The Experts below are selected from a list of 48 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Donald O Henry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the palimpsest problem hearth pattern analysis and middle paleolithic site structure
Quaternary International, 2012Co-Authors: Donald O HenryAbstract:Abstract A principal Behavioral Issue in paleoanthropology centers on the degree to which the behaviors of Neanderthals and modern humans may have differed. Efforts to address this problem have employed the analysis of living floors and site structure in which researchers have traditionally emphasized a dichotomy between the site structures thought to distinguish Modern Human and Neanderthal occupations. This thinking links “complex” site structures characterized by several discrete activity areas to Modern Humans, in contrast to the “simple” structure of Neanderthals as seen in single hearths associated with overlapping, generalized activities. Correlations between prehistoric behaviors and site structures, however, may be masked, distorted, and even destroyed by a variety of natural and cultural agencies. Natural post-depositional processes may be associated with bioturbation, cryo-turbation, and the degradation of sediments through wind and water erosion. Both post- and synch-deposition “disturbance” of artifact distributions and features by human activities may involve cleaning, scuffage, and other site alterations. Perhaps the most vexing of problems associated with post-depositional distortion is from subsequent overlapping occupations in which a smearing or blurring of artifact distributions occurs; i.e., the palimpsest problem. Using the results of a multi-year research program of stratified living floors at the Late Levantine Mousterian rockshelter site of Tor Faraj, southern Jordan, an introduction to a partial solution of addressing the palimpsest problem through hearth pattern and ring and sector analyses is described here.
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the palimpsest problem hearth pattern analysis and middle paleolithic site structure
Quaternary International, 2012Co-Authors: Donald O HenryAbstract:Abstract A principal Behavioral Issue in paleoanthropology centers on the degree to which the behaviors of Neanderthals and modern humans may have differed. Efforts to address this problem have employed the analysis of living floors and site structure in which researchers have traditionally emphasized a dichotomy between the site structures thought to distinguish Modern Human and Neanderthal occupations. This thinking links “complex” site structures characterized by several discrete activity areas to Modern Humans, in contrast to the “simple” structure of Neanderthals as seen in single hearths associated with overlapping, generalized activities. Correlations between prehistoric behaviors and site structures, however, may be masked, distorted, and even destroyed by a variety of natural and cultural agencies. Natural post-depositional processes may be associated with bioturbation, cryo-turbation, and the degradation of sediments through wind and water erosion. Both post- and synch-deposition “disturbance” of artifact distributions and features by human activities may involve cleaning, scuffage, and other site alterations. Perhaps the most vexing of problems associated with post-depositional distortion is from subsequent overlapping occupations in which a smearing or blurring of artifact distributions occurs; i.e., the palimpsest problem. Using the results of a multi-year research program of stratified living floors at the Late Levantine Mousterian rockshelter site of Tor Faraj, southern Jordan, an introduction to a partial solution of addressing the palimpsest problem through hearth pattern and ring and sector analyses is described here.
Andrew J. Hoffman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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climate change as a cultural and Behavioral Issue addressing barriers and implementing solutions
Social Science Research Network, 2010Co-Authors: Andrew J. HoffmanAbstract:At the core, environmental Issues like climate change are not primarily technological or economic, but Behavioral and cultural. While technological and economic activity may be the direct cause of environmentally destructive behavior, individual beliefs, cultural norms and societal institutions guide the development of that activity. Unfortunately, in addressing environmental problems, we tend to overlook these social dimensions and focus strictly on their technological and economic aspects. We do this in the realm of societal politics, and in the realm of organizational design. This article will redress this lack of attention by considering the social dimensions of a specific Issue in the sustainability agenda – climate change. In particular, this article will attend to the social and psychological barriers that exist within individuals and organizations to addressing the Issue and offer practical suggestions for overcoming them.
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Climate change as a cultural and Behavioral Issue: Addressing barriers and implementing solutions
Organizational Dynamics, 2010Co-Authors: Andrew J. HoffmanAbstract:At their core, both environmental problems and environmental solutions are organizationally and culturally rooted. While technological and economic activity may be the direct cause of environmentally destructive behavior, individual beliefs, cultural norms and societal institutions guide the development of that activity. The question for any manager seeking to integrate considerations for environmental Issues into their organization is – how do I get people to change theway they act and think? Unfortunately, the present reality is that we tend to overlook the social dimensions of environmental Issues and focus strictly on their technological and economic aspects. Consider the contemporary debate over climate change and its primary focus on a carbon price (whether that is a tax or a tradable permit). As the logic goes, if we set a price for carbon high enough, innovators will create new gadgets that emit fewer greenhouse gases, investors will invest in them, companies will adopt them and consumers will buy them. Contrary to what many would like to think is a quick fix, a price for carbon is but one tool that must be accompanied by others to make sure that markets respond effectively and efficiently. Pricing alone ignores the critical social context. As an illustrative example, the Irish government instituted a 15-cent tax on plastic grocery bags in 2002.Within one year, plastic grocery bag use dropped by 94%. Did pricing induce behavior change? It is part of the story, but not the entire story. Unlike the experience in many U.S. cities that are trying to institute similar initiatives (most notably San Francisco), the context in Ireland was ripe for the ‘‘plastax.’’ The reasons, in no particular order, include: there were no plastic bag manufacturers in Ireland to mount an organized opposition; therewas no problemof leakage from neighboring countries or states that did not have a similar tax; almost all supermarkets are parts of chains that are highly computerized with cash registers that already collect a national sales tax, so adding the bag tax involved a minimum of reprogramming; people generally didn’t mind paying the tax, as the litter from the bags was seen as a common nuisance; and the country has a young, flexible population that has proved to be a good testing ground for innovation, from cell-phone services to nonsmoking laws. As a matter of fact, the country was primed for change, having just shifted from the Pound (or Punt) to the Euro. All of these factors led up to the development of a norm that it was socially unacceptable to be seen carrying a plastic bag. It was considered rude, with violators being treated much in the same way as someone who did not curb his or her dog. Consideration for the Behavioral and cultural dimensions of environmental Issues is no less important in organizations. As managers today seek to consider the strategic implications of climate change for their organizations, their focus tends to be primarily centered on carbon accounting. But how do you drive deep cultural change within your organization to steer it toward a more creative and, therefore, more innovative approach to dealing with this important Issue? This article will consider this question in three parts. First, it will seek to redress this lack of attention by considering the full scope of the cultural shift that climate change places before us. Second, it will outline the form of some of the individual and organizational barriers to cultural and Behavioral change. And finally, it will offer some strategies for overcoming these barriers based on the practices of leading firms in this area.
Benno Torgler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tax morale affects tax compliance evidence from surveys and an artefactual field experiment
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2009Co-Authors: Ronald G Cummings, Jorge Martinezvazquez, Michael Mckee, Benno TorglerAbstract:Our working hypothesis is that cross-cultural differences in tax compliance behavior have foundations in the institutions of tax administration and citizen assessment of the quality of governance. Tax compliance being a complex Behavioral Issue, its investigation requires use of a variety of methods and data sources. Results from artefactual field experiments conducted in countries with substantially different political histories and records of governance quality demonstrate that observed differences in tax compliance levels persist over alternative levels of enforcement. The experimental results are shown to be robust by replicating them for the same countries using survey response measures of tax compliance.
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effects of tax morale on tax compliance experimental and survey evidence
2006Co-Authors: Ronald G Cummings, Jorge Martinezvazquez, Michael Mckee, Benno TorglerAbstract:There is considerable evidence that enforcement efforts can increase tax compliance. However, there must be other forces at work because observed compliance levels cannot be fully explained by the level of enforcement actions typical of most tax authorities. Further, there are observed differences, not related to enforcement effort, in the levels of compliance across countries and cultures. To fully understand differences in compliance behavior across cultures one needs to understand differences in tax administration and citizen attitudes toward governments. The working hypothesis is that cross-cultural differences in behavior have foundations in these institutions. Tax compliance is a complex Behavioral Issue and its investigation requires the use of a variety of methods and data sources. Results from laboratory experiments conducted in different countries demonstrate that observed differences in tax compliance levels can be explained by differences in the fairness of tax administration, in the perceived fiscal exchange, and in the overall attitude towards the respective governments. These experimental results are shown to be robust by replicating them for the same countries using survey response measures of tax compliance.
Robin L. Harwood - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Culture and child behavior and psychosocial development.
Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP, 1996Co-Authors: Lee M. Pachter, Robin L. HarwoodAbstract:This paper provides an overview of the relationship between cultural beliefs, values, practices, behavior, and psychosocial development. A framework for analyzing this relationship is presented, illustrated with studies from the cross-cultural literature. We then present a review of the literature concerning the cultural influences on one specific Behavioral Issue, temperament. We conclude with a critical discussion of the unique methodological Issues encountered in the study of child behavior and psychosocial development in a cross-cultural and/or culturally diverse perspective.
Ronald G Cummings - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tax morale affects tax compliance evidence from surveys and an artefactual field experiment
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2009Co-Authors: Ronald G Cummings, Jorge Martinezvazquez, Michael Mckee, Benno TorglerAbstract:Our working hypothesis is that cross-cultural differences in tax compliance behavior have foundations in the institutions of tax administration and citizen assessment of the quality of governance. Tax compliance being a complex Behavioral Issue, its investigation requires use of a variety of methods and data sources. Results from artefactual field experiments conducted in countries with substantially different political histories and records of governance quality demonstrate that observed differences in tax compliance levels persist over alternative levels of enforcement. The experimental results are shown to be robust by replicating them for the same countries using survey response measures of tax compliance.
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effects of tax morale on tax compliance experimental and survey evidence
2006Co-Authors: Ronald G Cummings, Jorge Martinezvazquez, Michael Mckee, Benno TorglerAbstract:There is considerable evidence that enforcement efforts can increase tax compliance. However, there must be other forces at work because observed compliance levels cannot be fully explained by the level of enforcement actions typical of most tax authorities. Further, there are observed differences, not related to enforcement effort, in the levels of compliance across countries and cultures. To fully understand differences in compliance behavior across cultures one needs to understand differences in tax administration and citizen attitudes toward governments. The working hypothesis is that cross-cultural differences in behavior have foundations in these institutions. Tax compliance is a complex Behavioral Issue and its investigation requires the use of a variety of methods and data sources. Results from laboratory experiments conducted in different countries demonstrate that observed differences in tax compliance levels can be explained by differences in the fairness of tax administration, in the perceived fiscal exchange, and in the overall attitude towards the respective governments. These experimental results are shown to be robust by replicating them for the same countries using survey response measures of tax compliance.