The Experts below are selected from a list of 243 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Alberto Martilli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
impacts of projected urban expansion and global warming on cooling Energy demand over a semiarid region
Atmospheric Science Letters, 2017Co-Authors: Mukul Tewari, Francisco Salamanca, Alberto Martilli, Lloyd A Treinish, Alex MahalovAbstract:Large impacts of global warming and urbanization on near-surface air temperature increase and cooling Energy demand are expected for the American Southwest region. The relative importance of these two features and their interactions are studied by means of a mesoscale Model with a multilayer Building Energy Model that allows accounting for the feedback between cooling Energy consumption and air temperature for a typical summer period in Arizona. This approach allows to separate the impact of global warming from the one due to urbanization, on Energy demand and air temperature. Under the highest greenhouse gas emissions scenario (RCP8.5), adverse effects on mean air temperature of global warming overwhelm those from the urbanization of new areas. In particular, the mean temperature increase for a summer period due to global warming and urban expansion in the Phoenix metropolitan area is 3.6 °C and in the Tucson metropolitan area, it is 3.1 °C. These result in an increase in the spatial density of the cooling Energy demand (MW km−2) by 36.2 and 42.6% in the respective regions compared to present consumption. The citywide cooling Energy demand (MW) on the other hand, is expected to increase up to a factor two (Phoenix) and three (Tucson), with ∼75% of this increase due to urban expansion, and ∼25% due to global warming.
-
impact of land surface heterogeneity on urban heat island circulation and sea land breeze circulation in hong kong
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2017Co-Authors: Alberto Martilli, Estatio Gutierrez, Y Wang, S Di Sabatino, Man Sing Wong, P W ChanAbstract:Hong Kong is one of the most high-rise and highly compact cities in the world. The urban land surface is highly heterogeneous, which creates low-level convergence zones in urban areas, particularly the Kowloon Peninsula. The low-level convergence zone is due to the combined effect of urban heat island circulation (UHIC) and sea-land breeze circulation (SLBC) under weak northeasterly synoptic flow. To study the impacts of anthropogenic fluxes and built-up areas on the local circulation, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale Model is combined with the multilayer urban canopy Building effect parameterization/Building Energy Model (BEP/BEM) parameterization to produce a 3 day simulation of an air pollution episode in Hong Kong in September 2012. To better represent the city land surface features, Building information is assimilated in the central part of the Kowloon Peninsula. The WRF-BEP-BEM Model captures the 2 m temperature distribution and local wind rotation reasonably well but overestimates the 10 m wind speed with a mean bias error of 0.70 m/s. A dome-shaped feature with a high level of moisture is captured in the convergence zones due to intensified UHIC and inflowing SLBC. The anthropogenic heat increases the air temperature by around 0.3°C up to 250 m, which in turn modifies the SLBC. A new drag coefficient based on λP, plan area per unit ground area, is tested. Besides the basic physical characteristics captured by the WRF-BEP-BEM Model, the stagnation of wind in the lower level convergence zone is better captured by this approach than by the traditional constant value coefficient.
-
wudapt an efficient land use producing data tool for mesoscale Models integration of urban lcz in wrf over madrid
urban climate, 2016Co-Authors: Oscar Brousse, Alberto Martilli, Michael Foley, Gerald Mills, Benjamin BechtelAbstract:Abstract Nowadays, the absence of suitable data that describes the urban landscape in climate relevant terms for climatic Models is a significant impediment to progress, even if the physics that underpins these Models is universal. To address this data gap the World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) project focuses on creating a global database on cities suited for urban climate studies. The first phase of WUDAPT has established a protocol using the Local Climate Zones classification system to partition the urban landscape of cities into neighbourhood types that can inform parameter selection in Model applications. In this paper, we explore the potential of these data for use in the application of the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) Model, which incorporates Building Effect Parameterization and Building Energy Model (BEP-BEM) schemes. The test is conducted for Madrid (Spain) during winter and summer and the results of using LCZ derived data are compared with those using CORINE land-cover data. The results are indicative but show that the LCZ scheme improves Model performance. The paper emphasizes the need for further work to extend the value of these Models for decisions on urban planning. However, such work will need useful urban data to make progress.
-
on the anthropogenic heat fluxes using an air conditioning evaporative cooling parameterization for mesoscale urban canopy Models
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering-transactions of The Asme, 2015Co-Authors: Estatio Gutierrez, Alberto Martilli, Jorge E Gonzalez, Robert BornsteinAbstract:An air conditioning evaporative cooling parameterization was implemented in a Building effect parameterization/Building Energy Model (BEP + BEM) to calculate the magnitude of the anthropogenic sensible and latent heat fluxes from Buildings released to the atmosphere. The new heat flux formulation was tested in New York City (NYC) for the summer of 2010. Evaporative cooling technology diminishes between 80% and 90% of the anthropogenic sensible heat from air conditioning systems by transforming it into latent heat in commercial (COMM) areas over NYC. Average 2-m air temperature is reduced by 0.8 °C, while relative humidity is increased by 3% when cooling towers (CTs) are introduced. Additionally, CTs introduce stable atmospheric conditions in the urban canopy layer reducing turbulence production particularly during dry days.
-
a mechanical drag coefficient formulation and urban canopy parameter assimilation technique for complex urban environments
Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2015Co-Authors: Estatio Gutierrez, Alberto Martilli, Jose Luis Santiago, Jorge E GonzalezAbstract:A mechanical drag coefficient formulation was implemented into the Building Effect Parameterization + Building Energy Model system coupled with the mesoscale Weather Research Forecasting Model to improve the representation of the wind speed in complex urban environments. Previously, this formulation had been assessed only against spatially-averaged results from computational fluid dynamical simulations in idealized urban configurations. The main objective is to evaluate its performance over a real city. The introduction of a drag coefficient that varies with the Building plan-area fraction increases the accuracy of the mesoscale Model in predicting surface wind speed in complex urban environments (i.e. New York City) particularly in areas with tall Buildings. Additionally, a methodology to implement local Building information and a new land-cover land-use distribution is proposed that improves the representation of the urban morphology.
Alain Clappier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
on the impact of anthropogenic heat fluxes on the urban boundary layer a two dimensional numerical study
Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2010Co-Authors: Andrea Krpo, Francisco Salamanca, Alberto Martilli, Alain ClappierAbstract:The heat generated in Buildings and the manner in which this heat is exchanged with the ambient environment can play an important role in urban climate. Recent studies have shown that anthropogenic heat from air-conditioning facilities can increase the exterior ambient temperature and should be taken into account for a more complete urban heat island (UHI) mitigation study. For this purpose, the first part of the present work is focused on the coupling of a new Building Energy Model (BEM) and an urban canopy parameterisation (UCP). The new scheme is implemented in a finite volume mesoscale Model (MM) and tested in a two-dimensional (2D) configuration of a city over flat terrain. A sensitivity study is performed with respect to different parameters in order to test the simulation system and enhance the understanding of the possible impacts of the BEM on the exterior microclimate.
-
on the impact of anthropogenic heat fluxes on the urban boundary layer a two dimensional numerical study
Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2010Co-Authors: Andrea Krpo, Francisco Salamanca, Alberto Martilli, Alain ClappierAbstract:The heat generated in Buildings and the manner in which this heat is exchanged with the ambient environment can play an important role in urban climate. Recent studies have shown that anthropogenic heat from air-conditioning facilities can increase the exterior ambient temperature and should be taken into account for a more complete urban heat island (UHI) mitigation study. For this purpose, the first part of the present work is focused on the coupling of a new Building Energy Model (BEM) and an urban canopy parameterisation (UCP). The new scheme is implemented in a finite volume mesoscale Model (MM) and tested in a two-dimensional (2D) configuration of a city over flat terrain. A sensitivity study is performed with respect to different parameters in order to test the simulation system and enhance the understanding of the possible impacts of the BEM on the exterior microclimate.
-
a new Building Energy Model coupled with an urban canopy parameterization for urban climate simulations part i formulation verification and sensitivity analysis of the Model
Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2010Co-Authors: Francisco Salamanca, Andrea Krpo, Alberto Martilli, Alain ClappierAbstract:The generation of heat in Buildings, and the way this heat is exchanged with the exterior, plays an important role in urban climate. To analyze the impact on urban climate of a change in the urban structure, it is necessary to build and use a Model capable of accounting for all the urban heat fluxes. In this contribution, a new Building Energy Model (BEM) is developed and implemented in an urban canopy parameterization (UCP) for mesoscale Models. The new Model accounts for: the diffusion of heat through walls, roofs, and floors; natural ventilation; the radiation exchanged between indoor surfaces; the generation of heat due to occupants and equipments; and the consumption of Energy due to air conditioning systems. The behavior of BEM is compared to other Models used in the thermal analysis of Buildings (CBS-MASS, BLAST, and TARP) and with another box-Building Model. Eventually, a sensitivity analysis of different parameters, as well as a study of the impact of BEM on the UCP is carried out. The validations indicate that BEM provides good estimates of the physical behavior of Buildings and it is a step towards a Modeling tool that can be an important support to urban planners.
Francisco Salamanca - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
impacts of projected urban expansion and global warming on cooling Energy demand over a semiarid region
Atmospheric Science Letters, 2017Co-Authors: Mukul Tewari, Francisco Salamanca, Alberto Martilli, Lloyd A Treinish, Alex MahalovAbstract:Large impacts of global warming and urbanization on near-surface air temperature increase and cooling Energy demand are expected for the American Southwest region. The relative importance of these two features and their interactions are studied by means of a mesoscale Model with a multilayer Building Energy Model that allows accounting for the feedback between cooling Energy consumption and air temperature for a typical summer period in Arizona. This approach allows to separate the impact of global warming from the one due to urbanization, on Energy demand and air temperature. Under the highest greenhouse gas emissions scenario (RCP8.5), adverse effects on mean air temperature of global warming overwhelm those from the urbanization of new areas. In particular, the mean temperature increase for a summer period due to global warming and urban expansion in the Phoenix metropolitan area is 3.6 °C and in the Tucson metropolitan area, it is 3.1 °C. These result in an increase in the spatial density of the cooling Energy demand (MW km−2) by 36.2 and 42.6% in the respective regions compared to present consumption. The citywide cooling Energy demand (MW) on the other hand, is expected to increase up to a factor two (Phoenix) and three (Tucson), with ∼75% of this increase due to urban expansion, and ∼25% due to global warming.
-
on the impact of anthropogenic heat fluxes on the urban boundary layer a two dimensional numerical study
Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2010Co-Authors: Andrea Krpo, Francisco Salamanca, Alberto Martilli, Alain ClappierAbstract:The heat generated in Buildings and the manner in which this heat is exchanged with the ambient environment can play an important role in urban climate. Recent studies have shown that anthropogenic heat from air-conditioning facilities can increase the exterior ambient temperature and should be taken into account for a more complete urban heat island (UHI) mitigation study. For this purpose, the first part of the present work is focused on the coupling of a new Building Energy Model (BEM) and an urban canopy parameterisation (UCP). The new scheme is implemented in a finite volume mesoscale Model (MM) and tested in a two-dimensional (2D) configuration of a city over flat terrain. A sensitivity study is performed with respect to different parameters in order to test the simulation system and enhance the understanding of the possible impacts of the BEM on the exterior microclimate.
-
on the impact of anthropogenic heat fluxes on the urban boundary layer a two dimensional numerical study
Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2010Co-Authors: Andrea Krpo, Francisco Salamanca, Alberto Martilli, Alain ClappierAbstract:The heat generated in Buildings and the manner in which this heat is exchanged with the ambient environment can play an important role in urban climate. Recent studies have shown that anthropogenic heat from air-conditioning facilities can increase the exterior ambient temperature and should be taken into account for a more complete urban heat island (UHI) mitigation study. For this purpose, the first part of the present work is focused on the coupling of a new Building Energy Model (BEM) and an urban canopy parameterisation (UCP). The new scheme is implemented in a finite volume mesoscale Model (MM) and tested in a two-dimensional (2D) configuration of a city over flat terrain. A sensitivity study is performed with respect to different parameters in order to test the simulation system and enhance the understanding of the possible impacts of the BEM on the exterior microclimate.
-
a new Building Energy Model coupled with an urban canopy parameterization for urban climate simulations part i formulation verification and sensitivity analysis of the Model
Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2010Co-Authors: Francisco Salamanca, Andrea Krpo, Alberto Martilli, Alain ClappierAbstract:The generation of heat in Buildings, and the way this heat is exchanged with the exterior, plays an important role in urban climate. To analyze the impact on urban climate of a change in the urban structure, it is necessary to build and use a Model capable of accounting for all the urban heat fluxes. In this contribution, a new Building Energy Model (BEM) is developed and implemented in an urban canopy parameterization (UCP) for mesoscale Models. The new Model accounts for: the diffusion of heat through walls, roofs, and floors; natural ventilation; the radiation exchanged between indoor surfaces; the generation of heat due to occupants and equipments; and the consumption of Energy due to air conditioning systems. The behavior of BEM is compared to other Models used in the thermal analysis of Buildings (CBS-MASS, BLAST, and TARP) and with another box-Building Model. Eventually, a sensitivity analysis of different parameters, as well as a study of the impact of BEM on the UCP is carried out. The validations indicate that BEM provides good estimates of the physical behavior of Buildings and it is a step towards a Modeling tool that can be an important support to urban planners.
-
a new Building Energy Model coupled with an urban canopy parameterization for urban climate simulations part ii validation with one dimension off line simulations
Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2010Co-Authors: Francisco Salamanca, Alberto MartilliAbstract:Recent studies show that the fluxes exchanged between Buildings and the atmosphere play an important role in the urban climate. These fluxes are taken into account in mesoscale Models considering new and more complex Urban Canopy Parameterizations (UCP). A standard methodology to test an UCP is to use one-dimensional (1D) off-line simulations. In this contribution, an UCP with and without a Building Energy Model (BEM) is run 1D off-line and the results are compared against the experimental data obtained in the BUBBLE measuring campaign over Basel (Switzerland) in 2002. The advantage of BEM is that it computes the evolution of the indoor Building temperature as a function of Energy production and consumption in the Building, the radiation coming through the windows, and the fluxes of heat exchanged through the walls and roofs as well as the impact of the air conditioning system. This evaluation exercise is particularly significant since, for the period simulated, indoor temperatures were recorded. Different statistical parameters have been calculated over the entire simulated episode in order to compare the two versions of the UCP against measurements. In conclusion, with this work, we want to study the effect of BEM on the different turbulent fluxes and exploit the new possibilities that the UCP–BEM offers us, like the impact of the air conditioning systems and the evaluation of their Energy consumption.
Risto Kosonen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
an automated process to calibrate Building Energy Model based on schedule tuning and signed directed graph method
Journal of building engineering, 2021Co-Authors: Yan Lyu, Yiqun Pan, Tao Yang, Zhizhong Huang, Risto KosonenAbstract:Abstract The calibration of Building Energy Model is a vital part of the whole Modelling process. To improve the efficiency of this work, an automation procedure has recently been introduced to the calibration process, but no generic approach has yet received the consensus of the whole community at present. The main reason is that a purely mathematics-based, automated calibration lacks physical explanation, which means that the calibrated Model probably has a large error in certain single physical values despite a good overall agreement with the measurement data. In this study, the authors design a set of procedures to automatize the calibration process of Building Energy Model based on schedule tuning and signed directed graph (SDG) method, which codifies human experience and logic and incorporates them into the modules of computational calibration to combine the advantages of traditional and automated approach. The specific operations of calibration process are introduced through a case study. In this case, a Building Energy Model with relatively low accuracy is finally well calibrated. The CV(RMSE) (Coefficient of Variation of Root Mean Square Error) of the original Model is 42.12% for power consumption and 25.50% for gas consumption; and for the calibrated Model, the CV(RMSE) is 2.21% for power consumption and 3.15% for gas consumption. In addition, the same operations are also applied to another case for further verification. In this case, the final CV(RMSE) of power consumption is reduced to 2.19% from 19.25%. This significant result reveals the applicability and effectiveness of the automated process.
Bruno Bueno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
improving the capabilities of the town Energy balance Model with up to date Building Energy simulation algorithms an application to a set of representative Buildings in paris
Energy and Buildings, 2014Co-Authors: G Pigeon, K. Zibouche, Bruno Bueno, Le J Bras, V MassonAbstract:Abstract Buildings’ Energy systems release heat to the atmosphere that contributes to the urban heat island. In return, the Energy demand from Buildings depends on the meteorological conditions of their surroundings. Consequently, urban canopy Models such as Town Energy Budget (TEB) have progressively included the representation of the main processes of Building energetics: solar and internal heat gains, heat transmission through the enclosure and the heat exchange by infiltration and ventilation. The objective of this study is to extend the evaluation of the Building Energy Model (BEM) implemented in TEB. Five Buildings representative of the morphological and thermal characteristics that can be encountered in European urban areas have been selected. The evaluation has been conducted with EnergyPlus Building Energy Model and for two contrasted climates. The TEB Model is able to estimate the heating and the cooling Energy demand with an accuracy better than 5 kWh/m 2 /year for heating and 3 kWh/m 2 /year for cooling. This paper also discusses on the importance of computing the Building's surrounding surface temperature for Energy demand calculations. TEB is able to account for this effect whereas EnergyPlus assumes that Building surroundings are at air temperature.
-
a resistance capacitance network Model for the analysis of the interactions between the Energy performance of Buildings and the urban climate
Building and Environment, 2012Co-Authors: Bruno Bueno, Grégoire Pigeon, Leslie K Norford, R E BritterAbstract:This paper presents an urban canopy and Building Energy Model based on a thermal network of constant resistances and capacitances. The RC Model represents the fundamental physical relations that govern the Energy interactions between Buildings and their urban environment, retaining the sensitivity to the design parameters typically used in Building Energy and urban climate studies. The benefits of the RC Model are its simplicity and computational efficiency. It allows for better understanding the physics of the problem and makes it possible to easily evaluate Modelling hypotheses and the sensitivity of different parameters. In this study, the RC Model is evaluated against advanced simulation tools that are well accepted and evaluated within their individual scientific communities. The Model is then used in a series of parametric analyses to investigate the impact of the Urban Heat Island effect on the Energy consumption of Buildings in configurations that are parameterized in terms of internal heat gains, construction, geometry, glazing ratio, and infiltration level. The RC Model is also used to investigate the dominant mechanisms by which the indoor environment affects outdoor air temperatures. Parameters such as indoor air temperatures, exfiltration heat, and waste heat from HVAC systems are analysed. The conclusions obtained by this study can be applied to a wide range of urban configurations.
-
Development and evaluation of a Building Energy Model integrated in the TEB scheme
Geoscientific Model Development, 2012Co-Authors: Bruno Bueno, K. Zibouche, Grégoire Pigeon, Leslie K Norford, Colette MarchadierAbstract:The use of air-conditioning systems is expected to increase as a consequence of global-scale and urban-scale climate warming. In order to represent future scenarios of urban climate and Building Energy consumption, the Town Energy Balance (TEB) scheme must be improved. This paper presents a new Building Energy Model (BEM) that has been integrated in the TEB scheme. BEM-TEB makes it possible to represent the Energy effects of Buildings and Building systems on the urban climate and to estimate the Building Energy consumption at city scale (similar to 10 km) with a resolution of a neighbourhood (similar to 100 m). The physical and geometric definition of Buildings in BEM has been intentionally kept as simple as possible, while maintaining the required features of a comprehensive Building Energy Model. The Model considers a single thermal zone, where the thermal inertia of Building materials associated with multiple levels is represented by a generic thermal mass. The Model accounts for heat gains due to transmitted solar radiation, heat conduction through the enclosure, infiltration, ventilation, and internal heat gains. BEM allows for previously unavailable sophistication in the Modelling of air-conditioning systems. It accounts for the dependence of the system capacity and efficiency on indoor and outdoor air temperatures and solves the dehumidification of the air passing through the system. Furthermore, BEM includes specific Models for passive systems, such as window shadowing devices and natural ventilation. BEM has satisfactorily passed different evaluation processes, including testing its Modelling assumptions, verifying that the chosen equations are solved correctly, and validating the Model with field data.
-
Combining a Detailed Building Energy Model with a Physically-Based Urban Canopy Model
Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2011Co-Authors: Bruno Bueno, Grégoire Pigeon, Leslie K Norford, Rex BritterAbstract:A scheme that couples a detailed Building Energy Model, EnergyPlus, and an urban canopy Model, the Town Energy Balance (TEB), is presented. Both Models are well accepted and evaluated within their individual scientific communities. The coupled scheme proposes a more realistic representation of Buildings and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, which allows a broader analysis of the two-way interactions between the Energy performance of Buildings and the urban climate around the Buildings. The scheme can be used to evaluate the Building Energy Models that are being developed within the urban climate community. In this study, the coupled scheme is evaluated using measurements conducted over the dense urban centre of Toulouse, France. The comparison includes electricity and natural gas Energy consumption of Buildings, Building façade temperatures, and urban canyon air temperatures. The coupled scheme is then used to analyze the effect of different Building and HVAC system configurations on Building Energy consumption, waste heat released from HVAC systems, and outdoor air temperatures for the case study of Toulouse. Three different Energy efficiency strategies are analyzed: shading devices, economizers, and heat recovery.
