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Philippe Grandjean - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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height and blood chemistry in adults with a history of developmental Arsenic Poisoning from contaminated milk powder
Environmental Research, 2017Co-Authors: Takashi Yorifuji, Philippe Grandjean, Kenichi MatsuokaAbstract:Abstract Background Arsenic Poisoning interferes with bone metabolism in laboratory animal studies, and human studies suggest lowered bone mass density at elevated exposures. As the long-term consequences of developmental Arsenic toxicity are poorly known, we carried out a clinical pilot study of survivors of the mass Arsenic Poisoning of bottle-fed infants in Japan in 1955. Objectives The purpose was to evaluate the association between developmental Arsenic exposure and physical stature and routine blood chemistry reflecting major organ functions more than 50 years later. Methods The study sample consisted of 50 individuals recruited at two hospitals in Okayama Prefecture, Japan: 27 known Poisoning victims (14 men and 13 women), and 23 non-exposed local controls of similar age (10 men, 13 women). We collected information from physical examinations that included routine blood counts and blood biochemistry. Results The average height of the exposed group was 6.5 cm below that of the unexposed group ( p =0.02), while the latter was in accordance with national data for both sexes. In addition, the exposed participants had a higher mean (SD) serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of 233 (63) U/L than the unexposed participants (191 (44) U/L) ( p =0.01). No other statistically significant difference was observed, and liver enzymes were within normal ranges. Conclusions Adults who had suffered Arsenic Poisoning during infancy showed decreased height and elevated ALP that suggests abnormalities in bone metabolism possibly induced by Arsenic incorporated in the bone matrix.
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neurological and neuropsychological functions in adults with a history of developmental Arsenic Poisoning from contaminated milk powder
Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 2016Co-Authors: Takashi Yorifuji, Philippe Grandjean, Kenichi Matsuoka, Tsuguhiko Kato, Hitoshi Ohta, David C BellingerAbstract:During the summer of 1955, mass Arsenic Poisoning of bottle-fed infants occurred in the western part of Japan due to contaminated milk powder, and more than 100 died; some childhood victims were later found to suffer from neurological sequelae in adolescence. This unique incident enabled us to explore infancy as a critical period of Arsenic exposure in regard to developmental neurotoxicity and its possible persistence through adulthood. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the association between developmental Arsenic exposure and the neurological outcomes more than 50years later. We conducted a retrospective cohort study during the period from April 2012 to February 2013 in two hospitals in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. The study sample consisted of 50 individuals: 27 known Poisoning victims from Okayama Prefecture, and 23 non-exposed local controls of similar age. In addition to neurological examination, we adapted a battery of neurophysiological and neuropsychological tests to identify the types of brain functions affected by early-life Arsenic exposure. While limited abnormalities were found in the neurophysiological tests, neuropsychological deficits were observed. Except for Finger tapping, all test scores in the exposed group - Vocabulary and Block Design from Wechsler Adults Intelligent Scale III, Design memory subtest from Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning 2, and Grooved pegboard test - were substantially below those obtained by the unexposed. The exposed group showed average performance at least 1.2 standard deviations below the average for the controls. Exposed participants performed less well than controls, even after exclusion of subjects with recognized disabilities or those with a high level of education. Adults who had suffered Arsenic Poisoning during infancy revealed neuropsychological dysfunctions, even among those subjects not recognized as having disabilities. Developmental neurotoxicity due to Arsenic likely results in permanent changes in brain functions. Language: en
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long term consequences of Arsenic Poisoning during infancy due to contaminated milk powder
Environmental Health, 2006Co-Authors: Miwako Dakeishi, Katsuyuki Murata, Philippe GrandjeanAbstract:Arsenic toxicity is a global health problem affecting many millions of people. The main source of exposure is drinking water contaminated by natural geological sources. Current risk assessment is based on the recognized carcinogenicity of Arsenic, but neurotoxic risks have been overlooked. In 1955, an outbreak of Arsenic Poisoning occurred among Japanese infants, with more than 100 deaths. The source was contaminated milk powder produced by the Morinaga company. Detailed accounts of the Morinaga dried milk Poisoning were published in Japanese only, and an overview of this Poisoning incident and its long-term consequences is therefore presented. From analyses available, the Arsenic concentration in milk made from the Morinaga milk powder is calculated to be about 4–7 mg/L, corresponding to daily doses slightly above 500 μg/kg body weight. Lower exposures would result from using diluted milk. Clinical Poisoning cases occurred after a few weeks of exposure, with a total dose of about 60 mg. This experience provides clear-cut evidence for hazard assessment of the developmental neurotoxicity. At the present time, more than 600 surviving victims, now in their 50s, have been reported to suffer from severe sequelae, such as mental retardation, neurological diseases, and other disabilities. Along with more recent epidemiological studies of children with environmental Arsenic exposures, the data amply demonstrate the need to consider neurotoxicity as a key concern in risk assessment of inorganic Arsenic exposure.
Michael P Waalkes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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toxicity of a trivalent organic Arsenic compound dimethylarsinous glutathione in a rat liver cell line trl 1215
British Journal of Pharmacology, 2006Co-Authors: Teruaki Sakurai, Chikara Kojima, Michael P Waalkes, Masumi H Sakurai, S. Hirano, Y. Kobayashi, Sadayuki HimenoAbstract:Background and purpose: Although inorganic arsenite (AsIII) is toxic in humans, it has recently emerged as an effective chemotherapeutic agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In humans and most animals, AsIII is enzymatically methylated in the liver to weakly toxic dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) that is a major pentavalent methylArsenic metabolite. Recent reports have indicated that trivalent methylArsenicals are produced through methylation of AsIII and participate in Arsenic Poisoning. Trivalent methylArsenicals may be generated as Arsenical–glutathione conjugates, such as dimethylarsinous glutathione (DMAsIIIG), during the methylation process. However, less information is available on the cytotoxicity of DMAsIIIG.
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current status and prevention strategy for coal Arsenic Poisoning in guizhou china
Journal of Health Population and Nutrition, 2006Co-Authors: Yunsu Zhou, Jie Liu, Michael P WaalkesAbstract:Arsenic exposure from burning coal with high Arsenic contents occurs in southwest Guizhou, China. Coal in this region contains extremely high concentrations of inorganic Arsenic. Arsenic exposure from coal-burning is much higher than exposure from Arsenic-contaminated water in other areas of China. The current status and prevention strategies for Arsenic Poisoning from burning high-Arsenic coal in southwest Guizhou, China, is reported here. Over 3,000 Arsenic-intoxicated patients were diagnosed based on skin lesions and urinary Arsenic excretion. Non-cancerous toxicities and malignancies were much more common and severe in these patients than in other Arsenic-affected populations around the world. The high incidence of cancer and Arsenic-related mortality in this cohort is alarming. Chelation therapy was performed but the long-term therapeutic effects are not satisfactory. The best prevention strategy is to eliminate Arsenic exposure. Funds from the Chinese Government are currently available to solve this Arsenic exposure problem. Strategies include the installation of vented stoves, the use of marsh gas to replace coal, health education, the improvement of nutritional status, and the use of various therapies to treat Arsenic-induced skin and liver diseases.
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evaluation of dna damage in patients with Arsenic Poisoning urinary 8 hydroxydeoxyguanine
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2004Co-Authors: Hiroshi Yamauchi, Yoshito Aminaka, Katsumi Yoshida, Guifan Sun, Michael P WaalkesAbstract:The relationship between Arsenic exposure and DNA damage in patients with acute or chronic Arsenic Poisoning was analyzed. Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine (8-OHdG) concentrations were measured as an indication of oxidative DNA damage. A remarkable increase in 8-OHdG in the urine was observed in 60% of 52 patients with acute Arsenic Poisoning from the accidental oral intake of the Arsenic trioxide. This was two- to threefold higher than levels in normal healthy subjects (n = 248). There was a clear relationship between Arsenic concentrations in urine after acute Poisoning and elevated levels of 8-OHdG. Levels of urinary 8-OHdG returned to normal within 180 days after the acute Arsenic Poisoning event. In patients chronically poisoned by the consumption of well water with elevated levels of arsenate [As(V)], elevated 8-OHdG concentrations in urine were also observed. A significant correlation between the 8-OHdG levels and Arsenic levels in the urine was observed in 82 patients with chronic Poisoning. Thus, evidence of oxidative DNA damage occurred in acute Arsenic Poisoning by arsenite [As(III)] and in chronic Arsenic Poisoning by As(V). In chronic Poisoning patients provided low-Arsenic drinking water, evidence of DNA damage subsided between 9 months and 1 year after the high levels of Arsenic intake were reduced. The initial level of Arsenic exposure appeared to dictate the length of this recovery period. These data indicate that some aspects of chronic and acute Arsenic Poisoning may be reversible with the cessation of exposure. This knowledge may contribute to our understanding of the risk elevation from Arsenic carcinogenesis and perhaps be used in a prospective fashion to assess individual risk.
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chronic Arsenic Poisoning from burning high Arsenic containing coal in guizhou china
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2002Co-Authors: Jie Liu, Aihua Zhang, Baoshan Zheng, Vasken H Aposhian, Yunshu Zhou, Mingliang Chen, Michael P WaalkesAbstract:Arsenic is an environmental hazard and the reduction of drinking water Arsenic levels is under consideration. People are exposed to Arsenic not only through drinking water but also through Arsenic-contaminated air and food. Here we report the health effects of Arsenic exposure from burning high Arsenic-containing coal in Guizhou, China. Coal in this region has undergone mineralization and thus produces high concentrations of Arsenic. Coal is burned inside the home in open pits for daily cooking and crop drying, producing a high concentration of Arsenic in indoor air. Arsenic in the air coats and permeates food being dried producing high concentrations in food; however, Arsenic concentrations in the drinking water are in the normal range. The estimated sources of total Arsenic exposure in this area are from Arsenic-contaminated food (50-80%), air (10-20%), water (1-5%), and direct contact in coal-mining workers (1%). At least 3,000 patients with Arsenic Poisoning were found in the Southwest Prefecture of Guizhou, and approximately 200,000 people are at risk for such overexposures. Skin lesions are common, including keratosis of the hands and feet, pigmentation on the trunk, skin ulceration, and skin cancers. Toxicities to internal organs, including lung dysfunction, neuropathy, and nephrotoxicity, are clinically evident. The prevalence of hepatomegaly was 20%, and cirrhosis, ascites, and liver cancer are the most serious outcomes of Arsenic Poisoning. The Chinese government and international organizations are attempting to improve the house conditions and the coal source, and thereby protect human health in this area.
David C Christiani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a cross sectional study of anemia and iron deficiency as risk factors for Arsenic induced skin lesions in bangladeshi women
BMC Public Health, 2016Co-Authors: Molly L Kile, Quazi Quamruzzaman, Joycelyn M Faraj, Alayne G Ronnenberg, M Rahman, Golam Mostofa, Sakila Afroz, David C ChristianiAbstract:Background In the Ganges Delta, chronic Arsenic Poisoning is a health concern affecting millions of people who rely on groundwater as their potable water source. The prevalence of anemia is also high in this region, particularly among women. Moreover, Arsenic is known to affect heme synthesis and erythrocytes and the risk of Arsenic-induced skin lesions appears to differ by sex.
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gender specific protective effect of hemoglobin on Arsenic induced skin lesions
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2006Co-Authors: Carrie V Breton, Andres E Houseman, Molly L Kile, Quazi Quamruzzaman, Mahmuder Rahman, Golam Mahiuddin, David C ChristianiAbstract:Chronic Arsenic Poisoning remains a public health crisis in Bangladesh. As Arsenic has been shown to bind to human hemoglobin (Hb), hematologic mechanisms may play a role in the pathway through which Arsenic exerts its toxicity. Two separate studies, a case-control and a cohort, were conducted to investigate the role of Hb in the development of Arsenic-induced skin lesions. In the first, conditional logistic regression was used to investigate the effect of Hb on skin lesions among 900 case-control pairs from Pabna, Bangladesh, in which individuals were matched on gender, age, and location. In the second, mixed linear regression models were used to examine the association between toenail Arsenic, urinary Arsenic, and Hb within a cohort of 184 individuals from 50 families in the same region who did not have Arsenic-induced skin lesions. Hb was significantly associated with skin lesions but this association was gender specific. In males, a 40% reduction in the odds of skin lesions occurred for every 1 g/dL increase in Hb (odds ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.49-0.73). No effect was observed for females (odds ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.92-1.46). In the cohort of 184 individuals, no associations between toenail Arsenic or urinary Arsenic species and Hb levels were observed. Low Hb levels may exacerbate the detrimental health effects of chronic Arsenic Poisoning. Whereas providing clean water remains the optimal solution to Bangladesh's problem of Arsenic Poisoning, improving nutrition and reducing iron-deficiency anemia may ameliorate negative health effects, such as skin lesions in individuals who have been exposed. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(5):902–7)
K C Saha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Arsenic Poisoning in the ganges delta
Nature, 1999Co-Authors: Tarit Roy Chowdhury, Uttam Kumar Chowdhury, Dilip Lodh, C R Chanda, Gautam Kumar Basu, Badal Kumar Mandal, Bhajan Kumar Biswas, Gautam Samanta, Sagar Lal Roy, K C SahaAbstract:We have been studying the contamination of groundwater by Arsenic and the attend-ant human suffering in West Bengal, India, for a decade, and in Bangladesh for the past four years. From our analysis of thousands of samples of water and sediment1,2,3,4,5,6,7, we have been able to test the course of events proposed by Nickson et al.8 to account for the Poisoning of Bangladesh groundwater. We disagree with Nickson et al.'s claim that Arsenic concentrations in shallow (oxic) wells are mostly below 50 μg per litre. In our samples from Bangladesh (n=9,465), 59% of the 7,800 samples taken at known depth and containing Arsenic at over Arsenic 50 μg per litre were collected from depths of less than 30 m, and 67% of the 167 samples with Arsenic concentrations above 1,000 μg per litre were collected from wells between 11 and 15.8 m deep.
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Arsenic Poisoning in the ganges delta
Nature, 1999Co-Authors: Tarit Roy Chowdhury, Uttam Kumar Chowdhury, Dilip Lodh, C R Chanda, Gautam Kumar Basu, Badal Kumar Mandal, Bhajan Kumar Biswas, Gautam Samanta, Sagar Lal Roy, K C SahaAbstract:The natural contamination of drinking water by Arsenic needs to be urgently addressed. The pollution by naturally occurring Arsenic of alluvial Ganges aquifers, which are used for the public water supply in Bangladesh and West Bengal, has been discussed by Nickson et al.1. We agree with their main conclusion that Arsenic is released by reductive dissolution of iron oxyhydroxides, as was proposed earlier2. Our observations indicate that Arsenic- rich pyrite and other Arsenic minerals, which were proposed in previous models (cited by Nickson et al.1) to give rise to Arsenic pollution, are rare or even absent in the sediments of the Ganges delta. We believe that Arsenic is more likely to be co-precipitated with or scavenged by iron (III) and manganese (IV) in the sedimentary environment.
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a review of Arsenic Poisoning and its effects on human health
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 1999Co-Authors: J C Saha, A K Dikshit, M K Bandyopadhyay, K C SahaAbstract:The incidence of Arsenic contamination of ground water used for both irrigation as well as for human consumption or industrial activities has taken the dimension of an epidemiological problem. It has been established that inorganic Arsenic is extremely toxic, both acute and chronic. Initially, it enters into the human body through ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption. After entering into the body it is distributed in a large number of organs, including the lungs, liver, kidney, and skin. The clinical manifestations of Arsenic Poisoning are myriad, and the correct diagnosis depends largely on awareness of the problem. It is very difficult to diagnose early symptoms of Arsenicosis because such nonspecific symptoms may also be present in many other diseases. Medicine used for the remedy of Arsenicosis has been found to be unsatisfactory by repeated application and experience. Melanosis may disappear but keratosis is not altered, although it can prevent further complication. Once the complication (malign...
Gautam Kumar Basu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Arsenic groundwater contamination in middle ganga plain bihar india a future danger
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2003Co-Authors: Dipankar Chakraborti, Subhash Chandra Mukherjee, Shyamapada Pati, Mrinal Kumar Sengupta, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Uttam Kumar Chowdhury, Dilip Lodh, C R Chanda, Anil K Chakraborti, Gautam Kumar BasuAbstract:The pandemic of Arsenic Poisoning due to contaminated groundwater in West Bengal, India, and all of Bangladesh has been thought to be limited to the Ganges Delta (the Lower Ganga Plain), despite ea...
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Arsenic Poisoning in the ganges delta
Nature, 1999Co-Authors: Tarit Roy Chowdhury, Uttam Kumar Chowdhury, Dilip Lodh, C R Chanda, Gautam Kumar Basu, Badal Kumar Mandal, Bhajan Kumar Biswas, Gautam Samanta, Sagar Lal Roy, K C SahaAbstract:The natural contamination of drinking water by Arsenic needs to be urgently addressed. The pollution by naturally occurring Arsenic of alluvial Ganges aquifers, which are used for the public water supply in Bangladesh and West Bengal, has been discussed by Nickson et al.1. We agree with their main conclusion that Arsenic is released by reductive dissolution of iron oxyhydroxides, as was proposed earlier2. Our observations indicate that Arsenic- rich pyrite and other Arsenic minerals, which were proposed in previous models (cited by Nickson et al.1) to give rise to Arsenic pollution, are rare or even absent in the sediments of the Ganges delta. We believe that Arsenic is more likely to be co-precipitated with or scavenged by iron (III) and manganese (IV) in the sedimentary environment.
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Arsenic Poisoning in the ganges delta
Nature, 1999Co-Authors: Tarit Roy Chowdhury, Uttam Kumar Chowdhury, Dilip Lodh, C R Chanda, Gautam Kumar Basu, Badal Kumar Mandal, Bhajan Kumar Biswas, Gautam Samanta, Sagar Lal Roy, K C SahaAbstract:We have been studying the contamination of groundwater by Arsenic and the attend-ant human suffering in West Bengal, India, for a decade, and in Bangladesh for the past four years. From our analysis of thousands of samples of water and sediment1,2,3,4,5,6,7, we have been able to test the course of events proposed by Nickson et al.8 to account for the Poisoning of Bangladesh groundwater. We disagree with Nickson et al.'s claim that Arsenic concentrations in shallow (oxic) wells are mostly below 50 μg per litre. In our samples from Bangladesh (n=9,465), 59% of the 7,800 samples taken at known depth and containing Arsenic at over Arsenic 50 μg per litre were collected from depths of less than 30 m, and 67% of the 167 samples with Arsenic concentrations above 1,000 μg per litre were collected from wells between 11 and 15.8 m deep.