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Claudio Vismara - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of methanol, ethanol and n-propanol on development of Artemia Salina cysts
Chemosphere, 1998Co-Authors: Claudio VismaraAbstract:Abstract The current study proposes an ecotoxicological test that makes use of Artemia Salina cyst; the results obtained made it possible to calculate the percentage of cyst mortality (no sign of development), and growth inhibition (a delay in normal development), as well as the percentage of larva malformation, and mortality. The dehydrated cysts were directly exposed for forty-eight hours to the action of three alcohols, methanol, ethanol, and n-propanol. No teratogenic or lethal effects on larvae were found at any methanol or ethanol concentrations. Predicted values of effect concentration, EC 1 , EC 10 and EC 50 were calculated from the estimated probit models for larva growth inhibition, GI, and for cyst lethal concentration, LC. At concentrations of 0.21 M methanol and 0.13 M ethanol, there were no signs of alterations in Artemia Salina cyst development; these concentrations show a NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) value, and properly employed do not interfere with effects due to a given chemical. The n-propanol was only used to verify the extreme resistance of the dried cysts to various environmental factors.
Piero Baglioni - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Specific anion effects in Artemia Salina.
Chemosphere, 2015Co-Authors: Pierandrea Lo Nostro, Barry W. Ninham, Emiliano Carretti, Luigi Dei, Piero BaglioniAbstract:Abstract The specific anion effect on the vitality of Artemia Salina was investigated by measuring the Lethal Time LT50 of the crustaceans in the presence of different sodium salts solutions at room temperature and at the same ionic strength as natural seawater. Fluoride, thiocyanate and perchlorate are the most toxic agents, while chloride, bromide and sulfate are well tolerated. The rates of oxygen consumption of brine shrimps were recorded in mixed NaCl + NaF or NaCl + NaSCN solutions as a function of time. The results are discussed in terms of the Hofmeister series, and suggest that, besides the biochemical processes that involve F−, SCN− and ClO4−, the different physico-chemical properties of the strong kosmotropic and chaotropic anions may contribute in determining their strong toxicity for A. Salina.
S. Sánchez-fortún - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Acute toxicity of several organophosphorous insecticides and protection by cholinergic antagonists and 2-PAM on Artemia Salina larvae
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1996Co-Authors: S. Sánchez-fortún, F. Sanz, M. V. BarahonaAbstract:The acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos, methylchlorpyrifos, parathion and methylparathion to three age classes of Artemia Salina was determined. In general, A. Salina 24-h old was less sensitive to these organophosphorous insecticides (OPI) than A. Salina 48-h old and A. Salina 48-h old was significantly more tolerant than A. Salina 72-h old, in contrast, chlorpyrifos was equally toxic to A. Salina 48- and 72-h old. There were some differences among the three age classes of A. Salina in the relative order of toxicity of OPI tested. The rank order of toxicity to A. Salina 48-h old was methyl-parathion < parathion < methyl-chlorpyrifos < chlorpyrifos, while to A. Salina 24- and 72-h old it was methyl-parathion = parathion < methyl-chlorpyrifos < chlorpyrifos. The protective effect of the cholinergic antagonists atropine, hexamethonium, pirenzepine and 11-(2-((diethyl-amino) methyl)-1-piperidinylacetyl)-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido(2,3-b)-(1,4)-benzodiazepine-6-one (AF-DX 116) and a cholinesterase-reactivating oxime 2-pyridine aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) on the mortality due to four selected OPI in Artemia Salina 24-h old was investigated. The lethal action of OPI tested was completely prevented by pretreatment of Artemia Salina 24-h old with 2-PAM (10^−5 M) and atropine (10^−4 M). However no concentration of hexamethonium, pirenzepine or AF-DX 116 protected 100% of the animals poisoned by LC_84 of the OPI selected, maximum protection obtained was 71 to 88%. In contrast, the maximum inhibition of mortality obtained with AF-DX 116 pretreatment was about 55% because this compound was used at concentrations which were non toxic to control Artemia Salina . Atropine, hexamethonium, pirenzepine, AF-DX 116 and 2-PAM afforded 50 % protection (IC_50) of Artemia Salina against mortality by LC_84 of the OPI selected at concentrations in the range of 6.62×10^−7–1.6×10^−6 M, 2.38×10^−4–2.05×10^−3 M, 8.91×10^−7–1.24×10^−6 M, 9.66×10^−8–1.34×10^−7 M, and 1.95×10^−8–2.73×10^−8 M, respectively. Pretreatment of atropine plus 2-PAM to determine whether this combination afforded greater inhibition of the lethality induced by four OPI tested than pretreatment with either atropine or 2-PAM alone was investigated. Atropine (10^−5 M) in combination with 2-PAM (10^−7 M) inhibited completely the acute toxicity of all OPI tested, while the pretreatment with atropine (10^−6 M) plus 2-PAM at the same concentration gave a inhibition of mortality (about 62%) significantly greater than each antagonist alone (about 14 and 46%, respectively).
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Comparative Sensitivity of Three Age Classes of Artemia Salina Larvae to Several Phenolic Compounds
Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 1996Co-Authors: M. V. Barahona, S. Sánchez-fortúnAbstract:Phenolic compounds have been used because they are among the most toxic and ubiquitous environmental contaminants present in many industrial wastes. It is recognized that factors such as water hardness, pH, temperature, chemical formulation, species, age and/or stage of development of test organisms, to mention only a few, may critically affect the behavior of a chemical and thus effect the outcome of toxicity tests (Canton and Adema 1978; Berglind and Dave 1984; Persoone et al. 1989). Several studies dealing with the susceptibility of early life stages of invertebrates to pollutants have been reported in the literature (Middaugh and Dean 1977; Conklin and Rao 1978; Kaur and Dhawan 1993). An extensive literature review revealed information on the toxicity of different phenolic compounds to some species of fish and invertebrates. However, there is little information on acute toxicity of these compounds to different age classes of Artemia Salina larvae. Artemia Salina are of major importance in the aquaculture industry and they have been proposed as a uniform world-wide test system for toxicity of chemical substances (Vanhaeke et al. 1981) and for studies in developmental toxicology (Sleet and Brendel 1985). Previous investigations in this laboratory have shown that Artemia Salina larvae exhibit increased sensitivity to certain chemicals in relation to aging. The present study was conducted to determine the acute toxicity of some phenolic compounds (pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,6-dichloroindophenol (2,6-DCIP), 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), o-nitrophenol (o-NP), p-nitrophenol (p-NP), diamidophenol, diaminophenol and 2,6-dimenthylphenol (2,6-DMP) on Artemia Salina 24-, 48- and 168- hr old to determine if changes in sensitivity occur during the first week after emergence.
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Acute toxicity of organic solvents on Artemia Salina.
Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 1994Co-Authors: M. V. Barahona-gomariz, F. Sanz-barrera, S. Sánchez-fortúnAbstract:Organic solvents can make their way into the environment as industrial wastes and components of pesticide formulation. In laboratory bioassays, the use of organic formulations. In laboratory bioassays, the use of organic solvents is often unavoidable, since many pesticides and organic pollutants have low water solubility and must be dissolved in organic solvents prior to addition into experimental systems. In the toxicant bioassays, invertebrates with special reference to aquatic arthropod species are of recent interest as test models due to the need for developing nonmammalian test systems. Toxic effects of organic solvents have been tested with a few aquatic species, but information on the comparative toxicity of solvents towards Artemia Salina is not available. Artemia Salina have, within recent years, gained popularity as test organisms for short-term toxicity testing. Because Artemia Salina exhibit rapid development and growth within 48 hr after hatch, their potential as a model organism for toxicology screening has been considered. To do this, synchronous populations of Artemia Salina at different development intervals must be available.
Bystrońová Beáta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evaluation of alkaloids using in vivo tests with Artemia Salina II.
Univerzita Karlova Farmaceutická fakulta v Hradci Králové, 2015Co-Authors: Bystrońová BeátaAbstract:Univerzita Karlova v Praze Farmaceutická fakulta v Hradci Králové Katedra farmaceutické botaniky a ekologie Kandidát: Beáta Bystrońová Školitel: RNDr. Jitka Vytlačilová, Ph.D. Název diplomové práce: Hodnocení alkaloidů pomocí in vivo testů s Artemia Salina II. Nejčastější příčinou demence u starších pacientů je pravděpodobně Alzheimerova choroba (AD). Prevalence tohoto onemocnění značně stoupá. V současné době se k léčbě AD používají hlavně inhibitory acetylcholinesterázy, ty však mohou zmírnit příznaky AD, ale ne zastavit progresi nemoci. V důsledku toho jsou zapotřebí terapeutické prostředky proti AD, které působí na různých patologických úrovních. V poslední době jsou intenzivně studovány přírodní látky, které by mohly farmakologicky ovlivnit neurodegenerativní procesy AD. Pro každou látku je potřeba udělat toxikologický screening, což bylo naším úkolem. Vhodným organismem k hodnocení akutní toxicity se zdá být Artemia Salina, kterou jsme použily i v pokusu pro účely této práce. Test probíhal v 96 jamkové destičce. Byly testovány čtyři látky, které patří mezi isochinolinové alkaloidy: stylopin, tetrahydropalmatin, kanadin a skulerin. Největší toxicitu vykazoval stylopin, o něco menší tetrahydropalmatin a kanadin. Nejmenší toxicitu z testovaných látek měl skulerin.1 ABSTRACT Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology Candidate: Beáta Bystrońová Consultant: RNDr. Jitka Vytlačilová, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: The evaluation of alkaloids using in vivo tests with Artemia Salina II. The most common cause of dementia in the elderly is probably Alzheimer's disease (AD). The prevalence of this disease increases considerably. Nowadays only acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are being used for the treatment of AD, they can relieve symptoms of AD, but can't stop progression of the disease. Consequently there is a need for therapeutic agents against AD, which act on various pathological levels. More intensive recent studies are being carried out on natural substances that could pharmacologically affect AD neurodegenerative processes. Our aim was to carry out the toxicological screening for each tested substance. For the purpose of this work we have used Artemia Salina in the experiment which seems to be suitable organism for evaluating acute toxicity. The experiment was conducted in a miniature environment. Four substances which belong to isoquinoline alkaloids: stylopine, tetrahydropalmatine, canadine and scoulerine were tested. The greatest toxicity showed stylopine, slightly lower tetrahydropalmatine and...Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and EcologyKatedra farmaceutické botaniky a ekologieFarmaceutická fakulta v Hradci KrálovéFaculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králov
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Evaluation of alkaloids using in vivo tests with Artemia Salina II.
2015Co-Authors: Bystrońová BeátaAbstract:1 ABSTRACT Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology Candidate: Beáta Bystrońová Consultant: RNDr. Jitka Vytlačilová, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: The evaluation of alkaloids using in vivo tests with Artemia Salina II. The most common cause of dementia in the elderly is probably Alzheimer's disease (AD). The prevalence of this disease increases considerably. Nowadays only acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are being used for the treatment of AD, they can relieve symptoms of AD, but can't stop progression of the disease. Consequently there is a need for therapeutic agents against AD, which act on various pathological levels. More intensive recent studies are being carried out on natural substances that could pharmacologically affect AD neurodegenerative processes. Our aim was to carry out the toxicological screening for each tested substance. For the purpose of this work we have used Artemia Salina in the experiment which seems to be suitable organism for evaluating acute toxicity. The experiment was conducted in a miniature environment. Four substances which belong to isoquinoline alkaloids: stylopine, tetrahydropalmatine, canadine and scoulerine were tested. The greatest toxicity showed stylopine, slightly lower tetrahydropalmatine and..
Robert L. Baker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Causes of a non-random pairing by size in the brine shrimp, Artemia Salina: (Crustacea: Anostraca)
Oecologia, 1992Co-Authors: Mark R. Forbes, H. Pagola, Robert L. BakerAbstract:Brine shrimp (Artemia Salina) males and females entered precopula assortatively by size in the laboratory; large males also had a pairing advantage over smaller males. We investigated the causes of such nonrandom pairing to test hypotheses on size-assortative mating.