The Experts below are selected from a list of 324 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Robert W. Proctor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Decreasing auditory Simon effects across reaction time distributions
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, 2015Co-Authors: Aiping Xiong, Robert W. ProctorAbstract:The Simon effect for left-right visual stimuli previously has been shown to decrease across the reaction time (RT) distribution. This decrease has been attributed to Automatic Activation of the corresponding response, which then dissipates over time. In contrast, for left-right tone stimuli, the Simon effect has not been found to decrease across the RT distribution but instead tends to increase. It has been proposed that Automatic Activation occurs through visuomotor information transmission, whereas the auditory Simon effect reflects cognitive coding interference and not Automatic Activation. In 4 experiments, we examined distributions of the auditory Simon effect for RT, percentage error (PE), and an inverse efficiency score [IES = RT/(1 - PE)] as a function of tone frequency and duration to determine whether the Activation-dissipation account is also applicable to auditory stimuli. Consistent decreasing functions were found for the RT Simon effect distribution with short-duration tones of low frequency and for the PE and IES Simon effect distributions for all durations and frequency sets. Together, these findings provide robust evidence that left and right auditory stimuli also produce decreasing Simon effect distribution functions suggestive of Automatic Activation and dissipation of the corresponding response.
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spatial stimulus response compatibility and negative priming
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2004Co-Authors: Lenore E Read, Robert W. ProctorAbstract:According to Kornblum’s (1992) dimensional overlap model, when an incongruent response to a stimulus is required, Automatic Activation of the congruent response must first be inhibited. Shiu and Kornblum (1996a) provided evidence for such inhibition in an incongruent symbolicnegative priming task. Reaction time was longer when a trial’s correct response was the name of the stimulus from the previous trial than when it was not. We report three experiments that test this inhibition hypothesis for spatial stimuli and responses. In Experiment 1, which used a spatial mapping analogous to the symbolic mapping used by Shiu and Kornblum (1996a), a similar negative priming effect was found. However, in Experiments 2 and 3, which used mappings that were conducive to simple transformational rules, a positive priming effect was obtained. The results suggest that inhibition in response selection may depend on the complexity of the relations between the stimuli and responses.
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Activation of response codes by relevant and irrelevant stimulus information
Acta Psychologica, 1995Co-Authors: Robert W. Proctor, Huifang Wang, Addie DuttaAbstract:Abstract Single-route models attribute stimulus-response compatibility effects to the difficulty of translation from stimulus to response. Dual-route models propose that compatibility effects reflect in part an additional direct, or Automatic, Activation route. Selected findings from three lines of research are reported that converge to provide evidence consistent with the view that the Automatic Activation route plays a role in compatibility effects. The data suggest that the Activation produced via this route by relevant stimulus attributes influences response selection only when all mappings of stimuli to responses are known to be compatible.
Johannes C. Ziegler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Beyond rhyme or reason: ERPs reveal task-specific Activation of orthography on spoken language
Brain and Language, 2011Co-Authors: Chotiga Pattamadilok, Laetitia Perre, Johannes C. ZieglerAbstract:Metaphonological tasks, such as rhyme judgment, have been the primary tool for the investigation of the effects of orthographic knowledge on spoken language. However, it has been recently argued that the orthography effect in rhyme judgment does not reflect the Automatic Activation of orthographic codes but rather stems from sophisticated response strategies. Such a claim stands in sharp contrast with recent findings using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in lexical and semantic tasks, which were taken to suggest that orthographic information occurs early enough to affect the core process of lexical access. Here, we show that the electrophysiological signature of the orthography effect in rhyme judgment is indeed different from the one obtained in online lexical or semantic tasks. That is, we did not find the orthography effect in the 300-350 ms time window which has previously been shown to process lexical information in the lexico-semantic tasks, but the effect appeared within the 175-250 ms and the 375750 ms time-windows which we interpreted to reflect segmentation and decisional process, respectively. We conclude that the interactions between phonology and orthography are task-specific. Metaphonological tasks appear of limited use for studying the core processes and interactions that underlie lexical access. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Automatic Activation of phonology in silent reading is parallel: evidence from beginning and skilled readers.
Journal of experimental child psychology, 2007Co-Authors: F.-xavier Alario, Bruno De Cara, Johannes C. ZieglerAbstract:The picture-word interference paradigm was used to shed new light on the debate concerning slow serial versus fast parallel Activation of phonology in silent reading. Prereaders, beginning readers (Grades 1-4), and adults named pictures that had words printed on them. Words and pictures shared phonology either at the beginnings of words (e.g., DOLL-DOG) or at the ends of words (e.g., FOG-DOG). The results showed that phonological overlap between primes and targets facilitated picture naming. This facilitatory effect was present even in beginning readers. More important, from Grade 1 onward, end-related facilitation always was as strong as beginning-related facilitation. This result suggests that, from the beginning of reading, the implicit and Automatic Activation of phonological codes during silent reading is not serial but rather parallel.
Minh Nguyen-hoan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Automatic Activation of orthography in spoken word recognition: Pseudohomograph priming
Journal of Memory and Language, 2008Co-Authors: Marcus Taft, Anne Castles, Chris Davis, Goran Lazendic, Minh Nguyen-hoanAbstract:Abstract There is increasing evidence that orthographic information has an impact on spoken word processing. However, much of this evidence comes from tasks that are subject to strategic effects. In the three experiments reported here, we examined Activation of orthographic information during spoken word processing within a paradigm that is unlikely to involve strategic factors, namely auditory priming where the relationship between prime and target was masked from awareness. Specifically, we examined whether auditory primes that were homographic with their spoken targets (e.g., the pseudohomograph /dri:d/, which can be spelled the same as the target word “dread”) produced greater facilitation than primes that were equally phonologically related to their targets but could not be spelled the same as them (e.g., /sri:d/ followed by the spoken word “shred”). Two auditory lexical decision experiments produced clear pseudohomograph priming even though the participants were unaware of the orthographic relationship between the primes and targets. A task that required participants to merely repeat the spoken target revealed an effect of orthography on error rates, but not on latencies. It was concluded that, in literate adults, orthography is important in speech recognition just as phonology is important in reading.
Barbara Kaup - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Embodiment and second-language: Automatic Activation of motor responses during processing spatially associated L2 words and emotion L2 words in a vertical Stroop paradigm.
Brain and language, 2014Co-Authors: Carolin Dudschig, Irmgard De La Vega, Barbara KaupAbstract:Converging evidence suggests that understanding our first-language (L1) results in reActivation of experiential sensorimotor traces in the brain. Surprisingly, little is known regarding the involvement of these processes during second-language (L2) processing. Participants saw L1 or L2 words referring to entities with a typical location (e.g., star, mole) (Experiment 1 & 2) or to an emotion (e.g., happy, sad) (Experiment 3). Participants responded to the words' ink color with an upward or downward arm movement. Despite word meaning being fully task-irrelevant, L2 Automatically activated motor responses similar to L1 even when L2 was acquired rather late in life (age >11). Specifically, words such as star facilitated upward, and words such as root facilitated downward responses. Additionally, words referring to positive emotions facilitated upward, and words referring to negative emotions facilitated downward responses. In summary our study suggests that reActivation of experiential traces is not limited to L1 processing.
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Root versus roof: Automatic Activation of location information during word processing
Psychonomic bulletin & review, 2011Co-Authors: Martin Lachmair, Carolin Dudschig, Monica De Filippis, Irmgard De La Vega, Barbara KaupAbstract:In four experiments, participants were presented with nouns referring to entities that are associated with an up or down location (e.g., roof, root). The required response either was compatible with the referent location or was not (e.g., upward vs. downward movement after reading roof). Across experiments, we manipulated whether the experimental task required word reading or not, as well as whether the response involved a movement or was stationary. In all experiments, participants' responses were significantly faster in the compatible than in the incompatible condition. This strongly suggests that location information is Automatically activated when nouns are being processed.
Chotiga Pattamadilok - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Beyond rhyme or reason: ERPs reveal task-specific Activation of orthography on spoken language
Brain and Language, 2011Co-Authors: Chotiga Pattamadilok, Laetitia Perre, Johannes C. ZieglerAbstract:Metaphonological tasks, such as rhyme judgment, have been the primary tool for the investigation of the effects of orthographic knowledge on spoken language. However, it has been recently argued that the orthography effect in rhyme judgment does not reflect the Automatic Activation of orthographic codes but rather stems from sophisticated response strategies. Such a claim stands in sharp contrast with recent findings using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in lexical and semantic tasks, which were taken to suggest that orthographic information occurs early enough to affect the core process of lexical access. Here, we show that the electrophysiological signature of the orthography effect in rhyme judgment is indeed different from the one obtained in online lexical or semantic tasks. That is, we did not find the orthography effect in the 300-350 ms time window which has previously been shown to process lexical information in the lexico-semantic tasks, but the effect appeared within the 175-250 ms and the 375750 ms time-windows which we interpreted to reflect segmentation and decisional process, respectively. We conclude that the interactions between phonology and orthography are task-specific. Metaphonological tasks appear of limited use for studying the core processes and interactions that underlie lexical access. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Orthographic representations in spoken word priming: no early Automatic Activation.
Language and speech, 2007Co-Authors: Chotiga Pattamadilok, Régine Kolinsky, Paulo Ventura, Monique Radeau, José MoraisAbstract:The current study investigated the modulation by orthographic knowledge of the final overlap phonological priming effect, contrasting spoken prime-target pairs with congruent spellings (e.g., 'carreau-bourreau', /karo/-/buro/) to pairs with incongruent spellings (e.g., 'zéro-bourreau', /zero/-/buro/). Using materials and designs aimed at reducing the impact of response biases or strategies, no orthographic congruency effect was found in shadowing, a speech recognition task that can be performed prelexically. In lexical decision, an orthographic effect occurred only when the processing environment reduced the prominence of phonological overlap and thus induced participants to rely on word spelling. Overall, the data do not support the assumption of early, Automatic Activation of orthographic representations during spoken word recognition.
