growing body of scientific evidence—pharmacological data available on the isothiocyanates. Data on antimicrobial activity support use in gastritis (Helicobacter pylori) and dental caries, while data on efficacy in inflammatory conditions justify the applications in diseases asthma and respiratory system infections. Our study presented scientific evidence-supported ethnomedicinal data on horseradish rich in bioactive isothiocyanates.
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endophytic fungi from the roots of horseradish Armoracia rusticana and their interactions with the defensive metabolites of the glucosinolate myrosinase isothiocyanate system
BMC Plant Biology, 2018Co-Authors: Zsolt Szűcs, Zoltán Cziáky, Tamás Emri, Regina Bertóti, László Tamás Sinka, Attila Kissszikszai, Gábor Vasas, Tamás Plaszkó, Sándor GondaAbstract:The health of plants is heavily influenced by the intensively researched plant microbiome. The microbiome has to cope with the plant’s defensive secondary metabolites to survive and develop, but studies that describe this interaction are rare. In the current study, we describe interactions of endophytic fungi with a widely researched chemical defense system, the glucosinolate - myrosinase - isothiocyanate system. The antifungal isothiocyanates are also of special interest because of their beneficial effects on human consumers. Seven endophytic fungi were isolated from horseradish roots (Armoracia rusticana), from the genera Fusarium, Macrophomina, Setophoma, Paraphoma and Oidiodendron. LC-ESI-MS analysis of the horseradish extract incubated with these fungi showed that six of seven strains could decompose different classes of glucosinolates. Aliphatic, aromatic, thiomethylalkyl and indolic glucosinolates were decomposed by different strains at different rates. SPME-GC-MS measurements showed that two strains released significant amounts of allyl isothiocyanate into the surrounding air, but allyl nitrile was not detected. The LC-ESI-MS analysis of many strains’ media showed the presence of allyl isothiocyanate - glutathione conjugate during the decomposition of sinigrin. Four endophytic strains also accepted sinigrin as the sole carbon source. Isothiocyanates inhibited the growth of fungi at various concentrations, phenylethyl isothiocyanate was more potent than allyl isothiocyanate (mean IC50 was 2.30-fold lower). As a control group, ten soil fungi from the same soil were used. They decomposed glucosinolates with lower overall efficiency: six of ten strains had insignificant or weak activities and only three could use sinigrin as a carbon source. The soil fungi also showed lower AITC tolerance in the growth inhibition assay: the median IC50 values were 0.1925 mM for endophytes and 0.0899 mM for soil fungi. The host’s glucosinolates can be used by the tested endophytic fungi as nutrients or to gain competitive advantage over less tolerant species. These activities were much less apparent among the soil fungi. This suggests that the endophytes show adaptation to the host plant’s secondary metabolites and that host metabolite specific activities are enriched in the root microbiome. The results present background mechanisms enabling an understanding of how plants shape their microbiome.
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Endophytic fungi from the roots of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and their interactions with the defensive metabolites of the glucosinolate - myrosinase - isothiocyanate system
BMC, 2018Co-Authors: Zsolt Szűcs, Zoltán Cziáky, Tamás Emri, Regina Bertóti, László Tamás Sinka, Gábor Vasas, Tamás Plaszkó, Attila Kiss-szikszai, Sándor GondaAbstract:Abstract Background The health of plants is heavily influenced by the intensively researched plant microbiome. The microbiome has to cope with the plant’s defensive secondary metabolites to survive and develop, but studies that describe this interaction are rare. In the current study, we describe interactions of endophytic fungi with a widely researched chemical defense system, the glucosinolate - myrosinase - isothiocyanate system. The antifungal isothiocyanates are also of special interest because of their beneficial effects on human consumers. Results Seven endophytic fungi were isolated from horseradish roots (Armoracia rusticana), from the genera Fusarium, Macrophomina, Setophoma, Paraphoma and Oidiodendron. LC-ESI-MS analysis of the horseradish extract incubated with these fungi showed that six of seven strains could decompose different classes of glucosinolates. Aliphatic, aromatic, thiomethylalkyl and indolic glucosinolates were decomposed by different strains at different rates. SPME-GC-MS measurements showed that two strains released significant amounts of allyl isothiocyanate into the surrounding air, but allyl nitrile was not detected. The LC-ESI-MS analysis of many strains’ media showed the presence of allyl isothiocyanate - glutathione conjugate during the decomposition of sinigrin. Four endophytic strains also accepted sinigrin as the sole carbon source. Isothiocyanates inhibited the growth of fungi at various concentrations, phenylethyl isothiocyanate was more potent than allyl isothiocyanate (mean IC50 was 2.30-fold lower). As a control group, ten soil fungi from the same soil were used. They decomposed glucosinolates with lower overall efficiency: six of ten strains had insignificant or weak activities and only three could use sinigrin as a carbon source. The soil fungi also showed lower AITC tolerance in the growth inhibition assay: the median IC50 values were 0.1925 mM for endophytes and 0.0899 mM for soil fungi. Conclusions The host’s glucosinolates can be used by the tested endophytic fungi as nutrients or to gain competitive advantage over less tolerant species. These activities were much less apparent among the soil fungi. This suggests that the endophytes show adaptation to the host plant’s secondary metabolites and that host metabolite specific activities are enriched in the root microbiome. The results present background mechanisms enabling an understanding of how plants shape their microbiome
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a review on the phytochemical composition and potential medicinal uses of horseradish Armoracia rusticana root
Food Reviews International, 2013Co-Authors: Nhat Minh Nguyen, Sándor Gonda, Gábor VasasAbstract:The current review focuses on a plant with a wide spectrum of potential uses, Armoracia rusticana (syn. Armoracia lapathifolia), commonly known as horseradish. The plant has been cultivated for a long time and is used in food industry, mainly as a condiment, but recent research has provided data on other possible uses. This paper focuses on the botany, distribution, agriculture, and chemical characterization of this root, and its possible therapeutical uses. Relations to other species, distribution, and ethnopharmacology are briefly discussed. An introduction is provided about the stability and technical properties of the main constituents. Detailed pharmacological description is given on the chief chemical compounds, allyl and phenethyl isothiocyanates, including in vitro and animal studies and pharmacokinetics. The main isothiocyanates are mainly researched as possible anticancer and antimicrobial agents.