The Experts below are selected from a list of 258 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Joël Billieux - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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learning to lose control a process based account of Behavioral Addiction
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2020Co-Authors: Jose C Perales, Adriano Schimmenti, Vladan Starcevic, Guillaume Sescousse, Ruth J Van Holst, Daniel L. King, Javier F. Navas, Joël BillieuxAbstract:Learning psycho(bio)logy has developed a solid corpus of evidence and theory regarding behavior control modes. The present article briefly reviews that literature and its influence on recent models in which the transition from goal-directed to compulsive behavior is identified as the main process underlying substance use disorders. This literature is also relevant to non-substance addictive disorders, and serves as basis to propose a restricted definition of Behavioral Addiction relying on the presence of behavior-specific compulsivity. Complementarily, we consider whether some activities can become disordered while remaining mostly goal-driven. Based on reinforcement learning models, relative outcome utility computation is proposed as an alternative mechanism through which dysfunctional behaviors (even not qualifying as addictive) can override adaptive ones, causing functional impairment. Beyond issues of conceptual delimitation, recommendations are made regarding the importance of identifying individual etiological pathways to dysregulated behavior, the necessity of accurately profiling at-risk individuals, and the potential hazards of symptom-based diagnosis. In our view, the validity of these recommendations does not depend on the position one takes in the nosological debate.
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characteristics of self identified sexual addicts in a Behavioral Addiction outpatient clinic
Journal of behavioral addictions, 2016Co-Authors: Aline Wery, Gaelle Challetbouju, Kim Vogelaere, Francoisxavier Poudat, Julie Caillon, Delphine Lever, Joël Billieux, Marie GrallbronnecAbstract:Background and aimsResearch on sexual Addiction flourished during the last decade, promoted by the development of an increased number of online sexual activities. Despite the accumulation of studies, however, evidence collected in clinical samples of treatment-seeking people remains scarce. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics (socio-demographics, sexual habits, and comorbidities) of self-identified “sexual addicts.”MethodsThe sample was composed of 72 patients who consulted an outpatient treatment center regarding their sexual behaviors. Data were collected through a combination of structured interviewing and self-report measures.ResultsMost patients were males (94.4%) aged 20–76 years (mean 40.3 ± 10.9). Endorsement of sexual Addiction diagnosis varied from 56.9% to 95.8% depending on the criteria used. The sexual behaviors reported to have the highest degree of functional impairment were having multiple sexual partners (56%), having unprotected sexual intercourse (51.9%), and using...
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are we overpathologizing everyday life a tenable blueprint for Behavioral Addiction research
Journal of behavioral addictions, 2015Co-Authors: Joël Billieux, Yasser Khazaal, Adriano Schimmenti, Pierre Maurage, Alexandre HeerenAbstract:Background Behavioral Addiction research has been particularly flourishing over the last two decades. However, recent publications have suggested that nearly all daily life activities might lead to a genuine Addiction. Methods and aim In this article, we discuss how the use of atheoretical and confirmatory research approaches may result in the identification of an unlimited list of "new" Behavioral Addictions. Results Both methodological and theoretical shortcomings of these studies were discussed. Conclusions We suggested that studies overpathologizing daily life activities are likely to prompt a dismissive appraisal of Behavioral Addiction research. Consequently, we proposed several roadmaps for future research in the field, centrally highlighting the need for longer tenable Behavioral Addiction research that shifts from a mere criteria-based approach toward an approach focusing on the psychological processes involved.
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can disordered mobile phone use be considered a Behavioral Addiction an update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research
Current Addiction Reports, 2015Co-Authors: Olatz Lopezfernandez, Daria J Kuss, Joël Billieux, Pierre Maurage, Mark D. GriffithsAbstract:Despite the many positive outcomes, excessive mobile phone use is now often associated with potentially harmful and/or disturbing behaviors (e.g., symptoms of deregulated use, negative impact on various aspects of daily life such as relationship problems, and work intrusion). Problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) has generally been considered as a Behavioral Addiction that shares many features with more established drug Addictions. In light of the most recent data, the current paper reviews the validity of the Behavioral Addiction model when applied to PMPU. On the whole, it is argued that the evidence supporting PMPU as an addictive behavior is scarce. In particular, it lacks studies that definitively show Behavioral and neurobiological similarities between mobile phone Addiction and other types of legitimate addictive behaviors. Given this context, an integrative pathway model is proposed that aims to provide a theoretical framework to guide future research in the field of PMPU. This model highlights that PMPU is a heterogeneous and multi-faceted condition.
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characteristics and treatment response of self identified problematic internet users in a Behavioral Addiction outpatient clinic
Journal of behavioral addictions, 2014Co-Authors: Gabriel Thorens, Yasser Khazaal, Sophia Achab, Riaz Khan, Edward Pivin, Joël Billieux, Vishal Gupta, Daniele Fabio ZullinoAbstract:Aims: Controversies remain about the validity of the diagnosis of problematic Internet use. This might be due in part to the lack of longitudinal naturalistic studies that have followed a cohort of patients who self-identify as having Internet-related problems. Methods: This retrospective study included 57 patients who consulted the Geneva Addiction Outpatient Clinic from January 1, 2007, to January 1, 2010. Patients underwent an initial clinical psychiatric evaluation that included collection of data on socio-demographics, method of referral, specific Internet usage, psychiatric diagnosis, and Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) scores. Treatment consisted of individual psychotherapeutic sessions. Results: Of these patients, 98% were male and 37% were 18 years or younger. Most patients were online gamers (46% playing massively multiplayer online role-playing games). The mean IAT score was 52.9 (range 20–90). Sixty-eight percent of patients had a co-morbid psychiatric diagnosis, with social phobia being the most prevalent (17.8%). Patients who remained in treatment (dropout rate 24%) showed an overall improvement of symptoms: 38.6% showed significant or average improvement on their CGI score, 26.3% showed minimal improvement, and 14% showed no change. Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that there are specific types of Internet use, with online gaming mainly affecting young male patients. As Internet Addiction is not yet an official diagnosis, better instruments are needed to screen patients and to avoid false-negative and false-positive diagnoses. Successful care should integrate the treatment of co-morbid symptoms and involve families and relatives in the therapeutic process
Jintao Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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is monetary reward processing altered in drug naive youth with a Behavioral Addiction findings from internet gaming disorder
NeuroImage: Clinical, 2020Co-Authors: Patrick D Worhunsky, Sarah Lichenstein, Songshan Yang, Jintao ZhangAbstract:Abstract Current models of Addiction biology highlight altered neural responses to non-drug rewards as a central feature of Addiction. However, given that drugs of abuse can directly impact reward-related dopamine circuitry, it is difficult to determine the extent to which reward processing alterations are a trait feature of individuals with Addictions, or primarily a consequence of exogenous drug exposure. Examining individuals with Behavioral Addictions is one promising approach for disentangling neural features of Addiction from the direct effects of substance exposure. The current fMRI study compared neural responses during monetary reward processing between drug naive young adults with a Behavioral Addiction, internet gaming disorder (IGD; n = 22), and healthy controls (n = 27) using a monetary incentive delay task. Relative to controls, individuals with IGD exhibited blunted caudate activity associated with loss magnitude at the outcome stage, but did not differ from controls in neural activity at other stages. These findings suggest that decreased loss sensitivity might be a critical feature of IGD, whereas alterations in gain processing may be less characteristic of individuals with IGD, relative to those with substance use disorders. Therefore, classic theories of altered reward processing in substance use disorders should be translated to Behavioral Addictions with caution.
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activation of the ventral and dorsal striatum during cue reactivity in internet gaming disorder
Addiction Biology, 2017Co-Authors: Jintao Zhang, Lingjiao Wang, Zijiao Shen, Xiaoyi FangAbstract:Studies conducted in drug Addiction suggest a transition in processing of drug-related cues from the ventral to the dorsal component of the striatum. However, this process has not been studied in a Behavioral Addiction. Assessment of this process in a non-drug Addiction can provide insight into the pathophysiology of both substance and Behavioral Addictions. Thirty-nine male Internet gaming disorder (IGD) subjects and 23 male matched healthy controls (HCs) participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of a cue-reactivity task involving alternating presentation of Internet gaming-related stimuli (game cues) and general Internet surfing-related stimuli (control cues). Cue-induced neural activations in the ventral and dorsal striatum (DS) were compared between IGD and HC participants. Associations between cue-reactivity within these regions and cue-induced craving and severity and duration of IGD were also explored. IGD participants exhibited higher cue-induced activations within both the ventral and DS when compared with HCs. Within the IGD group, activity within the left ventral striatum (VS) was correlated negatively with cue-induced craving; positive associations were found between activations within the DS (right putamen, pallidum and left caudate) and duration of IGD. Cue-induced activity within the left putamen was negatively associated with right VS volumes among IGD participants. Consistent with studies in substance Addictions, our results suggest that a transition from ventral to dorsal striatal processing may occur among individuals with IGD, a condition without the impact of substance intake.
Luke Clark - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cognitive factors in gambling disorder a Behavioral Addiction
2020Co-Authors: Gabriel A Brooks, Mario A Ferrari, Luke ClarkAbstract:Abstract Gambling disorder is recognized in DSM-5 and ICD-11 as a Behavioral Addiction that shares substantial psychological and neurobiological overlap with substance use disorders. This chapter outlines how cognitive processes originally described in the field of judgment and decision-making provide a foundation from which gambling-related cognitive distortions emerge. These cognitive mechanisms are implicated in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of disordered gambling. We focus on three specific effects: the illusion of control, the tendency to anthropomorphize gambling games, and slot machine immersion. We conceptualize these biases as arising from the interaction between personal vulnerabilities to gambling disorder, which include neurocognitive dispositional factors and structural characteristics of gambling products. From this framework, the structural design of gambling products, including emerging technologies that facilitate access to gambling games, may perpetuate gambling-related distortions and thus gambling harms, with implications for regulation. Psychological therapies that build on this cognitive approach are widely deployed in the treatment of problem gambling and have evidence of effectiveness, including techniques directly aiming to restructure decision-making biases.
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Commentary on: Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for Behavioral Addiction research. On the slippery slopes: The case of gambling Addiction.
Journal of behavioral addictions, 2015Co-Authors: Luke ClarkAbstract:Billieux et al. (2015) propose that the recent proliferation of Behavioral Addictions has been driven by deficiencies in the underlying research strategy. This commentary considers how pathological gambling (now termed gambling disorder) traversed these challenges to become the first recognized Behavioral Addiction in the DSM-5. Ironically, many similar issues continue to exist in research on gambling disorder, including question-marks over the validity of tolerance, heterogeneity in gambling motives, and the under-specification of neuroimaging biomarkers. Nevertheless, I contend that the case for gambling disorder as a Behavioral Addiction has been bolstered by the existence of clear and consistent functional impairment (primarily in the form of debt), coupled with the development of a public health approach that has given emphasis to product features (i.e. the structural characteristics of gambling forms) as much as individual dispositions (the ‘addictive personality’).
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disordered gambling the evolving concept of Behavioral Addiction
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2014Co-Authors: Luke ClarkAbstract:The reclassification of gambling disorder within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Addictions category marks an important step for Addiction science. The similarities between gambling disorder and the substance use disorders have been well documented. As gambling is unlikely to exert actively damaging effects on the brain, the cognitive sequelae of gambling disorder may provide insights into addictive vulnerabilities; this idea is critically evaluated in light of recent structural imaging data. The second part of the review analyzes a fundamental question of how a behavior can become addictive in the absence of exogenous drug stimulation. The relative potency of drug and nondrug rewards is considered, alongside evidence that cognitive distortions in the processing of chance (for example, the illusion of control and the gambler's fallacy) may constitute an important added ingredient in gambling. Further understanding of these mechanisms at neural and Behavioral levels will be critical for the classification of future Behavioral Addictions, and I consider the current research data for obesity and binge eating, compulsive shopping, and internet gaming disorder.
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disordered gambling a Behavioral Addiction
Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2013Co-Authors: Luke Clark, Eve H LimbrickoldfieldAbstract:Developments in psychiatry have ratified the existence of Behavioral Addictions, that certain activities such as gambling or video-game play may be considered addictive in the absence of exogenous (i.e. drug-induced) stimulation of brain reinforcement circuitry. This article describes recent advances in understanding the neurobiological basis of Behavioral Addiction, with a focus on pathological gambling as the prototypical disorder. We describe positron emission tomography (PET) studies characterizing dopaminergic transmission, and functional imaging studies of reward processing and gambling-related cognitive distortions. The current evidence not only indicates changes in pathological gamblers in core circuitry implicated in drug Addiction, but also highlights some subtle differences. Behavioral Addictions can also provide experimental traction on distinguishing vulnerability markers for Addictions from the active detrimental effects of chronic drug use.
Yasser Khazaal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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are we overpathologizing everyday life a tenable blueprint for Behavioral Addiction research
Journal of behavioral addictions, 2015Co-Authors: Joël Billieux, Yasser Khazaal, Adriano Schimmenti, Pierre Maurage, Alexandre HeerenAbstract:Background Behavioral Addiction research has been particularly flourishing over the last two decades. However, recent publications have suggested that nearly all daily life activities might lead to a genuine Addiction. Methods and aim In this article, we discuss how the use of atheoretical and confirmatory research approaches may result in the identification of an unlimited list of "new" Behavioral Addictions. Results Both methodological and theoretical shortcomings of these studies were discussed. Conclusions We suggested that studies overpathologizing daily life activities are likely to prompt a dismissive appraisal of Behavioral Addiction research. Consequently, we proposed several roadmaps for future research in the field, centrally highlighting the need for longer tenable Behavioral Addiction research that shifts from a mere criteria-based approach toward an approach focusing on the psychological processes involved.
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problematic involvement in online games
Computers in Human Behavior, 2015Co-Authors: Gabriel Thorens, Sophia Achab, Yasser Khazaal, Daniele Fabio Zullino, Martial Van Der LindenAbstract:ADV=advancement (MPOGQ); SOC=socializing (MPOGQ); RP=role-play (MPOGQ); ESC=escapism (MPOGQ); URG=urgency (UPPS-P); LPR=lack of premeditation (UPPS-P); LPE=lack of perseverance (UPPS-P); SS=sensation seeking (UPPS-P); SE=self-esteem (SISE). Dashed lines refer to mean Z-scores of the entire sample. Bold lines refer to mean Z-scores for each specific cluster.Display Omitted The current study identified distinct subtypes of online gamers.The study combines self-report measures and ecological data (in-game behaviors).Cluster comparison revealed that problematic online gaming is a heterogeneous disorder.Problematic online gamer subtypes exist and individualized treatment is favored. Playing online games can become problematic and engender adverse consequences. Several psychological factors have been shown to influence the development and the maintenance of this problematic behavior, including impulsivity traits, motives to play (immersion, achievement, social affiliation), and self-esteem. The aim of the current study is to determine whether reliable subtypes of problematic online gamers can be identified. A sample of 1057 online gamers was recruited. Validated questionnaires were used to measure established psychological risk factors (impulsivity, motives to play, self-esteem) and potential consequences of playing (Addiction symptoms, positive and negative affect). Actual in-game behaviors were also monitored. Five reliable clusters of gamers were identified (three problematic and two nonproblematic clusters). Cluster comparison revealed that the psychological factors considered are differentially involved in problematic online gaming. At the theoretical level, the results emphasized that problem online gaming depends on a wide range of psychological factors. At the clinical level, the diversity of psychological profiles shown supports the development of personalized (custom-made) interventions targeting specific psychological mechanisms. Overall, our findings suggest that conceptualizing the problematic use of massively multiplayer online role-playing games as "Behavioral Addiction" is too restrictive and might result in the simplification of heterogeneous and multi-determined problematic behaviors.
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characteristics and treatment response of self identified problematic internet users in a Behavioral Addiction outpatient clinic
Journal of behavioral addictions, 2014Co-Authors: Gabriel Thorens, Yasser Khazaal, Sophia Achab, Riaz Khan, Edward Pivin, Joël Billieux, Vishal Gupta, Daniele Fabio ZullinoAbstract:Aims: Controversies remain about the validity of the diagnosis of problematic Internet use. This might be due in part to the lack of longitudinal naturalistic studies that have followed a cohort of patients who self-identify as having Internet-related problems. Methods: This retrospective study included 57 patients who consulted the Geneva Addiction Outpatient Clinic from January 1, 2007, to January 1, 2010. Patients underwent an initial clinical psychiatric evaluation that included collection of data on socio-demographics, method of referral, specific Internet usage, psychiatric diagnosis, and Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) scores. Treatment consisted of individual psychotherapeutic sessions. Results: Of these patients, 98% were male and 37% were 18 years or younger. Most patients were online gamers (46% playing massively multiplayer online role-playing games). The mean IAT score was 52.9 (range 20–90). Sixty-eight percent of patients had a co-morbid psychiatric diagnosis, with social phobia being the most prevalent (17.8%). Patients who remained in treatment (dropout rate 24%) showed an overall improvement of symptoms: 38.6% showed significant or average improvement on their CGI score, 26.3% showed minimal improvement, and 14% showed no change. Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that there are specific types of Internet use, with online gaming mainly affecting young male patients. As Internet Addiction is not yet an official diagnosis, better instruments are needed to screen patients and to avoid false-negative and false-positive diagnoses. Successful care should integrate the treatment of co-morbid symptoms and involve families and relatives in the therapeutic process
Marie Grallbronnec - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a comparison of treatment seeking Behavioral Addiction patients with and without parkinson s disease
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2017Co-Authors: Anne Sauvaget, Susana Jimenezmurcia, Fernando Fernandezaranda, Roser Granero, Marie GrallbronnecAbstract:The administration of dopaminergic medication to treat the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with addictive behaviors and impulse control disorders. Little is known however on how PD patients differ from other patients seeking treatments for Behavioral Addictions. The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of Behavioral Addiction patients with and without PD. N=2,460 treatment-seeking men diagnosed with a Behavioral Addiction were recruited from a university hospital. Sociodemographic, impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; BIS-11), and personality (Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised; TCI-R) measures were taken upon admission to outpatient treatment. Patients in the PD group were older and had a higher prevalence of mood disorders than patients without PD. In terms of personality characteristics and impulsivity traits, PD patients appeared to present a more functional profile than PD-free patients with a Behavioral Addiction. Our results suggest that PD patients with a Behavioral Addiction could be more difficult to detect than their PD-free counterparts in Behavioral Addiction clinical setting due to their reduced levels of impulsivity and more standard personality traits. As a whole, this suggests that PD patients with a Behavioral Addiction may have different needs from PD-free Behavioral Addiction patients and that they could potentially benefit from targeted interventions.
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characteristics of self identified sexual addicts in a Behavioral Addiction outpatient clinic
Journal of behavioral addictions, 2016Co-Authors: Aline Wery, Gaelle Challetbouju, Kim Vogelaere, Francoisxavier Poudat, Julie Caillon, Delphine Lever, Joël Billieux, Marie GrallbronnecAbstract:Background and aimsResearch on sexual Addiction flourished during the last decade, promoted by the development of an increased number of online sexual activities. Despite the accumulation of studies, however, evidence collected in clinical samples of treatment-seeking people remains scarce. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics (socio-demographics, sexual habits, and comorbidities) of self-identified “sexual addicts.”MethodsThe sample was composed of 72 patients who consulted an outpatient treatment center regarding their sexual behaviors. Data were collected through a combination of structured interviewing and self-report measures.ResultsMost patients were males (94.4%) aged 20–76 years (mean 40.3 ± 10.9). Endorsement of sexual Addiction diagnosis varied from 56.9% to 95.8% depending on the criteria used. The sexual behaviors reported to have the highest degree of functional impairment were having multiple sexual partners (56%), having unprotected sexual intercourse (51.9%), and using...
