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Mustafa Tuzen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a novel preconcentration procedure using cloud point extraction for determination of lead cobalt and copper in water and food samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2010Co-Authors: Demirhan Citak, Mustafa TuzenAbstract:In this work, a new cloud point extraction (CPE) procedure was developed for the separation and preconcentration of lead(II), cobalt(II), and copper(II) in various water and food samples. Complexes of metal ions with 1-Phenylthiosemicarbazide (1-PTSC) were extracted into the surfactant-rich phase of octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-114) from samples. After phase separation, the enriched analytes were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Factors affecting cloud point extraction, such as pH, reagent and surfactant concentrations, temperature, and incubation time were evaluated and optimized. The interference effect of some cations and anions was also studied. After optimization of the CPE conditions, the preconcentration factor of 25 and the limits of detection (L.O.D.) obtained for lead(II), cobalt(II), and copper(II) based on three sigma (n=20) were 3.42, 1.00, and 0.67 microg L(-1), respectively. The method presented precision (R.S.D.) between 1.7% and 4.8% (n=7). The presented preconcentration procedure was applied to the determination of metal ions in reference standard materials (SRM 1515 Apple leaves and GBW 07605 Tea) and some real samples including tap water, spring water, sea water, Canned Fish, black tea, green tea, tomato sauce and honey.
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a preconcentration system for determination of copper and nickel in water and food samples employing flame atomic absorption spectrometry
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009Co-Authors: Mustafa Tuzen, Mustafa Soylak, Demirhan Citak, Hadla S Ferreira, Maria Das Gracas Andrade Korn, Marcos Almeida BezerraAbstract:Abstract A separation/preconcentration procedure using solid phase extraction has been proposed for the flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of copper and nickel at trace level in food samples. The solid phase is Dowex Optipore SD-2 resin contained on a minicolumn, where analyte ions are sorbed as 5-methyl-4-(2-thiazolylazo) resorcinol chelates. After elution using 1 mol L −1 nitric acid solution, the analytes are determinate employing flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimization step was performed using a full two-level factorial design and the variables studied were: pH, reagent concentration (RC) and amount of resin on the column (AR). Under the experimental conditions established in the optimization step, the procedure allows the determination of copper and nickel with limit of detection of 1.03 and 1.90 μg L −1 , respectively and precision of 7 and 8%, for concentrations of copper and nickel of 200 μg L −1 . The effect of matrix ions was also evaluated. The accuracy was confirmed by analyzing of the followings certified reference materials: NIST SRM 1515 Apple leaves and GBW 07603 Aquatic and Terrestrial Biological Products. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of copper and nickel in real samples including human hair, chicken meat, black tea and Canned Fish.
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pseudomonas aeruginosa immobilized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as biosorbent for heavy metal ions
Bioresource Technology, 2008Co-Authors: Mustafa Tuzen, Canan Usta, Kadriye Ozlem Saygi, Mustafa SoylakAbstract:Pseudomonas aeruginosa immobilized multiwalled carbon nanotubes has been used as biosorbent for the solid phase extraction of some heavy metal ions in environmental samples. Cobalt(II), cadmium(II), lead(II), manganese(II), chromium(III) and nickel(II) ions have been selected as analytes for the presented study, due to their important negative and positive roles in human life. In order to investigate quantitative biosorption conditions of the analytes, the influences of pH of the aqueous solution, eluent type, eluent volume, samples volume, etc. were examined. The effects of alkaline, earth alkaline and some transitions metals on the biosorption of analyte ions on P. aeruginosa immobilized multiwalled carbon nanotubes were also investigated. The presented biosorption procedure was applied to the determination of analytes in tomato leaves, bovine liver, boiled wheat, Canned Fish, black tea, lichen and natural water samples.
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Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis immobilized on Chromosorb 101: A new solid phase extractant for preconcentration of heavy metal ions in environmental samples
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007Co-Authors: Durali Mendil, Canan Usta, Mustafa Tuzen, Mustafa SoylakAbstract:Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis immobilized on Chromosorb 101 that is a new solid phase extractor has been presented at this work for the preconcentration and separation of cadmium(II), lead(II), manganese(II), chromium(III), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) in environmental samples. The analytical parameters including pH of aqueous solutions, sample volume, eluent types, etc. were investigated for the quantitative recoveries of the analytes. The influences of the some metal ions as concomitant were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits by 3σ for analyte ions were in the range of 0.37–2.85 μg L−1. The accuracy of the developed procedure was confirmed by IAEA 336 Lichen and NIST SRM 1573a Tomato leaves certified reference materials. The method was also applied successfully to the determination of analytes in microwave digested red wine, rice and Canned Fish samples and sea water, spring water and urine samples.
Aubourg, Santiago P. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of High-Pressure Processing and Frozen Storage Prior to Canning on the Content of Essential and Toxic Elements in Mackerel
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2021Co-Authors: Prego R., Martínez Beatriz, Cobelo-garcía A., Aubourg, Santiago P.Abstract:11 pages, 5 tables, 3 figuresThe mineral content of Canned (115 °C, 45 min; Fo = 7 min) Atlantic Chub mackerel (Scomber colias) previously subjected to different high-pressure processing (HPP) (200, 400, and 600 MPa for 2 min) conditions and frozen storage times (3, 10, and 15 months at −18 °C) was studied. Prior processing steps modified extensively the contents of essential and toxic elements, so that substantial changes were produced in Canned Fish. Thus, Canned mackerel showed higher levels of most essential (Na, Ca, Fe, Co, Cu, Se) and toxic (Sn, As) elements when compared with initial raw Fish; contrary, some essential (K, Mg, P) and toxic (Pb) elements revealed lower values in Canned samples. HPP led to increased levels of essential (S, Se) and toxic (Cd) elements; the opposite effect was produced on Ca and Mn (essentials) and Ba (toxic) elements. Scarce effects of frozen storage time could be concluded; remarkably, storage time increase led to increased Ca and Mn levels, while produced decreases of K, Cd, and Pb contents. Changes in essential and toxic element contents are explained on the basis of protein denaturation, protein and lipid breakdown, water and liquor losses from the Fish muscle, and muscle interaction with brine-packaging mediumPeer reviewe
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Preservative effect of algae extracts on lipid composition and rancidity development in brine-Canned Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias)
'Wiley', 2019Co-Authors: Barbosa, Roberta G., Trigo Marcos, Campos, Carmen A., Aubourg, Santiago P.Abstract:8 pages, 2 figures, 2 tablesThis research focuses on the lipid fraction and the rancidity stability of commercialCanned Atlantic Chub mackerel (Scomber colias). For it, two different concentrationsof aqueous extracts of two abundant algae (Fucus spiralisandUlva lactuca)areincluded in the brine-packing (aq. 2% NaCl) medium during mackerel canning.Quality analyses are carried out after a 3-month Canned storage (20ºC).Phospholipids, sterols, andα-tocopherol contents show a marked loss as a result ofcanning, this loss being mostly inhibited when considering the Canned Fish packedin the presence of the most concentrated algae extracts. Breakdown of free fattyacids and peroxides produced during the thermal treatment is inhibited by thepresence of the algae extracts, a higher retention of such molecules being observedby increasing the algae extract concentration. Analysis of fluorescent compoundsformation (tertiary lipid oxidation) shows a marked increase after canning, thisincrease being partly inhibited by the presence of antioxidant compounds present inthe algae extracts; interestingly, oxidation inhibition is found more important inCanned Fish corresponding toF. spiralisbatches thanU. lactuca. A preservativeeffect on lipid constituents and rancidity development is concluded by the presenceof algae extracts in the packing medium.Practical Applications: The extensive heat treatment involved during Fish canninghas been reported to produce breakdown of constituents, lipid damage (oxidationand hydrolysis) development showing a marked effect on nutritional and sensoryproperties; furthermore, this effect has shown to be greater when a brine mediumis applied as packing system. Marine algae have been described as being arelevant source of chemical constituents including an antioxidant and antibacte-rial behavior. In the current work, employment of a commercial brine-packingincluding aqueous algae extracts shows a preservative effect on the lipid fraction(composition and rancidity stability) during the canning process of AtlanticChub mackerel. The proposed strategy may open the way to the development ofa natural biopreservation for commercial Canned Fish due to the simplemethodology employed and the abundancy of the two algae chosen for the study.Further research should envisage optimization of the preservative compoundsextraction by advanced technologiesThis work was supported by the Project PIE 2013-70E001 (CSIC, Spain)Peer reviewe
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Preservative effect of algae extracts on lipid composition and rancidity development in brine-Canned Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias)
'Wiley', 2019Co-Authors: Barbosa, Roberta G., Trigo Marcos, Campos, Carmen Adriana, Aubourg, Santiago P.Abstract:This research focuses on the lipid fraction and the rancidity stability of commercial Canned Atlantic Chub mackerel (Scomber colias). For it, two different concentrations of aqueous extracts of two abundant algae (Fucus spiralis and Ulva lactuca) are included in the brine-packing (aq. 2% NaCl) medium during mackerel canning. Quality analyses are carried out after a 3-month Canned storage (20 °C). Phospholipids, sterols, and α-tocopherol contents show a marked loss as a result of canning, this loss being mostly inhibited when considering the Canned Fish packed in the presence of the most concentrated algae extracts. Breakdown of free fatty acids and peroxides produced during the thermal treatment is inhibited by the presence of the algae extracts, a higher retention of such molecules being observed by increasing the algae extract concentration. Analysis of fluorescent compounds formation (tertiary lipid oxidation) shows a marked increase after canning, this increase being partly inhibited by the presence of antioxidant compounds present in the algae extracts; interestingly, oxidation inhibition is found more important in Canned Fish corresponding to F. spiralis batches than U. lactuca. A preservative effect on lipid constituents and rancidity development is concluded by the presence of algae extracts in the packing medium. Practical Applications: The extensive heat treatment involved during Fish canning has been reported to produce breakdown of constituents, lipid damage (oxidation and hydrolysis) development showing a marked effect on nutritional and sensory properties; furthermore, this effect has shown to be greater when a brine medium is applied as packing system. Marine algae have been described as being a relevant source of chemical constituents including an antioxidant and antibacterial behavior. In the current work, employment of a commercial brine-packing including aqueous algae extracts shows a preservative effect on the lipid fraction (composition and rancidity stability) during the canning process of Atlantic Chub mackerel. The proposed strategy may open the way to the development of a natural biopreservation for commercial Canned Fish due to the simple methodology employed and the abundancy of the two algae chosen for the study. Further research should envisage optimization of the preservative compounds extraction by advanced technologies. Aqueous extracts of algae Fucus spiralis and Ulva lactuca are included in the packing medium during Atlantic Chub mackerel (Scomber colias) canning. As a result, an inhibitory effect on lipid composition changes and rancidity development is obtained. Better results are observed by employing alga F. spiralis.Fil: Barbosa, Roberta G.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas.; EspañaFil: Trigo, Marcos. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas.; EspañaFil: Campos, Carmen Adriana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Industrias. Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos; ArgentinaFil: Aubourg, Santiago P.. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas.; Españ
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Impact of a packing medium with alga Bifurcaria bifurcata extract on Canned Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) quality
'Wiley', 2018Co-Authors: Barbosa, Roberta G., Trigo Marcos, Fett Roseane, Aubourg, Santiago P.Abstract:6 pages, 3 figures, 3 tablesBACKGROUND The present research focused on the quality of Canned Fish. Its primary objective was the quality enhancement of Canned Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) by including an aqueous Bifurcaria bifurcata extract in the packing medium. Various alga extract concentrations were tested and compared with a control without alga extract. After 3 months of Canned storage, the cans were opened and quality changes in Fish white muscle were analyzedRESULTS An inhibitory effect on lipid oxidation development (tertiary compound formation) and color parameter (L* and b*) values was observed as a result of the alga presence in the packing medium. On the contrary, the presence of the alga extract did not produce any effect on volatile compound (total and trimethylamine) formation and lipid hydrolysis (free fatty acid formation) developmentCONCLUSION A preservative effect derived from the use of an aqueous B. bifurcata extract as packing medium is concluded, and this result is primarily linked to the presence of hydrophilic preservative molecules. The packing system proposed in this work constitutes a novel and promising strategy to enhance the quality of commercial Canned Fish products. © 2018 Society of Chemical IndustryRGB acknowledges Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (SC, Brazil) for financial support. Lyophilized alga B. bifurcata was kindly provided by Porto‐Muiños (Cerceda, A Coruña, Spain). The canning process was carried out at Justo López Valcárcel SA (Vigo, Spain). This work was supported by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC, Spain) under Research Project 2013‐70E001Peer reviewe
Santiago P Aubourg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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impact of a packing medium with alga bifurcaria bifurcata extract on Canned atlantic mackerel scomber scombrus quality
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2018Co-Authors: Roberta G Barbosa, Marcos Trigo, Roseane Fett, Santiago P AubourgAbstract:The present research focused on the quality of Canned Fish. Its primary objective was the quality enhancement of Canned Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) by including an aqueous Bifurcaria bifurcata extract in the packing medium. Various alga extract concentrations were tested and compared with a control without alga extract. After 3 months of Canned storage, the cans were opened and quality changes in Fish white muscle were analyzed.; Results: An inhibitory effect on lipid oxidation development (tertiary compound formation) and color parameter (L* and b*) values was observed as a result of the alga presence in the packing medium. On the contrary, the presence of the alga extract did not produce any effect on volatile compound (total and trimethylamine) formation and lipid hydrolysis (free fatty acid formation) development.; Conclusion: A preservative effect derived from the use of an aqueous B. bifurcata extract as packing medium is concluded, and this result is primarily linked to the presence of hydrophilic preservative molecules. The packing system proposed in this work constitutes a novel and promising strategy to enhance the quality of commercial Canned Fish products. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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chemical changes during farmed coho salmon oncorhynchus kisutch canning effect of a preliminary chilled storage
Food Chemistry, 2009Co-Authors: Alicia Rodriguez, Nicolas Carriles, Jose Manuel Gallardo, Santiago P AubourgAbstract:A relevant farmed Fish species (coho salmon; Oncorhynchus kisutch) was studied as a raw material for the canning process. The effects of preliminary chilling storage and thermal treatment (cooking and sterilisation) on the chemical constituents (lipids and non-protein nitrogen compounds) of the Canned Fish were analysed. An increasing previous chilling time led to an important autolysis (K value) development, and to an increasing formation of free fatty acids, and interaction compounds (fluorescence and browning assessments) (p < 0.05) in the Canned product. The thermal treatment led to the formation of volatile amines (total and trimethylamine), free fatty acids, secondary lipid oxidation compounds (anisidine and thiobarbituric acid values) and interaction compounds in Canned Fish. Interaction compound assessment was found the most useful tool to study the lipid oxidation and non-enzymatic browning developments, while the K value showed to be an interesting index for assessing the freshness stage of the raw material employed.
Mustafa Soylak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a preconcentration system for determination of copper and nickel in water and food samples employing flame atomic absorption spectrometry
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009Co-Authors: Mustafa Tuzen, Mustafa Soylak, Demirhan Citak, Hadla S Ferreira, Maria Das Gracas Andrade Korn, Marcos Almeida BezerraAbstract:Abstract A separation/preconcentration procedure using solid phase extraction has been proposed for the flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of copper and nickel at trace level in food samples. The solid phase is Dowex Optipore SD-2 resin contained on a minicolumn, where analyte ions are sorbed as 5-methyl-4-(2-thiazolylazo) resorcinol chelates. After elution using 1 mol L −1 nitric acid solution, the analytes are determinate employing flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimization step was performed using a full two-level factorial design and the variables studied were: pH, reagent concentration (RC) and amount of resin on the column (AR). Under the experimental conditions established in the optimization step, the procedure allows the determination of copper and nickel with limit of detection of 1.03 and 1.90 μg L −1 , respectively and precision of 7 and 8%, for concentrations of copper and nickel of 200 μg L −1 . The effect of matrix ions was also evaluated. The accuracy was confirmed by analyzing of the followings certified reference materials: NIST SRM 1515 Apple leaves and GBW 07603 Aquatic and Terrestrial Biological Products. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of copper and nickel in real samples including human hair, chicken meat, black tea and Canned Fish.
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pseudomonas aeruginosa immobilized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as biosorbent for heavy metal ions
Bioresource Technology, 2008Co-Authors: Mustafa Tuzen, Canan Usta, Kadriye Ozlem Saygi, Mustafa SoylakAbstract:Pseudomonas aeruginosa immobilized multiwalled carbon nanotubes has been used as biosorbent for the solid phase extraction of some heavy metal ions in environmental samples. Cobalt(II), cadmium(II), lead(II), manganese(II), chromium(III) and nickel(II) ions have been selected as analytes for the presented study, due to their important negative and positive roles in human life. In order to investigate quantitative biosorption conditions of the analytes, the influences of pH of the aqueous solution, eluent type, eluent volume, samples volume, etc. were examined. The effects of alkaline, earth alkaline and some transitions metals on the biosorption of analyte ions on P. aeruginosa immobilized multiwalled carbon nanotubes were also investigated. The presented biosorption procedure was applied to the determination of analytes in tomato leaves, bovine liver, boiled wheat, Canned Fish, black tea, lichen and natural water samples.
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Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis immobilized on Chromosorb 101: A new solid phase extractant for preconcentration of heavy metal ions in environmental samples
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007Co-Authors: Durali Mendil, Canan Usta, Mustafa Tuzen, Mustafa SoylakAbstract:Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis immobilized on Chromosorb 101 that is a new solid phase extractor has been presented at this work for the preconcentration and separation of cadmium(II), lead(II), manganese(II), chromium(III), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) in environmental samples. The analytical parameters including pH of aqueous solutions, sample volume, eluent types, etc. were investigated for the quantitative recoveries of the analytes. The influences of the some metal ions as concomitant were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits by 3σ for analyte ions were in the range of 0.37–2.85 μg L−1. The accuracy of the developed procedure was confirmed by IAEA 336 Lichen and NIST SRM 1573a Tomato leaves certified reference materials. The method was also applied successfully to the determination of analytes in microwave digested red wine, rice and Canned Fish samples and sea water, spring water and urine samples.
Beat J. Brüschweiler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the ttc approach in practice and its impact on risk assessment and risk management in food safety a regulatory toxicologist s perspective
Chimia, 2014Co-Authors: Beat J. BrüschweilerAbstract:There are many substances in food and drinking water from different contamination sources for which only insufficient or no toxicity data exist. In order to prioritize and preliminarily assess the human health risks, the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach was developed between 1996 and 2004. This concept has since been applied increasingly by regulatory food safety authorities. In parallel, the safety of this approach has been discussed by stakeholders, primarily on a conceptual basis. However, real examples showing the practical benefits of this approach have not been discussed. In this paper, the technical feasibility, applicability, safety, and further benefits of the TTC approach are illustrated and discussed based on four real cases: 1) halogenated contaminants of unknown origin in the drinking water (polychlorinated butadienes), 2) an unwanted by-product from epoxy resin coatings in Canned Fish (Cyclo-di-BADGE), 3) two cyclic compounds occurring in polyamide food packaging materials and kitchen utensils, and 4) mycotoxins (from Alternaria). These examples from different fields of application clearly demonstrate that the results of the TTC approach are an extremely useful starting point for adequate decisions and actions (if necessary) by risk assessment and risk management in food safety.
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migration of cyclo diba from coatings into Canned food method of analysis concentration determined in a survey and in silico hazard profiling
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2013Co-Authors: Sandra Biedermann, Angelo Vedani, Michael Zurfluh, Koni Grob, Beat J. BrüschweilerAbstract:Cyclo-diBA, the cyclic product formed from bisphenol A and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether during production of epoxy resins, was measured in Canned food using reversed phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. Half (9 of 17) of the samples of Canned Fish in oil collected in April 2010 contained cyclo-diBA with an average concentration of 1025 μg/kg and a maximum of 1980 μg/kg. In September 2012, cyclo-diBA was detectable ( 25 μg/kg). Since no experimental toxicity data are available except for its cytotoxicity, an in silico hazard profiling was performed. Cyclo-diBA seems to be stable and of low reactivity. There is indication for considerable oral bioavailability and for the potential to accumulate in the human body. Cyclo-diBA can be metabolized into cyclic and acyclic compounds. Based on SAR assessment for cyclo-diBA and read-across from BADGE to linear cyclo-diBA metabolites, genotoxic effects are improbable. Specific binding of cyclo-diBA to nuclear receptors, such as ERβ, can be predicted, indicating a potential endocrine-disrupting potency. The limit by the EFSA guidelines of 50 μg/person/d for compounds shown not to be genotoxic as well as the TTC-based Cramer structural class III value of 90 μg/person/d could be exceeded several fold by high consumers of Canned Fish in oil with high brand loyalty. As a consequence, risk reduction measures were taken.
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migration of cyclo diba from coatings into Canned food method of analysis concentration determined in a survey and in silico hazard profiling
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2013Co-Authors: Sandra Biedermann, Angelo Vedani, Michael Zurfluh, Koni Grob, Beat J. BrüschweilerAbstract:Cyclo-diBA, the cyclic product formed from bisphenol A and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether during production of epoxy resins, was measured in Canned food using reversed phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. Half (9 of 17) of the samples of Canned Fish in oil collected in April 2010 contained cyclo-diBA with an average concentration of 1025 μg/kg and a maximum of 1980 μg/kg. In September 2012, cyclo-diBA was detectable (>25 μg/kg) in merely 13 from 44 such products; the average concentration in these was 807 μg/kg and the maximum now reached 2640 μg/kg. Fish in brine contained far less cyclo-diBA. The majority of the Canned meat products contained cyclo-diBA at a mean concentration of 477 μg/kg and a maximum of 1050 μg/kg. All prepared meals, such as ravioli or soups, contained cyclo-diBA, with a mean at 287 μg/kg. In Canned tomatoes, peas and other vegetables in water or fruits in syrup, no cyclo-diBA was detected (<25 μg/kg). Since no experimental toxicity data are available except for its cytotoxicity, an in silico hazard profiling was performed. Cyclo-diBA seems to be stable and of low reactivity. There is indication for considerable oral bioavailability and for the potential to accumulate in the human body. Cyclo-diBA can be metabolized into cyclic and acyclic compounds. Based on SAR assessment for cyclo-diBA and read-across from BADGE to linear cyclo-diBA metabolites, genotoxic effects are improbable. Specific binding of cyclo-diBA to nuclear receptors, such as ERβ, can be predicted, indicating a potential endocrine-disrupting potency. The limit by the EFSA guidelines of 50 μg/person/d for compounds shown not to be genotoxic as well as the TTC-based Cramer structural class III value of 90 μg/person/d could be exceeded several fold by high consumers of Canned Fish in oil with high brand loyalty. As a consequence, risk reduction measures were taken.
