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Karen B. Strier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phylogeographic evidence for two species of muriqui (genus Brachyteles).
American journal of primatology, 2019Co-Authors: Paulo B. Chaves, Karen B. Strier, Maurício Talebi, Rodrigo Hidalgo Friciello Teixeira, Tielli Magnus, Leandro Jerusalinsky, Paula Breves, Fernanda P. Tabacow, Leandro Marcio Moreira, Robson O E HackAbstract:The taxonomy of muriquis, the largest extant primates in the New World, is controversial. While some specialists argue for a monotypic genus (Brachyteles arachnoides), others favor a two-species classification, splitting northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) from southern muriquis (B. arachnoides). This uncertainty affects how we study the differences between these highly endangered and charismatic primates, as well as the design of more effective conservation programs. To address this issue, between 2003 and 2017 we collected over 230 muriqui fecal samples across the genus' distribution in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, extracted DNA from these samples, and sequenced 423 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. Phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses of our sequence dataset robustly support two reciprocally monophyletic groups corresponding to northern and southern muriquis separated by an average 12.7% genetic distance. The phylogeographic break between these lineages seems to be associated with the Paraiba do Sul River and coincides with the transition between the north and south Atlantic Forest biogeographic zones. Published divergence estimates from whole mitochondrial genomes and nuclear loci date the split between northern and southern muriquis to the Early Pleistocene (ca. 2.0 mya), and our new mtDNA dataset places the coalescence time for each of these two clades near the last interglacial (ca. 120-80 kya). Our results, together with both phenotypic and ecological differences, support recognizing northern and southern muriquis as sister species that should be managed as distinct evolutionarily significant units. Given that only a few thousand muriquis remain in nature, it is imperative that conservation strategies are tailored to protect both species from extinction.
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Habitat Use in a Population of the Northern Muriqui ( Brachyteles hypoxanthus )
International Journal of Primatology, 2019Co-Authors: Marlon Lima, Sérgio L. Mendes, Karen B. StrierAbstract:Habitat loss and fragmentation are known to restrict the movements of primates, including their ability to expand their home ranges. These effects are especially strong at high densities, where home range overlap can result in high rates of agonistic intergroup encounters over range defense. We investigated habitat use and range defense in a population of northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) at the Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural – Feliciano Miguel Abdala, in Minas Gerais, Brazil from August 2010 to July 2013. The four groups in this isolated population used 878 ha of forest, with home ranges exhibiting high interannual fidelity in location and low intergroup overlap. Core areas represented 13–29% of the respective home ranges and, except for one group, showed only moderate to low interannual fidelity in successive years. Of 130 intergroup encounters recorded in 2010–2011, significantly more occurred in core areas that overlapped with the range of another group than in areas of home range overlap or areas used exclusively by one group. Daily path lengths of the one group used in assessing range defensibility varied little (1075–1132 m) across years and relative to home range diameter did not meet the criteria for defensibility. However, the occurrence of independent subgroups, combined with a mean monthly detection distance of 242 m, provides strong evidence of range defensibility. These findings point to the importance of fission–fusion dynamics for intergroup range defense, particularly in primates living at high densities in fragmented habitats.
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2006): Noninvasive genetic sampling of endangered muriqui (Primates, Atelidae): efficiency of fecal DNA extraction. Genetics and Molecular Biology 29(4
2016Co-Authors: Paulo B. Chaves, Karen B. Strier, Sérgio L. Mendes, Marcela F. Paes, Iúri Drumond Louro, Valéria FagundesAbstract:The muriqui (Brachyteles) is one of the most endangered primates in the world, however little is known about the via-bility of the remaining populations. We evaluated the technique of extracting DNA from wild muriqui feces for PCR applications. In order to determine the effect of the DNA in subsequent amplifications, we analyzed five different ex-tracts. The importance of the recommended BSA and the HotStarTaq DNA polymerase was tested. The minimal conditions to successfully amplify highly degraded fecal DNA were determined, showing that the recommended re-agents are not required. We envision that this method may be useful in further conservation management studies
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Feeding and resting postures of wild northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus).
American journal of primatology, 2012Co-Authors: Maria F. Iurck, Matthew G. Nowak, Leny C.m. Costa, Sérgio L. Mendes, Susan M. Ford, Karen B. StrierAbstract:Increased body size in Brachyteles has been regarded as an important evolutionary adaptation that allowed a greater reliance on leaves compared to other more frugivorous Atelidae, but its association with muriqui positional behavior and substrate use is still unknown. Here, we present original data on the feeding and resting postures of the northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) and evaluate predictions about the relationships between body size, postural behavior, and substrate use derived from previously published data for other atelids (e.g. Alouatta, Ateles, and Lagothrix). The study was undertaken from August 2002 to July 2003 on a large group of well-habituated muriquis inhabiting the Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural - Feliciano Miguel Abdala in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Consistent with our predictions, we found that B. hypoxanthus was highly suspensory during postural feeding (60.9%) and commonly used tail-hind limb suspension/horizontal tripod (38.0%) or tail-forelimb/hind limb suspension (21.4%). However, although tail-suspensory postures permitted the muriquis to use the terminal canopy and small-sized substrates, these areas were also accessed via tail-assisted above-branch postural behaviors involving multiple substrates. Unexpectedly, tail-suspensory postures were found to be frequently associated with large substrates, tree trunks, and the understory. We suggest that Brachyteles' ability to access food resources from all areas of a feeding tree and from tree crowns at different canopy levels may account for their ability to efficiently exploit food resources in seasonal disturbed forest fragments of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest today.
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Social cliques in male northern muriquis Brachyteles hypoxanthus
Current Zoology, 2012Co-Authors: Marcos Tokuda, Jean P. Boubli, Patrícia Izar, Karen B. StrierAbstract:Analyses of spatial relationships and social interactions provide insights into the social structure of animal societies and the ways in which social preferences among and between dyads affect higher order social relationships. In this paper we de- scribe the patterns of spatial associations and social interactions among adult male northern muriquis in order to evaluate the dy- namics of their social networks above the dyadic levels. Systematic observations were made on the 17 adult males present in a multi-male/multi-female group from April 2004 through February 2005, and in July 2005. Analyses of their spatial relationships identified two distinct male cliques; some adult males (called "N" males) were more connected to the females and immatures than other adult males ("MU" males), which were more connected to one another. Affiliative interactions were significantly higher among dyads belonging to the same clique than to different cliques. Although frequencies of dyadic agonistic interactions were similarly low among individuals within and between cliques, MU males appeared to be subordinate to N males. Nonetheless, there were no significant differences in the copulation rates estimated for MU males and N males. Mutual benefits of cooperation between MU and N cliques in intergroup encounters might explain their ongoing associations in the same mixed-sex group (Cur- rent Zoology 58 (2): 342352, 2012). Keywords Brachyteles hypoxanthus, Male northern muriquis, Social relationship, Social clique, Social network analysis
Theresa R. Pope - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genetic variation in remnant populations of the woolly spider monkey (Brachyteles arachnoides)
International Journal of Primatology, 1998Co-Authors: Theresa R. PopeAbstract:The muriqui or woolly spider monkey (Brachyteles arachnoids) is an endangered primate endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil,
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Sexual dimorphism in canine length of woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides, E. Geoffroy 1806)
International Journal of Primatology, 1993Co-Authors: Theresa R. Pope, Thomas T. Struhsaker, Kenneth E. GlanderAbstract:We measured canine teeth from 28 woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides) to assess sexual dimorphism and population differences. The specimens are from the Brazilian states of Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo. We found strong sexual dimorphism in canine length for individuals belonging to populations south of 22°00′ latitude but no sexual dimorphism in canine length from individuals of populations north of 21°00′ latitude. Canine length did not vary among females of northern and southern populations. However, southern males had significantly longer canines than northern males. This geographical difference in canine morphology, together with the presence or absence of thumbs and published accounts of differences in genetics and social structure between northern and southern populations, suggests thatBrachyteles arachnoides may be composed of at least two subspecies, which appear to be separated by the rivers Grande and Paraiba do Sul and the Serra da Mantiqueira.
Maurício Talebi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phylogeographic evidence for two species of muriqui (genus Brachyteles).
American journal of primatology, 2019Co-Authors: Paulo B. Chaves, Karen B. Strier, Maurício Talebi, Rodrigo Hidalgo Friciello Teixeira, Tielli Magnus, Leandro Jerusalinsky, Paula Breves, Fernanda P. Tabacow, Leandro Marcio Moreira, Robson O E HackAbstract:The taxonomy of muriquis, the largest extant primates in the New World, is controversial. While some specialists argue for a monotypic genus (Brachyteles arachnoides), others favor a two-species classification, splitting northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) from southern muriquis (B. arachnoides). This uncertainty affects how we study the differences between these highly endangered and charismatic primates, as well as the design of more effective conservation programs. To address this issue, between 2003 and 2017 we collected over 230 muriqui fecal samples across the genus' distribution in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, extracted DNA from these samples, and sequenced 423 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. Phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses of our sequence dataset robustly support two reciprocally monophyletic groups corresponding to northern and southern muriquis separated by an average 12.7% genetic distance. The phylogeographic break between these lineages seems to be associated with the Paraiba do Sul River and coincides with the transition between the north and south Atlantic Forest biogeographic zones. Published divergence estimates from whole mitochondrial genomes and nuclear loci date the split between northern and southern muriquis to the Early Pleistocene (ca. 2.0 mya), and our new mtDNA dataset places the coalescence time for each of these two clades near the last interglacial (ca. 120-80 kya). Our results, together with both phenotypic and ecological differences, support recognizing northern and southern muriquis as sister species that should be managed as distinct evolutionarily significant units. Given that only a few thousand muriquis remain in nature, it is imperative that conservation strategies are tailored to protect both species from extinction.
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Fatal toxoplasmosis in a southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) from São Paulo state, Brazil: Pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular characterization.
Journal of medical primatology, 2017Co-Authors: Stéfanie Vanessa Santos, Maurício Talebi, Cristina Takami Kanamura, Hilda Fátima De Jesus Pena, Rodrigo Hidalgo Friciello Teixeira, Josué Díaz-delgado, Solange Maria Gennari, José Luiz Catão-diasAbstract:We report the pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of fatal acute systemic toxoplasmosis in an adult, female, free-living southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) from Sao Paulo state, Brazil. PCR-RFLP genotyping analysis identified the #21 genotype of Toxoplasma gondii. This represents the first report of acute toxoplasmosis involving this genotype in humans and animals.
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Intra-community coalitionary lethal attack of an adult male southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides)
American journal of primatology, 2009Co-Authors: Maurício Talebi, Raone Beltrão-mendes, Phyllis C. LeeAbstract:We report on the first evidence of intra-community coalitionary lethal aggression in muriquis (Brachyteles). The event occurred in southern muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) during a long-term study (>15 years) of two social groups inhabiting mostly pristine Atlantic forest habitat in the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, southern Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The attack took place deep in the core area of the Group Caete home range. Tense agonistic behaviors and vocalizations preceded the lethal coalitionary attack, and the tension increased over a 36–48 hr period. One adult female and two unidentified individuals also took part in a coalition led by six adult males. The members of the coalition collectively approached, embraced, immobilized and repeatedly bit the entire body of an adult male, resulting in severe bleeding injuries and the victim's death in less than 1 hr after the attack commenced. Combined ecological, behavioral and spatial data related to the event indicate that this was an intra-community attack and suggest social tensions related to mating competition as the proximate trigger of the coalitionary killing. The attack resembled those reported for chimpanzees, with clear numeric superiority and a low risk of injury to aggressors, resulting in the death of a lone conspecific victim. This observation (n=1) is suggestive of a capacity for escalated aggression in muriquis and reinforces arguments for the potential adaptive significance of intra-community aggression in male philopatric societies, as reported for spider monkeys and chimpanzees. These characteristics challenge the view of the muriquis as a peaceful primate and support the general hypothesis that imbalances of power contribute to intra-specific killing in primates, such as chimpanzees and humans. Am. J. Primatol. 71:860–867, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Polymorphism of visual pigment genes in the muriqui (Primates, Atelidae)
Molecular ecology, 2005Co-Authors: Maurício Talebi, T. R. Pope, Erin R. Vogel, Maureen Neitz, Nathaniel J. DominyAbstract:Colour vision varies within the family Atelidae (Primates, Platyrrhini), which consists of four genera with the following cladistic relationship: { Alouatta [ Ateles ( Lagothrix and Brachyteles )]}. Spider monkeys ( Ateles ) and woolly monkeys ( Lagothrix ) are characteristic of platyrrhine monkeys in possessing a colour vision polymorphism. The polymorphism results from allelic variation of the single-locus middle-to-long wavelength (M/L) cone opsin gene on the X-chromosome. The presence in the population of alleles coding for different M/L photopigments results in a variety of colour vision phenotypes. Such a polymorphism is absent in howling monkeys ( Alouatta ), which, alone among platyrrhines, acquired uniform trichromatic vision similar to that of Old World monkeys, apes, and humans through opsin gene duplication. Dietary and morphological similarities between howling monkeys and muriquis ( Brachyteles ) raise the possibility that the two genera share a similar form of colour vision, uniform trichromacy. Yet parsimony predicts that the colour vision of Brachyteles will resemble the polymorphism present in Lagothrix and Ateles . Here we test this assumption. We obtained DNA from the blood or faeces of 18 muriquis and sequenced exons 3 and 5 of the M/L opsin gene. Our results affirm the existence of a single M/L cone opsin gene in the genus Brachyteles . We detected three alleles with predicted λ max values of 530, 550, and 562 nm. Two females were heterozygous and are thus predicted to have different types of M/L cone pigment. We discuss the implication of this result towards understanding the evolutionary ecology of trichromatic vision.
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Diet of Southern Muriquis in Continuous Brazilian Atlantic Forest
International Journal of Primatology, 2005Co-Authors: Maurício Talebi, Alexandre Cunha Bastos, Phyllis C. LeeAbstract:We systematically collected data on feeding behavior for one group of 33–39 southern muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) in Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), Sao Paulo State, Brazil (37,432.45 ha of continuous Atlantic Forest), between January and December 1995. We determined food item consumption from instantaneous scans of behavior. Fruits were the most eaten food items in all 12 mo (40–80% of scan in every mo, average = 71.3%). Muriquis ate young leaves more than mature leaves or flowers. Our results are consistent with previous findings at the same and neighboring forest sites that southern muriquis have a consistently frugivorous diet when inhabiting less disturbed habitats, but contrast with previous observations on oppportunistic frugivory in muriqui populations inhabiting fragmented forests. Sustained high levels of frugivory probably result from year-round availability of fruit within large continuous forests.
Kenneth E. Glander - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Capture techniques and morphometrics for the woolly spider monkey, or muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides, E. Geoffroy 1806)
American journal of primatology, 1993Co-Authors: Kenneth E. GlanderAbstract:A total of 12 free-ranging muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) were captured with Telazol® at Fazenda Esmeralda, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and at Fazenda Barreiro Rico, Sao Paulo, Brazil. All animals were measured, marked, weighed, and released. Previously reported data suggested that Brachyteles is a sexually dimorphic species with female-male body weights of 12–15 kg, respectively. We found no statistically significant difference in body weight between females (mean = 8.4 kg, range = 6.9–9.3 kg, n = 4), and males (mean =9.6 kg, range = 9.3–10.2 kg, n = 4). Our results are at variance with previously published body weights in the literature. Larger sample size may reveal a significant sexual difference, particularly in body weight. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Sexual dimorphism in canine length of woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides, E. Geoffroy 1806)
International Journal of Primatology, 1993Co-Authors: Theresa R. Pope, Thomas T. Struhsaker, Kenneth E. GlanderAbstract:We measured canine teeth from 28 woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides) to assess sexual dimorphism and population differences. The specimens are from the Brazilian states of Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo. We found strong sexual dimorphism in canine length for individuals belonging to populations south of 22°00′ latitude but no sexual dimorphism in canine length from individuals of populations north of 21°00′ latitude. Canine length did not vary among females of northern and southern populations. However, southern males had significantly longer canines than northern males. This geographical difference in canine morphology, together with the presence or absence of thumbs and published accounts of differences in genetics and social structure between northern and southern populations, suggests thatBrachyteles arachnoides may be composed of at least two subspecies, which appear to be separated by the rivers Grande and Paraiba do Sul and the Serra da Mantiqueira.
Morris Goodman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Molecular Phylogeny of Ateline New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini, Atelinae) Based on γ-Globin Gene Sequences: Evidence ThatBrachytelesIs the Sister Group ofLagothrix
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 1999Co-Authors: Carla M. Meireles, John Czelusniak, Maria Paula Cruz Schneider, José Augusto Pereira Carneiro Muniz, Maria Do Carmo De Oliveira Brígido, Humberto Soares Ferreira, Morris GoodmanAbstract:Abstract Nucleotide sequences, each spanning ∼7 kb of the contiguous γ1and γ2globin genomic loci, were determined for seven species representing all extant genera (Ateles, Lagothrix, Brachyteles,andAlouatta) of the New World monkey subfamily Atelinae. After aligning these seven ateline sequences with outgroup sequences from several other primate (non-ateline) genera, they were analyzed by maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and neighbor-joining algorithms. All three analyzes estimated the same phylogenetic relationships: {Alouatta[Ateles(Brachyteles, Lagothrix)]}.BrachytelesandLagothrixare sister-groups supported by 100% of bootstrap replications in the parsimony analyses.Atelesjoins this clade, followed by the basal genusAlouatta;these joinings were strongly supported, again with 100% bootstrap values. This cladistic pattern for the four ateline genera is congruent with that obtained in previous studies utilizing ϵ-globin, IRBP, and G6PD nuclear genomic sequences as well as mitochondrial COII sequences. Because the number of aligned nucleotide positions is much larger in the present dataset than in any of these other datasets, much stronger support was obtained for the cladistic classification that divides subfamily Atelinae into tribes Alouattini (Alouatta) and Atelini, while the latter divides into subtribes Atelina (Ateles) and Brachytelina (BrachytelesandLagothrix).
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DNA Evidence on the Phylogenetic Systematics of New World Monkeys: Support for the Sister-Grouping of Cebus and Saimiri from Two Unlinked Nuclear Genes
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 1995Co-Authors: M.l. Harada, John Czelusniak, Harald Schneider, Iracilda Sampaio, Maria Paula Cruz Schneider, Morris GoodmanAbstract:Abstract Previous inferences from ϵ-globin gene sequences on cladistic relationships among the 16 extant genera of Ceboidea (the New World monkeys) were tested by strength of grouping and bootstrap values for the clades in the most parsimonious trees found: for this epsilon data set enlarged with additional Cebus and Saimiri orthologues; for another nuclear DNA sequence data set consisting of IRBP (interstitial retinol-binding protein gene) intron 1 orthologues; and for tandemly combined epsilon and IRBP sequences. Different ceboid species of the same genus always grouped strongly together as demonstrated by results on Cebus (capuchin monkeys), Saimiri (squirrel monkeys), Callicebus (titi monkeys), Aotus (night monkeys), Ateles (spider monkeys), and Alouatta (howler monkeys). Other strong groupings that could be represented as monophyletic taxa in a cladistic classification were: Cebuella (pygmy marmoset) and Callithrix (marmoset) into subtribe Callitrichina; Callitrichina, Callimico (Goeldi′s monkey), Leontopithecus (lion tamarin), and Saguinus (tamarin) into subfamily Callitrichinae; Callitrichinae, Aotus , Cebus , and Saimiri into family Cebidae; Cacajao (uakari monkey) and Chiropotes (saki) into subtribe Chiropotina; Chiropotina and Pithecia (bearded saki) into tribe Pitheciini; Pitheciini and Callicebus into subfamily Pitheciinae; Brachyteles (woolly spider monkey), Lagothrix (woolly monkey), and Ateles into tribe Atelini; and Atelini and Alouatta into subfamily Atelinae. In addition the ϵ and IRBP results congruently grouped (but at lesser strengths) Brachyteles and Lagothrix into subtribe Brachytelina within Atelini, and also Cebus and Saimiri into subfamily Cebinae within Cebidae. Because the IRBP results weakly grouped Pitheciinae with Cebidae, whereas the epsilon results weakly grouped Pitheciinae with Atelinae, the present evidence is best represented in an interim cladistic classification of ceboids by dividing the superfamily Ceboidea into three families: Atelidae, Pitheciidae, and Cebidae.
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Molecular Phylogeny of the New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates)
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 1993Co-Authors: Harald Schneider, M.l. Harada, John Czelusniak, Iracilda Sampaio, Maria Paula Cruz Schneider, Michael J Stanhope, Morris GoodmanAbstract:Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among the 16 extant genera of Ceboidea (the New World monkeys) were examined using aligned ϵ-globin gene sequences from 19 New World monkeys (representing all 16 extant ceboid genera), and seven catarrhines (one Old World monkey and six hominoids) and tarsier as the outgroups. The consensus maximum parsimony tree found for these ϵ-globin sequences and the levels of support from parsimony and bootstrap analyses, for the clades in this tree, provided strong evidence for a cladistic classification with the following clusters. Subtribes Callitrichina ( Callithrix , Cebuella ), Callimiconina ( Callimico ), Leontopithecina ( Leontopithecus ), and Saguina ( Saguinus ) constitute subfamily Callitrichinae, and subfamilies Callitrichinae, Aotinae (Aotus), Saimiriinae ( Saimiri ), and Cebinae ( Cebus ) constitute family Cebidae. In turn, subtribes Chiropotina ( Chiropotes , Cacajao ) and Pitheciina ( Pithecia ) constitute tribe Pithecini, tribes Pitheciini and Callicebini ( Callicebus ) constitute subfamily Pitheciinae, tribes Atelini (Brachyteles, Lagothrix, Ateles) and Alouattini ( Alouatta ) constitute subfamily Atelinae, and subfamilies Pitheciinae and Atelinae constitute family Atelidae. The two families (Cebidae and Atelidae) constitute the Ceboidea, the only extant superfamily of infraorder Platyrrhini. The sister-group relationships of Brachyteles and Lagothrix , Saguinus and Leontopithecus , and Callimico with a Cebuella / Callithrix clade is not as well supported by the parsimony and bootstrap analyses. Therefore, these relationships are not incorporated in the proposed cladistic classification. On determining branch lengths for the ceboid phylogenetic tree from only the more freely evolving noncoding sequences at the ϵ-globin locus and taking the reference age of 35 million years ago (MYA) for the New World monkey-catarrhine branch point, we estimated the age of the atelid-cebid branch point as about 20 MYA, and the ages of the next branch points, those between the sub-families in each family, as 19-16 MYA.