The Experts below are selected from a list of 279 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
J Spoorenberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
xylazine and a xylazine fentanyl citrate Azaperone combination in farmed deer ii velvet antler removal and reversal combinations
New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 1996Co-Authors: P R Wilso, K J Stafford, J Iemans, Clare J Veltma, J SpoorenbergAbstract:Three studies were undertaken on farmed red and red x wapiti deer to evaluate xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination for velvet antler removal. In the first experiment, 30 1-2 year-old red and 25% red x wapiti deer whose velvet was to be removed were given either 5% xylazine alone at 0.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly or the same dose rate of a commercially available mixture of 5% xylazine with the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of Azaperone per ml. Physiological, behavioural and analgesic responses and reversal times after yohimbine or yohimbine and naloxone were monitored. There were no differences in heart rate, respiration rate, sedative or analgesic properties detected between xylazine or the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination. All deer became recumbent, but those given the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination became recumbent more rapidly than those given xylazine alone (9.4 and 12.5 minutes, respectively, p<0.05). The arousal pattern and timing of reversal of xylazine and xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone using yohimbine and yohimbine and naloxone, respectively, were similar. The second experiment evaluated the reversal of the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination with either yohimbine or yohimbine and naloxone in 43 3-year-old red deer stags after velvet antler removal. There were no differences in arousal pattern or time to standing between reversal treatments. Sixteen 1-year-old red and 25% red x wapiti stags were used in the third experiment to evaluate clinically the analgesic properties of xylazine and xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination during velvet removal without the application of a local anaesthetic agent. Withdrawal responses were observed in most deer after the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination at dosages containing 0.5, 0.7 and 0.75 mg of xylazine/kg and after xylazine alone at 0.7 mg/kg, indicating that insufficient analgesia was provided by the systemic agent for the surgical procedure of velvet antler removal. These studies have shown that the knock-down effect of the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination was more rapid than that of xylazine alone, but that other physiological, behavioural and analgesic responses at doses used and evaluated by the methods used were similar. Reversal of both the xylazine and xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination was similar when using either yohimbine alone for xylazine and the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination or yohimbine and naloxone for the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination. The evaluation of surgical analgesia for antler removal suggested that both xylazine alone and the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination provided insufficient analgesia and that local anaesthetic should be used in all cases.
-
xylazine and a xylazine fentanyl citrate Azaperone combination in farmed deer i dose rate comparison
New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 1996Co-Authors: Peter R. Wilson, K J Stafford, Clare J. Veltman, J. Beimans, J SpoorenbergAbstract:Abstract Six 1-year-old farmed red deer were used to compare physiological and behavioural responses to a range of doses of 5% xylazine with or without the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of Azaperone per ml. Each deer was randomly assigned to one of six treatments: xylazine alone at 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg, the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination containing 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg of xylazine, or a sterile water control. Injections were given intramuscularly in the anterior neck, operator blind, on each of 6 sampling days between October and January, such that each deer received all treatments with 9–28 days between each treatment. Measurements included heart rate and respiration rate. A 0–3 scoring system (normal to nil response, respectively) was devised to record sedative responses (body stance, head position, degree of eye closure, palpebral reflex, resistance to movement of the head, response to noise) and analgesic responses to touch and pinching of the ear, and response to a...
-
Xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination in farmed deer. II: velvet antler removal and reversal combinations.
New Zealand veterinary journal, 1996Co-Authors: Peter R. Wilson, K J Stafford, J. Biemans, Clare J. Veltman, J SpoorenbergAbstract:Three studies were undertaken on farmed red and red x wapiti deer to evaluate xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination for velvet antler removal. In the first experiment, 30 1-2 year-old red and 25% red x wapiti deer whose velvet was to be removed were given either 5% xylazine alone at 0.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly or the same dose rate of a commercially available mixture of 5% xylazine with the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of Azaperone per ml. Physiological, behavioural and analgesic responses and reversal times after yohimbine or yohimbine and naloxone were monitored. There were no differences in heart rate, respiration rate, sedative or analgesic properties detected between xylazine or the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination. All deer became recumbent, but those given the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination became recumbent more rapidly than those given xylazine alone (9.4 and 12.5 minutes, respectively, p
-
Xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination in farmed deer. I: dose rate comparison.
New Zealand veterinary journal, 1996Co-Authors: J. Beimans, K J Stafford, Peter R. Wilson, Clare J. Veltman, J SpoorenbergAbstract:Abstract Six 1-year-old farmed red deer were used to compare physiological and behavioural responses to a range of doses of 5% xylazine with or without the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of Azaperone per ml. Each deer was randomly assigned to one of six treatments: xylazine alone at 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg, the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination containing 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg of xylazine, or a sterile water control. Injections were given intramuscularly in the anterior neck, operator blind, on each of 6 sampling days between October and January, such that each deer received all treatments with 9–28 days between each treatment. Measurements included heart rate and respiration rate. A 0–3 scoring system (normal to nil response, respectively) was devised to record sedative responses (body stance, head position, degree of eye closure, palpebral reflex, resistance to movement of the head, response to noise) and analgesic responses to touch and pinching of the ear, and response to a...
Jan Zmudzki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Rapid method for the determination of tranquilizers and a beta-blocker in porcine and bovine kidney by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
Analytica chimica acta, 2008Co-Authors: Kamila Mitrowska, Andrzej Posyniak, Jan ZmudzkiAbstract:A fast and simple liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for detection and confirmation of tranquilizers (chlorpromazine, propionylpromazine, acepromazine, triflupromazine, promazine, Azaperone and its metabolite, azaperol) and beta-blocker (carazolol) in porcine and bovine kidney has been presented. The method relies on the extraction with acetonitrile followed by centrifugation. After evaporation of acetonitrile, the residue was reconstituted in a mobile phase and filtrated. The separation of analytes was performed on a C18 column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile and ammonium formate buffer (0.05 M, pH 4.5) with gradient elution. The electrospray ionization was used to obtain the protonated molecules [M+H](+) and two product ions were monitored for each compound. For quantification deutered internal standards were used. The whole method has been validated according to the European Union requirements. Specificity, decision limit (CCalpha), detection capability (CCbeta), trueness and precision were determined. The results showed good trueness ranged from 73.2% to 110.6% with a good R.S.D., less than 13.0% under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions. The calculated critical concentrations of CCalpha for phenothiazines were between 5.8 and 6.6 microgkg(-1) while for Azaperone CCalpha was 105.5 microgkg(-1) and for azaperol was 121.4 microgkg(-1). CCalpha for carazolol was 16.7 microgkg(-1) in bovine and 21.9 microgkg(-1) in porcine kidney. CCbeta for phenothiazines were between 6.3 and 7.6 microgkg(-1), for Azaperone was 119.0 microgkg(-1) and for azaperol was 140.0 microgkg(-1). For carazolol in bovine kidney CCbeta was 18.6 microgkg(-1) whereas in porcine kidney was 24.4 microgkg(-1).
-
Rapid method for the determination of tranquilizers and a beta-blocker in porcine and bovine kidney by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2008Co-Authors: Kamila Mitrowska, Andrzej Posyniak, Jan ZmudzkiAbstract:Abstract A fast and simple liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for detection and confirmation of tranquilizers (chlorpromazine, propionylpromazine, acepromazine, triflupromazine, promazine, Azaperone and its metabolite, azaperol) and beta-blocker (carazolol) in porcine and bovine kidney has been presented. The method relies on the extraction with acetonitrile followed by centrifugation. After evaporation of acetonitrile, the residue was reconstituted in a mobile phase and filtrated. The separation of analytes was performed on a C18 column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile and ammonium formate buffer (0.05 M, pH 4.5) with gradient elution. The electrospray ionization was used to obtain the protonated molecules [M+H] + and two product ions were monitored for each compound. For quantification deutered internal standards were used. The whole method has been validated according to the European Union requirements. Specificity, decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ), trueness and precision were determined. The results showed good trueness ranged from 73.2% to 110.6% with a good R.S.D., less than 13.0% under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions. The calculated critical concentrations of CCα for phenothiazines were between 5.8 and 6.6 μg kg −1 while for Azaperone CCα was 105.5 μg kg −1 and for azaperol was 121.4 μg kg −1 . CCα for carazolol was 16.7 μg kg −1 in bovine and 21.9 μg kg −1 in porcine kidney. CCβ for phenothiazines were between 6.3 and 7.6 μg kg −1 , for Azaperone was 119.0 μg kg −1 and for azaperol was 140.0 μg kg −1 . For carazolol in bovine kidney CCβ was 18.6 μg kg −1 whereas in porcine kidney was 24.4 μg kg −1 .
K J Stafford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
xylazine and a xylazine fentanyl citrate Azaperone combination in farmed deer ii velvet antler removal and reversal combinations
New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 1996Co-Authors: P R Wilso, K J Stafford, J Iemans, Clare J Veltma, J SpoorenbergAbstract:Three studies were undertaken on farmed red and red x wapiti deer to evaluate xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination for velvet antler removal. In the first experiment, 30 1-2 year-old red and 25% red x wapiti deer whose velvet was to be removed were given either 5% xylazine alone at 0.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly or the same dose rate of a commercially available mixture of 5% xylazine with the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of Azaperone per ml. Physiological, behavioural and analgesic responses and reversal times after yohimbine or yohimbine and naloxone were monitored. There were no differences in heart rate, respiration rate, sedative or analgesic properties detected between xylazine or the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination. All deer became recumbent, but those given the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination became recumbent more rapidly than those given xylazine alone (9.4 and 12.5 minutes, respectively, p<0.05). The arousal pattern and timing of reversal of xylazine and xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone using yohimbine and yohimbine and naloxone, respectively, were similar. The second experiment evaluated the reversal of the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination with either yohimbine or yohimbine and naloxone in 43 3-year-old red deer stags after velvet antler removal. There were no differences in arousal pattern or time to standing between reversal treatments. Sixteen 1-year-old red and 25% red x wapiti stags were used in the third experiment to evaluate clinically the analgesic properties of xylazine and xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination during velvet removal without the application of a local anaesthetic agent. Withdrawal responses were observed in most deer after the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination at dosages containing 0.5, 0.7 and 0.75 mg of xylazine/kg and after xylazine alone at 0.7 mg/kg, indicating that insufficient analgesia was provided by the systemic agent for the surgical procedure of velvet antler removal. These studies have shown that the knock-down effect of the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination was more rapid than that of xylazine alone, but that other physiological, behavioural and analgesic responses at doses used and evaluated by the methods used were similar. Reversal of both the xylazine and xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination was similar when using either yohimbine alone for xylazine and the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination or yohimbine and naloxone for the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination. The evaluation of surgical analgesia for antler removal suggested that both xylazine alone and the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination provided insufficient analgesia and that local anaesthetic should be used in all cases.
-
xylazine and a xylazine fentanyl citrate Azaperone combination in farmed deer i dose rate comparison
New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 1996Co-Authors: Peter R. Wilson, K J Stafford, Clare J. Veltman, J. Beimans, J SpoorenbergAbstract:Abstract Six 1-year-old farmed red deer were used to compare physiological and behavioural responses to a range of doses of 5% xylazine with or without the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of Azaperone per ml. Each deer was randomly assigned to one of six treatments: xylazine alone at 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg, the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination containing 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg of xylazine, or a sterile water control. Injections were given intramuscularly in the anterior neck, operator blind, on each of 6 sampling days between October and January, such that each deer received all treatments with 9–28 days between each treatment. Measurements included heart rate and respiration rate. A 0–3 scoring system (normal to nil response, respectively) was devised to record sedative responses (body stance, head position, degree of eye closure, palpebral reflex, resistance to movement of the head, response to noise) and analgesic responses to touch and pinching of the ear, and response to a...
-
Xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination in farmed deer. II: velvet antler removal and reversal combinations.
New Zealand veterinary journal, 1996Co-Authors: Peter R. Wilson, K J Stafford, J. Biemans, Clare J. Veltman, J SpoorenbergAbstract:Three studies were undertaken on farmed red and red x wapiti deer to evaluate xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination for velvet antler removal. In the first experiment, 30 1-2 year-old red and 25% red x wapiti deer whose velvet was to be removed were given either 5% xylazine alone at 0.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly or the same dose rate of a commercially available mixture of 5% xylazine with the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of Azaperone per ml. Physiological, behavioural and analgesic responses and reversal times after yohimbine or yohimbine and naloxone were monitored. There were no differences in heart rate, respiration rate, sedative or analgesic properties detected between xylazine or the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination. All deer became recumbent, but those given the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination became recumbent more rapidly than those given xylazine alone (9.4 and 12.5 minutes, respectively, p
-
Xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination in farmed deer. I: dose rate comparison.
New Zealand veterinary journal, 1996Co-Authors: J. Beimans, K J Stafford, Peter R. Wilson, Clare J. Veltman, J SpoorenbergAbstract:Abstract Six 1-year-old farmed red deer were used to compare physiological and behavioural responses to a range of doses of 5% xylazine with or without the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of Azaperone per ml. Each deer was randomly assigned to one of six treatments: xylazine alone at 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg, the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/Azaperone combination containing 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg of xylazine, or a sterile water control. Injections were given intramuscularly in the anterior neck, operator blind, on each of 6 sampling days between October and January, such that each deer received all treatments with 9–28 days between each treatment. Measurements included heart rate and respiration rate. A 0–3 scoring system (normal to nil response, respectively) was devised to record sedative responses (body stance, head position, degree of eye closure, palpebral reflex, resistance to movement of the head, response to noise) and analgesic responses to touch and pinching of the ear, and response to a...
Michael W. Miller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Tissue Residue Levels of The Tranquilizer Combination of Butorphanol, Azaperone, and Medetomidine, and the Antagonists, Naltrexone, Atipamezole, and Tolazoline, in Black Bears (Ursus Americanus) Postimmobilization.
Journal of wildlife diseases, 2020Co-Authors: Lisa L Wolfe, Travis Mays, Mark C Fisher, Michael W. MillerAbstract:The tranquilizer combination of butorphanol, Azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM) has shown good efficacy for immobilization of wildlife, including black bears (Ursus americanus). BAM is antagonized with a combination of naltrexone and atipamezole. We immobilized 19 adult captive wild caught black bears and, except for three bears that were euthanized immediately, bears were recovered with naltrexone and atipamezole. Tissue residues (≥0.01 ppm) for the tranquilizers butorphanol, Azaperone, and medetomidine were detected in liver and muscle of all three bears euthanized on day 0 postinjection (PI). Azaperone was not detected after 1 d PI. Residue for medetomidine was detected in two bears: in the liver 3 d PI and in the kidney 6 d PI. Butorphanol was reported in three bears: in fat 5 d PI, in kidney 6 d PI, and, surprisingly, in kidney, muscle, and fat 7 d PI. No tissue residues were detected in the three bears euthanized at 8 d PI. Tissue residues for the antagonists, naltrexone and atipamezole, were detected in bears euthanized 2 and 6 d PI, but not in tissues from animals euthanized at 7 or 8 d PI.
-
tissue residue levels after immobilization of rocky mountain elk cervus elaphus nelsoni using a combination of nalbuphine medetomidine and Azaperone antagonized with naltrexone atipamezole and tolazoline
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2017Co-Authors: Lisa L Wolfe, Matthew Mccollum, Travis Mays, Morgan E Wehtje, Mark C Fisher, William R. Lance, Michael W. MillerAbstract:Abstract: Previous studies demonstrated that nalbuphine, medetomidine, and Azaperone (NalMed-A) can effectively immobilize adult elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), and be antagonized using naltrexone and atipamezole, with or without tolazoline. To assess duration of tissue residues for this immobilization package, we immobilized 14 captive adult elk with NalMed-A, then euthanized animals and collected tissues 0, 3, 6, 14, 21, or 28 d later. Except for two animals euthanized immediately, all elk were recovered using naltrexone, atipamezole, and tolazoline. Tissue residues (≥0.01 parts per million) for the tranquilizers nalbuphine, medetomidine, and Azaperone were detected in liver and muscle tissue samples from elk euthanized within 40 min postinjection (PI) and one animal that died 12−24 h PI, but not in tissues from any of the animals euthanized at 3, 6, 14, 21, or 28 d PI. Tissue residues for the antagonists naltrexone, atipamezole, and tolazoline were detected in liver and muscle of the animal that died 12...
-
Tissue Residue Levels after Immobilization of Rocky Mountain Elk ( Cervus elaphus nelsoni) using a Combination of Nalbuphine, Medetomidine, and Azaperone Antagonized with Naltrexone, Atipamezole, and Tolazoline.
Journal of wildlife diseases, 2017Co-Authors: Lisa L Wolfe, Travis Mays, Morgan E Wehtje, Mark C Fisher, William R. Lance, Pauline Nol, Matthew P. Mccollum, Michael W. MillerAbstract:Previous studies demonstrated that nalbuphine, medetomidine, and Azaperone (NalMed-A) can effectively immobilize adult elk ( Cervus elaphus nelsoni), and be antagonized using naltrexone and atipamezole, with or without tolazoline. To assess duration of tissue residues for this immobilization package, we immobilized 14 captive adult elk with NalMed-A, then euthanized animals and collected tissues 0, 3, 6, 14, 21, or 28 d later. Except for two animals euthanized immediately, all elk were recovered using naltrexone, atipamezole, and tolazoline. Tissue residues (≥0.01 parts per million) for the tranquilizers nalbuphine, medetomidine, and Azaperone were detected in liver and muscle tissue samples from elk euthanized within 40 min postinjection (PI) and one animal that died 12-24 h PI, but not in tissues from any of the animals euthanized at 3, 6, 14, 21, or 28 d PI. Tissue residues for the antagonists naltrexone, atipamezole, and tolazoline were detected in liver and muscle of the animal that died 12-24 h PI. Only naltrexone was detected in liver from the two elk euthanized at day 3, and no antagonist residues were detected thereafter.
-
novel combinations of nalbuphine and medetomidine for wildlife immobilization
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Lisa L Wolfe, William R. Lance, David K Smith, Michael W. MillerAbstract:Abstract We formulated novel drug combinations of nalbuphine HCl and medetomidine HCl (NalMed), with or without Azaperone tartrate, for use in immobilizing Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and potentially for other wildlife species. Using the lowest tested nalbuphine dose (0.3 mg/kg) that produced sedation in elk, we initially evaluated a combination of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and Azaperone (NalMed-A) for immobilizing adult elk. Based on initial success, we then conducted follow-up trials to assess alternative NalMed formulations successively modified to improve field usability, striving to shorten induction within a dose volume that accommodated practical remote delivery. All NalMed formulations immobilized adult elk; however, combinations with dose volumes that included about 80 mg nalbuphine tended to yield the shortest inductions (mean 6.8 min with, and 7.7 min without, Azaperone). Our findings demonstrate that nalbuphine and medetomidine can be combined to yield effective, low-volume (≤2...
Lisa L Wolfe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
EVALUATION OF TWO MEDETOMIDINE-Azaperone-ALFAXALONE COMBINATIONS IN CAPTIVE ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK (CERVUS ELAPHUS NELSONI).
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2021Co-Authors: Rachel C. Hector, Mark C Fisher, Khursheed R. Mama, Shari A. Green, Kirby Pasloske, Lisa L WolfeAbstract:Alfaxalone has been successfully used intramuscularly (im) combined with medetomidine and Azaperone for immobilization of small ungulates. An experimental 40 mg/ml alfaxalone solution (RD0387) was recently formulated for reduced injection volume. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of high-concentration alfaxalone combined with medetomidine and Azaperone for the intramuscular immobilization of captive Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). Seven adult female elk were used in a crossover design in which they were administered alfaxalone 1 mg/kg, medetomidine 0.05 mg/kg, and Azaperone 0.1 mg/kg or alfaxalone 0.5 mg/kg, medetomidine 0.1 mg/kg, and Azaperone 0.1 mg/kg im approximately 3 wk apart. Drugs were delivered to each elk in a chute by hand injection. Once recumbent, elk were placed in sternal recumbency for a period of 30 min, during which time level of sedation, response to minor procedures, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, oxygen saturation, and direct arterial blood pressures were recorded every 5 min. Arterial blood gases were performed every 15 min. At 30 min, elk were administered atipamezole 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg im and recovery quality and times were recorded. Statistical comparisons were made by t test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and repeated measures analysis (significance level P < 0.05). Both drug combinations provided effective immobilization for 30 min, with induction and recovery time and quality similar to other medetomidine-based combinations used in elk. Cardiopulmonary effects included bradycardia, hypertension, and hypoxemia that resolved with oxygen supplementation. The average injection volume in the low-dose alfaxalone combination was approximately 5 ml. These combinations provided deep sedation and the ability to perform minor procedures in captive elk, with acceptable cardiopulmonary parameters as long as supplemental oxygen was provided.
-
Tissue Residue Levels of The Tranquilizer Combination of Butorphanol, Azaperone, and Medetomidine, and the Antagonists, Naltrexone, Atipamezole, and Tolazoline, in Black Bears (Ursus Americanus) Postimmobilization.
Journal of wildlife diseases, 2020Co-Authors: Lisa L Wolfe, Travis Mays, Mark C Fisher, Michael W. MillerAbstract:The tranquilizer combination of butorphanol, Azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM) has shown good efficacy for immobilization of wildlife, including black bears (Ursus americanus). BAM is antagonized with a combination of naltrexone and atipamezole. We immobilized 19 adult captive wild caught black bears and, except for three bears that were euthanized immediately, bears were recovered with naltrexone and atipamezole. Tissue residues (≥0.01 ppm) for the tranquilizers butorphanol, Azaperone, and medetomidine were detected in liver and muscle of all three bears euthanized on day 0 postinjection (PI). Azaperone was not detected after 1 d PI. Residue for medetomidine was detected in two bears: in the liver 3 d PI and in the kidney 6 d PI. Butorphanol was reported in three bears: in fat 5 d PI, in kidney 6 d PI, and, surprisingly, in kidney, muscle, and fat 7 d PI. No tissue residues were detected in the three bears euthanized at 8 d PI. Tissue residues for the antagonists, naltrexone and atipamezole, were detected in bears euthanized 2 and 6 d PI, but not in tissues from animals euthanized at 7 or 8 d PI.
-
tissue residue levels after immobilization of rocky mountain elk cervus elaphus nelsoni using a combination of nalbuphine medetomidine and Azaperone antagonized with naltrexone atipamezole and tolazoline
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2017Co-Authors: Lisa L Wolfe, Matthew Mccollum, Travis Mays, Morgan E Wehtje, Mark C Fisher, William R. Lance, Michael W. MillerAbstract:Abstract: Previous studies demonstrated that nalbuphine, medetomidine, and Azaperone (NalMed-A) can effectively immobilize adult elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), and be antagonized using naltrexone and atipamezole, with or without tolazoline. To assess duration of tissue residues for this immobilization package, we immobilized 14 captive adult elk with NalMed-A, then euthanized animals and collected tissues 0, 3, 6, 14, 21, or 28 d later. Except for two animals euthanized immediately, all elk were recovered using naltrexone, atipamezole, and tolazoline. Tissue residues (≥0.01 parts per million) for the tranquilizers nalbuphine, medetomidine, and Azaperone were detected in liver and muscle tissue samples from elk euthanized within 40 min postinjection (PI) and one animal that died 12−24 h PI, but not in tissues from any of the animals euthanized at 3, 6, 14, 21, or 28 d PI. Tissue residues for the antagonists naltrexone, atipamezole, and tolazoline were detected in liver and muscle of the animal that died 12...
-
Tissue Residue Levels after Immobilization of Rocky Mountain Elk ( Cervus elaphus nelsoni) using a Combination of Nalbuphine, Medetomidine, and Azaperone Antagonized with Naltrexone, Atipamezole, and Tolazoline.
Journal of wildlife diseases, 2017Co-Authors: Lisa L Wolfe, Travis Mays, Morgan E Wehtje, Mark C Fisher, William R. Lance, Pauline Nol, Matthew P. Mccollum, Michael W. MillerAbstract:Previous studies demonstrated that nalbuphine, medetomidine, and Azaperone (NalMed-A) can effectively immobilize adult elk ( Cervus elaphus nelsoni), and be antagonized using naltrexone and atipamezole, with or without tolazoline. To assess duration of tissue residues for this immobilization package, we immobilized 14 captive adult elk with NalMed-A, then euthanized animals and collected tissues 0, 3, 6, 14, 21, or 28 d later. Except for two animals euthanized immediately, all elk were recovered using naltrexone, atipamezole, and tolazoline. Tissue residues (≥0.01 parts per million) for the tranquilizers nalbuphine, medetomidine, and Azaperone were detected in liver and muscle tissue samples from elk euthanized within 40 min postinjection (PI) and one animal that died 12-24 h PI, but not in tissues from any of the animals euthanized at 3, 6, 14, 21, or 28 d PI. Tissue residues for the antagonists naltrexone, atipamezole, and tolazoline were detected in liver and muscle of the animal that died 12-24 h PI. Only naltrexone was detected in liver from the two elk euthanized at day 3, and no antagonist residues were detected thereafter.
-
THE EFFICACY OF NALBUPHINE, MEDETOMIDINE, AND Azaperone IN IMMOBILIZING AMERICAN BISON (BISON BISON)
Journal of wildlife diseases, 2017Co-Authors: Mary E. Wood, Mark C Fisher, Lisa L Wolfe, Pauline Nol, Matthew P. Mccollum, William R. LanceAbstract:Abstract We evaluated a combination of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and Azaperone (NalMed-A) in 12 American bison (Bison bison) during 13 sedation handling events. The mean (SE) dosage was 0.4 (0.02) mg/kg nalbuphine, 0.08 (0.003) mg/kg medetomidine, and 0.08 (0.003) mg/kg Azaperone contained in an average delivery volume of 0.8 mL/100 kg. Two animals required a supplemental dose for safe handling (additive dose used in calculating means) and a third animal was not adequately sedated despite a supplemental dose. Bison immobilized with NalMed-A showed good sedation in 12 of 13 handling attempts. Advantages of this drug combination included a relatively low delivery volume, rapid antagonism, and minimal regulatory burden for component drugs. The most consistent disadvantage was hypoxemia, and oxygen supplementation is recommended when using this sedative combination in bison.