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Tom Duckett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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3d vision based detection localization and sizing of Broccoli heads in the field
Journal of Field Robotics, 2017Co-Authors: Keerthy Kusumam, Tomáš Krajník, Simon Pearson, Tom Duckett, Grzegorz CielniakAbstract:This paper describes a 3D vision system for robotic harvesting of Broccoli using low-cost RGB-D sensors, which was developed and evaluated using sensory data collected under real-world field conditions in both the UK and Spain. The presented method addresses the tasks of detecting mature Broccoli heads in the field and providing their 3D locations relative to the vehicle. The paper evaluates different 3D features, machine learning, and temporal filtering methods for detection of Broccoli heads. Our experiments show that a combination of Viewpoint Feature Histograms, Support Vector Machine classifier, and a temporal filter to track the detected heads results in a system that detects Broccoli heads with high precision. We also show that the temporal filtering can be used to generate a 3D map of the Broccoli head positions in the field. Additionally, we present methods for automatically estimating the size of the Broccoli heads, to determine when a head is ready for harvest. All of the methods were evaluated using ground-truth data from both the UK and Spain, which we also make available to the research community for subsequent algorithm development and result comparison. Cross-validation of the system trained on the UK dataset on the Spanish dataset, and vice versa, indicated good generalization capabilities of the system, confirming the strong potential of low-cost 3D imaging for commercial Broccoli harvesting.
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IROS - Can you pick a Broccoli? 3D-vision based detection and localisation of Broccoli heads in the field
2016 IEEE RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2016Co-Authors: Keerthy Kusumam, Tomáš Krajník, Simon Pearson, Grzegorz Cielniak, Tom DuckettAbstract:This paper presents a 3D vision system for robotic harvesting of Broccoli using low-cost RGB-D sensors. The presented method addresses the tasks of detecting mature Broccoli heads in the field and providing their 3D locations relative to the vehicle. The paper evaluates different 3D features, machine learning and temporal filtering methods for detection of Broccoli heads. Our experiments show that a combination of Viewpoint Feature Histograms, Support Vector Machine classifier and a temporal filter to track the detected heads results in a system that detects Broccoli heads with 95.2% precision. We also show that the temporal filtering can be used to generate a 3D map of the Broccoli head positions in the field.
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Can you pick a Broccoli? 3D-vision based detection and localisation of Broccoli heads in the field
2016 IEEE RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2016Co-Authors: Keerthy Kusumam, Tomáš Krajník, Simon Pearson, Grzegorz Cielniak, Tom DuckettAbstract:This paper presents a 3D vision system for robotic harvesting of Broccoli using low-cost RGB-D sensors. The presented method addresses the tasks of detecting mature Broccoli heads in the field and providing their 3D locations relative to the vehicle. The paper evaluates different 3D features, machine learning and temporal filtering methods for detection of Broccoli heads. Our experiments show that a combination of Viewpoint Feature Histograms, Support Vector Machine classifier and a temporal filter to track the detected heads results in a system that detects Broccoli heads with 95.2% precision. We also show that the temporal filtering can be used to generate a 3D map of the Broccoli head positions in the field.
Elizabeth H. Jeffery - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Lightly Cooked Broccoli Is as Effective as Raw Broccoli in Mitigating Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice
Nutrients, 2018Co-Authors: Yanling Wang, Elizabeth H. Jeffery, Matthew A. Wallig, Michael J. Miller, Yuanfeng WuAbstract:Dietary Broccoli is anti-inflammatory. Past studies have typically investigated raw Broccoli, even though most consumers prefer cooked Broccoli, where the plant myrosinase is inactivated by heat, resulting in failure of formation of the anti-inflammatory bioactive compound sulforaphane (SF). This study compareed efficacy of lightly cooked Broccoli (CB) containing greatly diminished myrosinase activity, with raw Broccoli (RB), in mitigating colitis in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed for two weeks on a 10% RB, 10% CB or control diet, all based on the AIN-93M diet. Half (n = 9) of each group received drinking water, half received 2.5% DSS in water for one week, starting from Day 7 of the diet. Even with far less plant myrosinase activity, CB was essentially as effective as RB in lessening damage by DSS, evidenced by decreased disease activity index, attenuated colon length shrinkage, less endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) leakage into blood, and less severe colon lesions as assessed by histopathology. mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines indicated that Broccoli anti-inflammatory action may be through inhibition of the IL-6 trans-signaling pathway, as evidenced by reversal of the DSS-increased expression of IL-6, CCR2 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1).
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Sulforaphane Absorption and Excretion Following Ingestion of a Semi-Purified Broccoli Powder Rich in Glucoraphanin and Broccoli Sprouts in Healthy Men
Nutrition and Cancer, 2011Co-Authors: Jenna M. Cramer, Elizabeth H. JefferyAbstract:Sulforaphane (SF) is a chemopreventive isothiocyanate (ITC) derived from the myrosinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of glucoraphanin, a thioglucoside present in Broccoli. Broccoli supplements often contain glucoraphanin but lack myrosinase, putting in question their ability to provide dietary SF. This study compared the relative absorption of SF from air-dried Broccoli sprouts rich in myrosinase and a glucoraphanin-rich Broccoli powder lacking myrosinase, individually and in combination. Subjects (n = 4) each consumed 4 meals consisting of dry cereal and yogurt with 2 g sprouts, 2 g powder, both, or neither. Blood and urine were analyzed for SF metabolites. The 24 h urinary SF recovery was 74%, 49%, and 19% of the dose ingested from Broccoli sprouts, combination, and Broccoli powder meals, respectively. Urinary and plasma ITC appearance was delayed from the Broccoli powder compared to the sprouts and combination. A liver function panel indicated no toxicity from any treatment at 24 h. These data indicate a delay...
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physiological effects of Broccoli consumption
Phytochemistry Reviews, 2009Co-Authors: Elizabeth H. Jeffery, Marcela ArayaAbstract:Epidemiological studies suggest that Broccoli can decrease risk for cancer. Broccoli contains many bioactives, including vitamins C and E, quercetin and kaempferol glycosides and, like other members of the Brassicaceae, several glucosinolates, including glucobrassicin (3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate) and glucoraphanin (4-methylsulphinylbutyl glucosinolate). A key bioactive component responsible for much of this activity may be sulforaphane (1-isothiocyanato-4-methylsulfinylbutane), a hydrolysis product of glucoraphanin. Sulforaphane not only upregulates a number of phase II detoxification enzymes involved in clearance of chemical carcinogens and reactive oxygen species, but has anti-tumorigenic properties, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells. The bioequivalency of sulforaphane and whole Broccoli have not been fully evaluated, leaving it unclear whether whole Broccoli provides a similar effect to purified sulforaphane, or whether the presence of other components in Broccoli, such as indole-3-carbinol from glucobrassicin, is an added health benefit. Dietary indole-3-carbinol is known to alter estrogen metabolism, to cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells and, in animals, to decrease risk for breast cancer. Recent research suggests that both dietary Broccoli and the individual components sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol may offer protection from a far broader array of diseases than cancer, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. A common link between these oxidative degenerative diseases and cancer may be aggravation by inflammation. A small body of literature is forming suggesting that both indole-3-carbinol and sulforaphane may protect against inflammation, inhibiting cytokine production. It remains to be seen whether cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementia and other diseases of aging can all benefit from a diet rich in Broccoli and other crucifers.
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heating decreases epithiospecifier protein activity and increases sulforaphane formation in Broccoli
Phytochemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Nathan V Matusheski, John A Juvik, Elizabeth H. JefferyAbstract:Sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate from Broccoli, is one of the most potent food-derived anticarcinogens. This compound is not present in the intact vegetable, rather it is formed from its glucosinolate precursor, glucoraphanin, by the action of myrosinase, a thioglucosidase enzyme, when Broccoli tissue is crushed or chewed. However, a number of studies have demonstrated that sulforaphane yield from glucoraphanin is low, and that a non-bioactive nitrile analog, sulforaphane nitrile, is the primary hydrolysis product when plant tissue is crushed at room temperature. Recent evidence suggests that in Arabidopsis, nitrile formation from glucosinolates is controlled by a heat-sensitive protein, epithiospecifier protein (ESP), a non-catalytic cofactor of myrosinase. Our objectives were to examine the effects of heating Broccoli florets and sprouts on sulforaphane and sulforaphane nitrile formation, to determine if Broccoli contains ESP activity, then to correlate heat-dependent changes in ESP activity, sulforaphane content and bioactivity, as measured by induction of the phase II detoxification enzyme quinone reductase (QR) in cell culture. Heating fresh Broccoli florets or Broccoli sprouts to 60 °C prior to homogenization simultaneously increased sulforaphane formation and decreased sulforaphane nitrile formation. A significant loss of ESP activity paralleled the decrease in sulforaphane nitrile formation. Heating to 70 °C and above decreased the formation of both products in Broccoli florets, but not in Broccoli sprouts. The induction of QR in cultured mouse hepatoma Hepa lclc7 cells paralleled increases in sulforaphane formation.
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Effects of Different Processing Methods on Induction of Quinone Reductase by Dietary Broccoli in Rats
Journal of Medicinal Food, 2004Co-Authors: Eun Sun Hwang, Elizabeth H. JefferyAbstract:Broccoli belongs to a group of cruciferous vegetables characterized by its content of glucosinolates, secondary metabolites that, upon hydrolysis, release bioactive isothiocyanates (ITCs). Sulforaphane, the major ITC from Broccoli, is believed to protect the body from cancer by induction of detoxification enzymes such as quinone reductase (QR). Sulforaphane provides powerful protection against carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, and other forms of toxicity by electrophiles and reactive forms of oxygen. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of processing methods on the ability of Broccoli to induce QR in various rat tissues. Male F344 rats (four per group) received an AIN 76B-40 diet containing either 0% or 20% Broccoli processed by different methods (dehydrated, freeze-dried, or freeze-dried and hydrolyzed) for 5 days. Colon tissues of rats receiving dehydrated, freeze-dried, and hydrolyzed Broccoli diets showed QR induction of 9.1-, 10.5-, and 6.4-fold, respectively. Induction of QR by dehydr...
Emily Ho - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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bioavailability and inter conversion of sulforaphane and erucin in human subjects consuming Broccoli sprouts or Broccoli supplement in a cross over study design
Pharmacological Research, 2011Co-Authors: John D Clarke, Ken M Riedl, Deborah Bella, Steven J Schwartz, Jan F Stevens, Emily HoAbstract:Abstract Broccoli consumption may reduce the risk of various cancers and many Broccoli supplements are now available. The bioavailability and excretion of the mercapturic acid pathway metabolites isothiocyanates after human consumption of Broccoli supplements has not been tested. Two important isothiocyanates from Broccoli are sulforaphane and erucin. We employed a cross-over study design in which 12 subjects consumed 40 g of fresh Broccoli sprouts followed by a 1 month washout period and then the same 12 subjects consumed 6 pills of a Broccoli supplement. As negative controls for isothiocyanate consumption four additional subjects consumed alfalfa sprouts during the first phase and placebo pills during the second. Blood and urine samples were collected for 48 h during each phase and analyzed for sulforaphane and erucin metabolites using LC–MS/MS. The bioavailability of sulforaphane and erucin is dramatically lower when subjects consume Broccoli supplements compared to fresh Broccoli sprouts. The peaks in plasma concentrations and urinary excretion were also delayed when subjects consumed the Broccoli supplement. GSTP1 polymorphisms did not affect the metabolism or excretion of sulforaphane or erucin. Sulforaphane and erucin are able to interconvert in vivo and this interconversion is consistent within each subject but variable between subjects. This study confirms that consumption of Broccoli supplements devoid of myrosinase activity does not produce equivalent plasma concentrations of the bioactive isothiocyanate metabolites compared to Broccoli sprouts. This has implications for people who consume the recommended serving size (1 pill) of a Broccoli supplement and believe they are getting equivalent doses of isothiocyanates.
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Comparison of isothiocyanate metabolite levels and histone deacetylase activity in human subjects consuming Broccoli sprouts or Broccoli supplement.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2011Co-Authors: John D Clarke, Ken M Riedl, Deborah Bella, Steven J Schwartz, Jan F Stevens, Emily HoAbstract:Increased consumption of cruciferous vegetables such as Broccoli may reduce the risk of various cancers. Myrosinase is required to convert dietary glucosinolates from Broccoli into bioactive isothiocyanates. We evaluated isothiocyanate excretion profiles in healthy subjects who consumed Broccoli sprouts or Broccoli supplement (no myrosinase) with equivalent glucosinolate content. Urinary metabolites of two major isothiocyanates, sulforaphane and erucin, were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Peak excretion of sulforaphane and erucin was higher and occurred sooner in subjects who consumed Broccoli sprouts as compared to subjects who consumed the supplement. A subject-dependent shift in the ratio of urinary sulforaphane to erucin metabolites was observed in both groups, indicating conversion of sulforaphane to erucin. Lower histone deacetylase activity was observed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells only in subjects consuming sprouts. Fresh Broccoli sprouts diff...
John W Finley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cultivation conditions and selenium fertilization alter the phenolic profile glucosinolate and sulforaphane content of Broccoli
Journal of Medicinal Food, 2005Co-Authors: Rebecca J Robbins, Annasigrid Keck, Gary Banuelos, John W FinleyAbstract:Broccoli is a food often consumed for its potential health-promoting properties. The health benefits of Broccoli are partly associated with secondary plant compounds that have bioactivity; glucosin...
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Phytochemicals in Broccoli transcriptionally induce thioredoxin reductase
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005Co-Authors: Korry J Hintze, Karl A. Wald, John W FinleyAbstract:Previous studies have demonstrated transcriptional induction of thioredoxin reductase (TR) by sulforaphane (SF) purified from Broccoli; the mechanism of induction is via an antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter region of the gene. The purpose of the present study was to further characterize the induction of TR by compounds in Broccoli and to determine if SF is the primary compound responsible for this induction. Aqueous extracts were made from Broccoli with low or high concentrations of selenium (Se) and/or SF and tested in a TR/luciferase reporter gene system in cultured cells. Phenolic acids commonly found in Broccoli (sinapic, caffeic, ferulic, and protocatechuic) and ascorbic acid were also tested. At SF concentrations of ≤2 μM, Broccoli extracts and purified SF activated transcription equally well, but 4 μM SF in Broccoli extracts resulted in almost twice as much induction as 4 μM purified SF (P < 0.05). All Broccoli extracts significantly increased TR and quinone reductase activity rela...
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Reduction of Cancer Risk by Consumption of Selenium-Enriched Plants: Enrichment of Broccoli with Selenium Increases the Anticarcinogenic Properties of Broccoli
Journal of Medicinal Food, 2003Co-Authors: John W FinleyAbstract:Plant-based diets and phytochemicals present in plants are associated with decreased risk of cancer. Brassica species, and Broccoli in particular, are associated with reduced risk of several important cancers. Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient that is covalently bound in a number of different chemical forms found in plants. Broccoli accumulates Se many-fold beyond the concentration of Se in the soil, and the chemical form of Se in Broccoli is similar to the chemical form in high-Se garlic, a food with unique chemoprotective properties. Se from Broccoli grown to accumulate more than 500 µg Se/g did not accumulate in rat tissues or increase glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity to the same extent as Se salts or seleno-amino acids. Se from high-Se Broccoli decreased the incidence of aberrant crypts in rats with chemically induced colon cancer by more than 50%, compared with controls. Se from high-Se Broccoli also decreased the incidence of mammary tumors in rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthrac...
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cancer protective properties of high selenium Broccoli
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2001Co-Authors: John W Finley, Clement Ip, Donald J Lisk, Cindy D Davis, Korry J Hintze, Phil D WhangerAbstract:Selenium (Se) from high-Se garlic reduces the incidence of chemically induced mammary tumors, and Se from high-Se Broccoli reduces colon cancer. However, the ability of Se from high-Se Broccoli to protect against mammary cancer has not been tested. Also, the sprout form of Broccoli contains many secondary plant compounds that are known to reduce cancer risk, but the anticarcinogenic activity of Broccoli sprouts has not been investigated. The present studies examined the ability of high-Se Broccoli or high-Se Broccoli sprouts to protect against chemically induced mammary or colon cancer. In one experiment, Sprague−Dawley rats that consumed diets containing 3.0 μg of Se/g supplied as high-Se Broccoli had significantly fewer mammary tumors than rats fed 0.1 μg of Se as selenite with or without the addition of regular Broccoli. In the second experiment, Fisher F-344 rats fed 2.0 μg of Se/g of diet supplied as either high-Se Broccoli florets or high-Se Broccoli sprouts had significantly fewer aberrant colon cr...
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selenium from high selenium Broccoli protects rats from colon cancer
Journal of Nutrition, 2000Co-Authors: John W Finley, Cindy D Davis, Yi FengAbstract:Colon cancer is the third most common newly diagnosed cancer in the United States and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Previous supplementation studies have demonstrated the efficacy of selenium (Se) for prevention of colon cancer in humans. The metabolism of Se depends on its chemical form, and studies have shown that the chemical form of Se in Broccoli does not accumulate in the body as fast as other forms of Se and may be especially beneficial for prevention of cancer. In the first experiment of the present study, Fisher F-344 rats (n 5 45) were allotted randomly to torula yeast- based diets supplemented with the following: 1) no Se; 2) 0.1 mg Se/g diet as selenate; 3) 1.0 mg Se/g diet as selenate; 4) 0.1 mg Se/g diet as selenized Broccoli (Se concentration of ;500 mg/g); or 5) 1.0 mg Se/g diet as selenized Broccoli. In Experiment 2, rats (n 5 80) were allotted randomly to the same basal diet supplemented with the following: 1) no added Se; 2) 2.0 mg Se/g diet as selenite; 3) 2.0 mg Se/g diet as selenite 1 low Se Broccoli; and 4) 2.0 mg Se/g diet as selenized Broccoli. Rats were fed the diets for 2 wk and injected with a chemical carcinogen (3,2 dimethyl 4-amino biphenyl or dimethyl-hydrazine in Experiment 1 or dimethyl hydrazine in Experiment 2; 2 rats/treatment were used as vehicle controls). Supranu- tritional amounts of Se supplied as high Se Broccoli significantly decreased (P , 0.05) the incidence of aberrant crypts (AC) and aberrant crypt foci (ACF; preneoplastic lesions indicative of colon cancer) compared with other dietary treatments. Diets were controlled for the presence or absence of Broccoli and for the total amount of Se. The reduction in AC and ACF was a function of Se in high Se Broccoli and not a result of Broccoli alone or Se alone. Adequate dietary Se supplied as high Se Broccoli did not accumulate in tissues or increase glutathione peroxidase activity as well as other forms and amounts of Se. Thus, Se from high Se Broccoli may be metabolized in a manner that diverts much of the Se into a pool that provides protection against colon cancer. J. Nutr. 130: 2384 -2389, 2000.
Richard Mithen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a diet rich in high glucoraphanin Broccoli interacts with genotype to reduce discordance in plasma metabolite profiles by modulating mitochondrial function
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2013Co-Authors: Charlotte N Armah, Maria Traka, Jack R Dainty, Marianne Defernez, Astrid Janssens, Wing Leung, Joanne F Doleman, John F Potter, Richard MithenAbstract:Background: Observational and experimental studies suggest that diets rich in cruciferous vegetables and glucosinolates may reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Objective: We tested the hypothesis that a 12-wk dietary intervention with high-glucoraphanin (HG) Broccoli would modify biomarkers of CVD risk and plasma metabolite profiles to a greater extent than interventions with standard Broccoli or peas. Design: Subjects were randomly assigned to consume 400 g standard Broccoli, 400 g HG Broccoli, or 400 g peas each week for 12 wk, with no other dietary restrictions. Biomarkers of CVD risk and 347 plasma metabolites were quantified before and after the intervention. Results: No significant differences in the effects of the diets on biomarkers of CVD risk were found. Multivariate analyses of plasma metabolites identified 2 discrete phenotypic responses to diet in individuals within the HG Broccoli arm, differentiated by single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the PAPOLG gene. Univariate analysis showed effects of sex (P < 0.001), PAPOLG genotype (P < 0.001), and PAPOLG genotype × diet (P < 0.001) on the plasma metabolic profile. In the HG Broccoli arm, the consequence of the intervention was to reduce variation in lipid and amino acid metabolites, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, and acylcarnitines between the 2 PAPOLG genotypes. Conclusions: The metabolic changes observed with the HG Broccoli diet are consistent with a rebalancing of anaplerotic and cataplerotic reactions and enhanced integration of fatty acid β-oxidation with TCA cycle activity. These modifications may contribute to the reduction in cancer risk associated with diets that are rich in cruciferous vegetables. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01114399.
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isothiocyanate concentrations and interconversion of sulforaphane to erucin in human subjects after consumption of commercial frozen Broccoli compared to fresh Broccoli
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2012Co-Authors: Shikha Saha, David A Barrett, Richard Mithen, Wendy J Hollands, Birgit Teucher, Paul W Needs, Arjan Narbad, Catharine A Ortori, John T Rossiter, Paul A KroonAbstract:cope Sulforaphane (a potent anticarcinogenic isothiocyanate derived from glucoraphanin) is widely considered responsible for the protective effects of Broccoli consumption. Broccoli is typically purchased fresh or frozen and cooked before consumption. We compared the bioavailability and metabolism of sulforaphane from portions of lightly cooked fresh or frozen Broccoli, and investigated the bioconversion of sulforaphane to erucin. Methods and results Eighteen healthy volunteers consumed Broccoli soups produced from fresh or frozen Broccoli florets that had been lightly cooked and sulforaphane thio-conjugates quantified in plasma and urine. Sulforaphane bioavailability was about tenfold higher for the soups made from fresh compared to frozen Broccoli, and the reduction was shown to be due to destruction of myrosinase activity by the commercial blanching-freezing process. Sulforaphane appeared in plasma and urine in its free form and as several thio-conjugates forms. Erucin N-acetyl-cysteine conjugate was a significant urinary metabolite, and it was shown that human gut microflora can produce sulforaphane, erucin, and their nitriles from glucoraphanin. Conclusion The short period of blanching used to produce commercial frozen Broccoli destroys myrosinase and substantially reduces sulforaphane bioavailability. Sulforaphane was converted to erucin and excreted in urine, and it was shown that human colonic flora were capable of this conversion.
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glutathione s transferase m1 polymorphism and metabolism of sulforaphane from standard and high glucosinolate Broccoli
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005Co-Authors: Amy V Gasper, Ahmed Aljanobi, Julie A Smith, James R Bacon, Paul Fortun, Clare T Atherton, Moira A Taylor, C J Hawkey, David A Barrett, Richard MithenAbstract:Background: Broccoli consumption is associated with a reduction in the risk of cancer, particularly in persons with a functional glutathione S-transferase M1 allele, as opposed rotrose whose GSTM1 gene has been deleted. Sulforaphane, the major isothiocyanate derived from 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate, is thought to be the main agent conferring protection. Objective: We compared sulforaphane metabolism in GSTM1-null andGSTM1-positivesubjectsaftertheyconsumedstandardBroccoli and high-glucosinolate Broccoli (super Broccoli). Design: Sixteen subjects were recruited into a randomized, 3-phase crossover dietary trial of standard Broccoli, super Broccoli, and water.Liquidchromatographylinkedtotandemmassspectrometrywas used to quantify sulforaphane and its thiol conjugates in plasma and urine. Results: GSTM1-null subjects had slightly higher, but statistically significant, areas under the curve for sulforaphane metabolite concentrations in plasma, a greater rate of urinary excretion of sulforaphane metabolites during the first 6 h after Broccoli consumption, and a higher percentage of sulforaphane excretion 24 h after ingestion than did GSTM1-positive subjects. Consumption of highglucosinolate Broccoli led to a 3-fold greater increase in the areas under the curve and maximum concentrations of sulforaphane metabolites in plasma, a greater rate of urinary excretion of sulforaphanemetabolitesduringthefirst6hafterconsumption,andalower percentage of sulforaphane excretion after its ingestion than did the consumption of standard Broccoli. Conclusions: GSTM1 genotypes have a significant effect on the metabolism of sulforaphane derived from standard or highglucosinolate Broccoli. It is possible that the difference in metabolism may explain the greater protection that GSTM1-positive persons gain from consuming Broccoli. The potential consequences of consuming glucosinolate-enriched Broccoli for GSTM1-null and -positive persons are discussed. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82: 1283–91.
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development of isothiocyanate enriched Broccoli and its enhanced ability to induce phase 2 detoxification enzymes in mammalian cells
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2003Co-Authors: Richard Mithen, Kathy Faulkner, Ruth Magrath, P Rose, Gary Williamson, Julietta MarquezAbstract:Broccoli florets contain low levels of 3-methylsuphinylpropyl and 4-methylsulphinylbutyl glucosinolates. Following tissue disruption, these glucosinolates are hydrolysed to the corresponding isothiocyanates (ITCs), which have been associated with anticarcinogenic activity through a number of physiological mechanisms including the induction of phase II detoxification enzymes and apoptosis. In this paper, we describe the development of ITC-enriched Broccoli through the introgression of three small segments of the genome of Brassica villosa, a wild relative of Broccoli, each containing a quantitative trait locus (QTL), into a Broccoli genetic background, via marker-assisted selection and analysis of glucosinolates in the florets of backcross populations. Epistatic and heterotic effects of these QTLs are described. The ITC-enriched Broccoli had 80-times the ability to induce quinone reductase (a standard assay of phase II induction potential) when compared to standard commercial Broccoli, due both to an increase in the precursor glucosinolates and a greater conversion of these into ITCs.
