The Experts below are selected from a list of 252 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jones, Cassandra K. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Evaluation of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) supplementation in nursery pig diets
2019Co-Authors: Maurer, Ryan T., Lerner, Anne B., Jones, Cassandra K.Abstract:Increased consumer pressure has motivated the pork industry to seek antibiotic alternatives that provide a similar response in growth performance. One possible alternative is medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), but there is limited research evaluating their response. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of MCFA-based products, Carbadox, and ZnO on nursery growth performance. A total of 360 nursery pigs (DNA 200×400; initially 5.4 ± 0.07 kg; 21 d if age) were fed one of the following treatments: 1) negative control; 2) 3,000ppm ZnO in Phase 1, 1,500ppm ZnO in Phase 2; 3) 50g/ton Carbadox; 4) 1% blend of C6:C8:C10; 5) 1% Feed Energy R2 (Feed Energy Corp, Des Moines, IA); 6) 1% FORMI GML (ADDCON, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). Treatments were fed in two phases (d 0 to 7; d 7 to 19) followed by a common diet (d 20 to 35). A completely randomized design was used with 6 pigs/pen and 10 pens/treatment. Feeders and pigs were weighed weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data was analyzed using PROC GLMMIX (SAS version 9.4; Cary, NC). Overall (d 0 to 35), pigs fed ZnO and Carbadox had greater (P
-
Impact of medium chain fatty acid products and the replacement of commonly used antibiotics in swine feed
2019Co-Authors: Howard, Meagan G., Lerner, Anne B., Jones, Cassandra K.Abstract:This study evaluated the effect of ZnO, Carbadox, and medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) on weanling pig growth performance. A total of 360 pigs (DNA 400x200; 5.4 ±0.07kg bw) were used for a 35d growth experiment that were randomly assigned in a grouped completely randomized design. A total of 60 pens with approximately 6 pigs per pen were used. There were 10 pens as the experimental unit per treatment. Phase 1(d0 to 7) and Phase 2 (d7 to 21) included treatment diets and a common diet was fed during phase 3 (d21 to 42). Pigs were weighed weekly as well as feed disappearance and fecal scores collected. Individual treatment diets included: 1) control, 2) 3,000 ppm ZnO in phase 1 and 1,500 ppm ZnO in phase 2, 3) 50 g/ton Carbadox, 4) 1% blend of C6:C8:C10, 5) 1% Feed Energy R2 (Feed Energy Corp, Des Moines IA), and 6) 1% FORMI GML (ADDCON, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). The overall treatment (d0 to 19) showed significantly greater (P0.05) Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) in overall treatment and likely accounted for increased ADG. Carbadox, C6:C8:C10, and FORMI showed similar ADG in overall treatment (P>0.05). Overall treatment (d0 to 35) showed ZnO diet ADG significantly higher than R2 (P0.05). Finally, pigs on ZnO and Carbadox showed growth improvement to those without treatment. MCFA diets show comparable growth to leading diets, but more research is necessary to conclude its ability to be a leading additive for the swine industry
-
Evaluating alternatives to zinc oxide or antibiotics in nursery pig diets
2019Co-Authors: Tingler, Hannah L.r., Lerner, Anne B., Jones, Cassandra K.Abstract:There has been an increase in consumer pressure to reduce the use of ZnO and antimicrobials in swine diets. Since there is limited research evaluating alternatives on nursery pig growth performance to replace antibiotics or ZnO. This study was conducted to test the dietary effects of ZnO, Carbadox, and medium chain fatty acids (MCFA). The experiment used 360 (DNA 200x400, initially 5.4 ± 0.06 kg BW) nursery pigs weaned at 21d. At weaning, the pens were assigned to treatment in a complete randomized design containing 10 pens of treatments and 6 pigs/pen. The six dietary treatments included 1.) negative control, 2.) 3,000ppm ZnO phase 1; 1,500ppm ZnO phase 2, 3.) 50g/ton Carbadox, 4.) 1% blend of C6:C8:C10, 5.) 1% feed energy R2 (Feed Energy Corp, Des Moines, IA) and 6.) 1% Formi GML (ADDCON, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). Pigs and feeders were weighed weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F in Phase 1 (0 to 7), Phase 2 (8 to 19), a common diet was fed from d 20 to 35d of the experiment. Data was analyzed using the SAS GLIMMIX (SAS version 9.4, Cary, NC) program with P0.05) for ADG, ADFI, or G:F. These results suggest that more research is needed to determine whether MCFA based products can replace ZnO or Carbadox with little overall effect
-
Effects of medium chain fatty acids on weanling pig growth
2019Co-Authors: Schneider, Channing E., Lerner, Anne B., Jones, Cassandra K.Abstract:Increasing consumer demand of the livestock industry requires additional research on the diets fed to animals meant for human consumption. The drugs Carbadox and zinc oxide are used in weanling pig diets to prevent E. coli and stimulate growth performance. However, these drugs have recently been linked to human health and environmental hazards. Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) may be an alternative ingredient that can be used to prevent E. coli. The objective of this study was to test MCFA as a replacement to Carbadox and zinc oxide in weanling pig diets to prevent E. coli and stimulate growth performance. Testing included 360 weaned pigs (DNA 200×400, BW 5.4kg ± 0.07kg), 10 pens/treatment, and six pigs/pen. The diets tested: 1) control, 2) 3000ppm zinc oxide phase 1 and 1500ppm phase 2, 3) 50g/ton Mecadox, 4) 1% blend C6:C8:C10, 5) 1% feed energy R2 (Feed Energy Corp, Des Moines, IA), 6) 1% FORMI GML (ADDCON, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). This experiment had three phases. Treatment diets were fed through phases one and two (days 0 to 19) and common diet was fed through phase three (days 20 to 35). All pigs were weighed once a week and feeders were weighed between each phase to collect ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data was analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX (SAS version 9.4; Cary, NC). The data showed Carbadox and zinc oxide still to be the most effective feed additives in relation to ADG and ADFI (P = 0.05). However, the pigs on the FORMI feed additive showed close resemblance in growth data to those on Carbadox and zinc oxide. FORMI shows promise for future investigation as a potential drug replacement in weanling pig diets
-
Effect of varying levels of products containing medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) compared to zinc oxide (ZnO) and Carbadox on nursery pig performance
2019Co-Authors: Scarbrough, Elizabeth L., Lerner, Anne B., Jones, Cassandra K.Abstract:This study evaluated whether products containing medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) are able to replace antibiotics and feed additives, specifically ZnO and Carbadox, in increasing nursery pig performance. In this 35 d experiment, there were 360 weanling pigs (DNA 200x400; 5.4 ± 0.07 kg) testing 6 different treatments: 1) control; 2) 50 g/ton Carbadox; 3) d 0 to d 7: 3,000 ppm P1/ d-8 to d-19:1,500 ppm P2 ZnO; 4) 1% blend of C6, C8, C10; 5) 1% Feed Energy R2 (Feed Energy Corp., Des Moines, IA); 6) 1% FORMI GML (ADDCON, Bitterfield-Wolfen, Germany). There were 10 replicates of 6 pigs/pen in a completely randomized pattern. From d 1 to d 19 pigs were fed the experimental treatments and a control from d 20 to d 35. The data collected weekly were pig and feeder weights. The experimental unit for growth performance was each pen, but for the blood and fecal it was individual pig. This study used the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. 9.4; Cary, NC). In the overall treatment data (d 0 to d 19), pigs fed ZnO had improved average daily gain (ADG) (P =0.0001) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P =0.0004) than those fed the R2 and control formulas which were statistically similar to each other. In the overall data (P =0.012) of ADG, pigs fed ZnO were significantly more efficient than those fed R2 or the control. In the overall ADFI calculated (P =0.001), pigs fed ZnO and Carbadox consumed significantly more feed than pigs fed the R2 diet. The FORMI and C6:C8:C10 diets were found to have intermediate performance. Therefore, MCFA were not able to be proven more efficient for nursery pig growth performance than ZnO or Carbadox
Wilson K Rumbeiha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
determination of amprolium Carbadox monensin and tylosin in surface water by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2007Co-Authors: Wenlu Song, Min Huang, Wilson K RumbeihaAbstract:Antibiotics present in the environment are recently considered as emerging contaminants, and have raised increasing concerns about their potential risks to ecosystems and human health. In addition to the utilization for treatment, antibiotics are also routinely added as supplements in livestock feed to promote animal growth. A portion of the administered dose used for these purposes can be excreted into animal manure, and land application of the animal manure as plant fertilizers enhances the dissemination of antibiotics in the environment. It is a common practice to simultaneously administer multiple classes of antibiotics to livestock in an animal production farm. This study attempts to develop a protocol to determine four commonly used veterinary pharmaceuticals, amprolium, Carbadox, monensin, and tylosin, in surface runoff from a livestock farm. A single-cartridge solid-phase extraction procedure was developed to simultaneously extract these veterinary antibiotics from surface water which were subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The extraction recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 89 to 113%, and the limits of quantitation were 8, 25, 1, and 35 ng/L for amprolium, carbodox, monensin, and tylosin, respectively. In the surface runoff from a livestock farm, amprolium was most frequently detected with the concentration range of 10–288 ng/L. Monensin was frequently detected with concentrations up to 37 ng/L. Tylosin was detected in two out of eleven samples, and Carbadox was not detected in the surface runoff. The results indicate that the developed analytical method can be utilized to determine multiple classes of veterinary antibiotics present in surface runoff originating from animal farms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
-
Determination of amprolium, Carbadox, monensin, and tylosin in surface water by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM, 2007Co-Authors: Wenlu Song, Min Huang, Wilson K RumbeihaAbstract:Antibiotics present in the environment are recently considered as emerging contaminants, and have raised increasing concerns about their potential risks to ecosystems and human health. In addition to the utilization for treatment, antibiotics are also routinely added as supplements in livestock feed to promote animal growth. A portion of the administered dose used for these purposes can be excreted into animal manure, and land application of the animal manure as plant fertilizers enhances the dissemination of antibiotics in the environment. It is a common practice to simultaneously administer multiple classes of antibiotics to livestock in an animal production farm. This study attempts to develop a protocol to determine four commonly used veterinary pharmaceuticals, amprolium, Carbadox, monensin, and tylosin, in surface runoff from a livestock farm. A single-cartridge solid-phase extraction procedure was developed to simultaneously extract these veterinary antibiotics from surface water which were subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The extraction recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 89 to 113%, and the limits of quantitation were 8, 25, 1, and 35 ng/L for amprolium, carbodox, monensin, and tylosin, respectively. In the surface runoff from a livestock farm, amprolium was most frequently detected with the concentration range of 10–288 ng/L. Monensin was frequently detected with concentrations up to 37 ng/L. Tylosin was detected in two out of eleven samples, and Carbadox was not detected in the surface runoff. The results indicate that the developed analytical method can be utilized to determine multiple classes of veterinary antibiotics present in surface runoff originating from animal farms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heather K. Allen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the in feed antibiotic Carbadox induces phage gene transcription in the swine gut microbiome
Mbio, 2017Co-Authors: Timothy A. Johnson, Torey Looft, Andrew J. Severin, Darrell O. Bayles, Daniel J. Nasko, Eric K. Wommack, Adina Howe, Heather K. AllenAbstract:Carbadox is a quinoxaline-di-N-oxide antibiotic fed to over 40% of young pigs in the United States that has been shown to induce phage DNA transduction in vitro; however, the effects of Carbadox on swine microbiome functions are poorly understood. We investigated the in vivo longitudinal effects of Carbadox on swine gut microbial gene expression (fecal metatranscriptome) and phage population dynamics (fecal dsDNA viromes). Microbial metagenome, transcriptome, and virome sequences were annotated for taxonomic inference and gene function by using FIGfam (isofunctional homolog sequences) and SEED subsystems databases. When the beta diversities of microbial FIGfam annotations were compared, the control and Carbadox communities were distinct 2 days after Carbadox introduction. This effect was driven by Carbadox-associated lower expression of FIGfams (n = 66) related to microbial respiration, carbohydrate utilization, and RNA metabolism (q < 0.1), suggesting bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects within certain populations. Interestingly, Carbadox treatment caused greater expression of FIGfams related to all stages of the phage lytic cycle 2 days following the introduction of Carbadox (q ≤0.07), suggesting the Carbadox-mediated induction of prophages and phage DNA recombination. These effects were diminished by 7 days of continuous Carbadox in the feed, suggesting an acute impact. Additionally, the viromes included a few genes that encoded resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and beta-lactam antibiotics but these did not change in frequency over time or with treatment. The results show decreased bacterial growth and metabolism, prophage induction, and potential transduction of bacterial fitness genes in swine gut bacterial communities as a result of Carbadox administration.IMPORTANCE FDA regulations on agricultural antibiotic use have focused on antibiotics that are important for human medicine. Carbadox is an antibiotic not used in humans but frequently used on U.S. pig farms. It is important to study possible side effects of Carbadox use because it has been shown to promote bacterial evolution, which could indirectly impact antibiotic resistance in bacteria of clinical importance. Interestingly, the present study shows greater prophage gene expression in feces from Carbadox-fed animals than in feces from nonmedicated animals 2 days after the initiation of in-feed Carbadox treatment. Importantly, the phage genetic material isolated in this study contained genes that could provide resistance to antibiotics that are important in human medicine, indicating that human-relevant antibiotic resistance genes are mobile between bacteria via phages. This study highlights the collateral effects of antibiotics and demonstrates the need to consider diverse antibiotic effects whenever antibiotics are being used or new regulations are considered.
-
The In-Feed Antibiotic Carbadox Induces Phage Gene Transcription in the Swine Gut Microbiome
American Society for Microbiology, 2017Co-Authors: Timothy A. Johnson, Torey Looft, Andrew J. Severin, Darrell O. Bayles, Daniel J. Nasko, Eric K. Wommack, Adina Howe, Heather K. Allen, Martin J. BlaserAbstract:Carbadox is a quinoxaline-di-N-oxide antibiotic fed to over 40% of young pigs in the United States that has been shown to induce phage DNA transduction in vitro; however, the effects of Carbadox on swine microbiome functions are poorly understood. We investigated the in vivo longitudinal effects of Carbadox on swine gut microbial gene expression (fecal metatranscriptome) and phage population dynamics (fecal dsDNA viromes). Microbial metagenome, transcriptome, and virome sequences were annotated for taxonomic inference and gene function by using FIGfam (isofunctional homolog sequences) and SEED subsystems databases. When the beta diversities of microbial FIGfam annotations were compared, the control and Carbadox communities were distinct 2 days after Carbadox introduction. This effect was driven by Carbadox-associated lower expression of FIGfams (n = 66) related to microbial respiration, carbohydrate utilization, and RNA metabolism (q < 0.1), suggesting bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects within certain populations. Interestingly, Carbadox treatment caused greater expression of FIGfams related to all stages of the phage lytic cycle 2 days following the introduction of Carbadox (q ≤0.07), suggesting the Carbadox-mediated induction of prophages and phage DNA recombination. These effects were diminished by 7 days of continuous Carbadox in the feed, suggesting an acute impact. Additionally, the viromes included a few genes that encoded resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and beta-lactam antibiotics but these did not change in frequency over time or with treatment. The results show decreased bacterial growth and metabolism, prophage induction, and potential transduction of bacterial fitness genes in swine gut bacterial communities as a result of Carbadox administration
-
Carbadox has both temporary and lasting effects on the swine gut microbiota
Frontiers in Microbiology, 2014Co-Authors: Torey Looft, Heather K. Allen, Thomas A Casey, David P Alt, Thaddeus B StantonAbstract:Antibiotics are used in livestock and poultry production to treat and prevent disease as well as to promote animal growth. Carbadox is an in-feed antibiotic that is widely used in swine production to prevent dysentery and to improve feed efficiency. The goal of this study was to characterize the effects of Carbadox and its withdrawal on the swine gut microbiota. Six pigs (initially 3-weeks old) received feed containing Carbadox and six received unamended feed. After 3-weeks of continuous Carbadox administration, all pigs were switched to a maintenance diet without Carbadox. DNA was extracted from feces (n=142) taken before, during, and following (6-week withdrawal) Carbadox treatment. Phylotype analysis using 16S rRNA sequences showed the gradual development of the non-medicated swine gut microbiota over the 8-week study, and that the Carbadox-treated pigs had significant differences in bacterial membership relative to non-medicated pigs. Enumeration of fecal Escherichia coli showed that a diet change concurrent with Carbadox withdrawal was associated with an increase in the E. coli in the non-medicated pigs, suggesting that Carbadox pretreatment prevented an increase of E. coli populations. In-feed Carbadox caused striking effects within four days of administration, with significant alterations in both community structure and bacterial membership, notably a large relative increase in Prevotella populations in medicated pigs. Digital PCR was used to show that the absolute abundance of Prevotella was unchanged between the medicated and non-medicated pigs despite the relative increase shown in the phylotype analysis. Carbadox therefore caused a decrease in the abundance of other gut bacteria but did not affect the absolute abundance of Prevotella. The pending regulation on antibiotics used in animal production underscores the importance of understanding how they modulate the microbiota and impact animal health, which will inform the search for antibiotic alternatives.
-
the agricultural antibiotic Carbadox induces phage mediated gene transfer in salmonella
Frontiers in Microbiology, 2014Co-Authors: Bradley L Bearson, Heather K. Allen, Brian W Brunelle, In Soo Lee, Sherwood R Casjens, Thaddeus B StantonAbstract:Antibiotics are used for disease therapeutic or preventative effects in humans and animals, as well as for enhanced feed conversion efficiency in livestock. Antibiotics can also cause undesirable effects in microbial populations, including selection for antibiotic resistance, enhanced pathogen invasion, and stimulation of horizontal gene transfer. Carbadox is a veterinary antibiotic used in the US during the starter phase of swine production for improved feed efficiency and control of swine dysentery and bacterial swine enteritis. Carbadox has been shown in vitro to induce phage-encoded Shiga toxin in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and a phage-like element transferring antibiotic resistance genes in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, but the effect of Carbadox on prophages in other bacteria is unknown. This study examined Carbadox exposure on prophage induction and genetic transfer in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a human foodborne pathogen that frequently colonizes swine without causing disease. S. Typhimurium LT2 exposed to Carbadox induced prophage production, resulting in bacterial cell lysis and release of virions that were visible by electron microscopy. Carbadox induction of phage-mediated gene transfer was confirmed by monitoring the transduction of a sodCIII::neo cassette in the Fels-1 prophage from LT2 to a recipient Salmonella strain. Furthermore, Carbadox frequently induced generalized transducing phages in multidrug-resistant phage type DT104 and DT120 isolates, resulting in the transfer of chromosomal and plasmid DNA that included antibiotic resistance genes. Our research indicates that exposure of Salmonella to Carbadox induces prophages that can transfer virulence and antibiotic resistance genes to susceptible bacterial hosts. Carbadox-induced, phage-mediated gene transfer could serve as a contributing factor in bacterial evolution during animal production, with prophages being a reservoir for bacterial fitness genes in the environment.
-
The Agricultural Antibiotic Carbadox Induces Phage-mediated Gene Transfer in Salmonella
Frontiers Media S.A., 2014Co-Authors: Bradley L Bearson, Heather K. Allen, Brian W Brunelle, Sherwood R Casjens, In Soo Elee, Thaddeus B StantonAbstract:Antibiotics are used for disease therapeutic or preventative effects in humans and animals, as well as for enhanced feed conversion efficiency in livestock. Antibiotics can also cause undesirable effects in microbial populations, including selection for antibiotic resistance, enhanced pathogen invasion, and stimulation of horizontal gene transfer. Carbadox is a veterinary antibiotic used in the U.S. during the starter phase of swine production for improved feed efficiency and control of swine dysentery and bacterial swine enteritis. Carbadox has been shown in vitro to induce phage-encoded Shiga toxin in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and a phage-like element transferring antibiotic resistance genes in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, but the effect of Carbadox on prophages in other bacteria is unknown. This study examined Carbadox exposure on prophage induction and genetic transfer in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a human foodborne pathogen that frequently colonizes swine without causing disease. S. Typhimurium LT2 exposed to Carbadox induced prophage production, resulting in bacterial cell lysis and release of virions that were visible by electron microscopy. Carbadox induction of phage-mediated gene transfer was confirmed by monitoring the transduction of a sodCIII::neo cassette in the Fels-1 prophage from LT2 to a recipient Salmonella strain. Furthermore, Carbadox frequently induced generalized transducing phages in multidrug-resistant phage type DT104 and DT120 isolates, resulting in the transfer of chromosomal and plasmid DNA that included antibiotic resistance genes. Our research indicates that exposure of Salmonella to Carbadox induces prophages that can transfer virulence and antibiotic resistance genes to susceptible bacterial hosts. Carbadox-induced, phage-mediated gene transfer could serve as a contributing factor in bacterial evolution during animal production, with prophages being a reservoir for bacterial fitness genes in the en
Wenlu Song - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
determination of amprolium Carbadox monensin and tylosin in surface water by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2007Co-Authors: Wenlu Song, Min Huang, Wilson K RumbeihaAbstract:Antibiotics present in the environment are recently considered as emerging contaminants, and have raised increasing concerns about their potential risks to ecosystems and human health. In addition to the utilization for treatment, antibiotics are also routinely added as supplements in livestock feed to promote animal growth. A portion of the administered dose used for these purposes can be excreted into animal manure, and land application of the animal manure as plant fertilizers enhances the dissemination of antibiotics in the environment. It is a common practice to simultaneously administer multiple classes of antibiotics to livestock in an animal production farm. This study attempts to develop a protocol to determine four commonly used veterinary pharmaceuticals, amprolium, Carbadox, monensin, and tylosin, in surface runoff from a livestock farm. A single-cartridge solid-phase extraction procedure was developed to simultaneously extract these veterinary antibiotics from surface water which were subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The extraction recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 89 to 113%, and the limits of quantitation were 8, 25, 1, and 35 ng/L for amprolium, carbodox, monensin, and tylosin, respectively. In the surface runoff from a livestock farm, amprolium was most frequently detected with the concentration range of 10–288 ng/L. Monensin was frequently detected with concentrations up to 37 ng/L. Tylosin was detected in two out of eleven samples, and Carbadox was not detected in the surface runoff. The results indicate that the developed analytical method can be utilized to determine multiple classes of veterinary antibiotics present in surface runoff originating from animal farms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
-
Determination of amprolium, Carbadox, monensin, and tylosin in surface water by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM, 2007Co-Authors: Wenlu Song, Min Huang, Wilson K RumbeihaAbstract:Antibiotics present in the environment are recently considered as emerging contaminants, and have raised increasing concerns about their potential risks to ecosystems and human health. In addition to the utilization for treatment, antibiotics are also routinely added as supplements in livestock feed to promote animal growth. A portion of the administered dose used for these purposes can be excreted into animal manure, and land application of the animal manure as plant fertilizers enhances the dissemination of antibiotics in the environment. It is a common practice to simultaneously administer multiple classes of antibiotics to livestock in an animal production farm. This study attempts to develop a protocol to determine four commonly used veterinary pharmaceuticals, amprolium, Carbadox, monensin, and tylosin, in surface runoff from a livestock farm. A single-cartridge solid-phase extraction procedure was developed to simultaneously extract these veterinary antibiotics from surface water which were subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The extraction recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 89 to 113%, and the limits of quantitation were 8, 25, 1, and 35 ng/L for amprolium, carbodox, monensin, and tylosin, respectively. In the surface runoff from a livestock farm, amprolium was most frequently detected with the concentration range of 10–288 ng/L. Monensin was frequently detected with concentrations up to 37 ng/L. Tylosin was detected in two out of eleven samples, and Carbadox was not detected in the surface runoff. The results indicate that the developed analytical method can be utilized to determine multiple classes of veterinary antibiotics present in surface runoff originating from animal farms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Torey Looft - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the in feed antibiotic Carbadox induces phage gene transcription in the swine gut microbiome
Mbio, 2017Co-Authors: Timothy A. Johnson, Torey Looft, Andrew J. Severin, Darrell O. Bayles, Daniel J. Nasko, Eric K. Wommack, Adina Howe, Heather K. AllenAbstract:Carbadox is a quinoxaline-di-N-oxide antibiotic fed to over 40% of young pigs in the United States that has been shown to induce phage DNA transduction in vitro; however, the effects of Carbadox on swine microbiome functions are poorly understood. We investigated the in vivo longitudinal effects of Carbadox on swine gut microbial gene expression (fecal metatranscriptome) and phage population dynamics (fecal dsDNA viromes). Microbial metagenome, transcriptome, and virome sequences were annotated for taxonomic inference and gene function by using FIGfam (isofunctional homolog sequences) and SEED subsystems databases. When the beta diversities of microbial FIGfam annotations were compared, the control and Carbadox communities were distinct 2 days after Carbadox introduction. This effect was driven by Carbadox-associated lower expression of FIGfams (n = 66) related to microbial respiration, carbohydrate utilization, and RNA metabolism (q < 0.1), suggesting bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects within certain populations. Interestingly, Carbadox treatment caused greater expression of FIGfams related to all stages of the phage lytic cycle 2 days following the introduction of Carbadox (q ≤0.07), suggesting the Carbadox-mediated induction of prophages and phage DNA recombination. These effects were diminished by 7 days of continuous Carbadox in the feed, suggesting an acute impact. Additionally, the viromes included a few genes that encoded resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and beta-lactam antibiotics but these did not change in frequency over time or with treatment. The results show decreased bacterial growth and metabolism, prophage induction, and potential transduction of bacterial fitness genes in swine gut bacterial communities as a result of Carbadox administration.IMPORTANCE FDA regulations on agricultural antibiotic use have focused on antibiotics that are important for human medicine. Carbadox is an antibiotic not used in humans but frequently used on U.S. pig farms. It is important to study possible side effects of Carbadox use because it has been shown to promote bacterial evolution, which could indirectly impact antibiotic resistance in bacteria of clinical importance. Interestingly, the present study shows greater prophage gene expression in feces from Carbadox-fed animals than in feces from nonmedicated animals 2 days after the initiation of in-feed Carbadox treatment. Importantly, the phage genetic material isolated in this study contained genes that could provide resistance to antibiotics that are important in human medicine, indicating that human-relevant antibiotic resistance genes are mobile between bacteria via phages. This study highlights the collateral effects of antibiotics and demonstrates the need to consider diverse antibiotic effects whenever antibiotics are being used or new regulations are considered.
-
The In-Feed Antibiotic Carbadox Induces Phage Gene Transcription in the Swine Gut Microbiome
American Society for Microbiology, 2017Co-Authors: Timothy A. Johnson, Torey Looft, Andrew J. Severin, Darrell O. Bayles, Daniel J. Nasko, Eric K. Wommack, Adina Howe, Heather K. Allen, Martin J. BlaserAbstract:Carbadox is a quinoxaline-di-N-oxide antibiotic fed to over 40% of young pigs in the United States that has been shown to induce phage DNA transduction in vitro; however, the effects of Carbadox on swine microbiome functions are poorly understood. We investigated the in vivo longitudinal effects of Carbadox on swine gut microbial gene expression (fecal metatranscriptome) and phage population dynamics (fecal dsDNA viromes). Microbial metagenome, transcriptome, and virome sequences were annotated for taxonomic inference and gene function by using FIGfam (isofunctional homolog sequences) and SEED subsystems databases. When the beta diversities of microbial FIGfam annotations were compared, the control and Carbadox communities were distinct 2 days after Carbadox introduction. This effect was driven by Carbadox-associated lower expression of FIGfams (n = 66) related to microbial respiration, carbohydrate utilization, and RNA metabolism (q < 0.1), suggesting bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects within certain populations. Interestingly, Carbadox treatment caused greater expression of FIGfams related to all stages of the phage lytic cycle 2 days following the introduction of Carbadox (q ≤0.07), suggesting the Carbadox-mediated induction of prophages and phage DNA recombination. These effects were diminished by 7 days of continuous Carbadox in the feed, suggesting an acute impact. Additionally, the viromes included a few genes that encoded resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and beta-lactam antibiotics but these did not change in frequency over time or with treatment. The results show decreased bacterial growth and metabolism, prophage induction, and potential transduction of bacterial fitness genes in swine gut bacterial communities as a result of Carbadox administration
-
Carbadox has both temporary and lasting effects on the swine gut microbiota
Frontiers in Microbiology, 2014Co-Authors: Torey Looft, Heather K. Allen, Thomas A Casey, David P Alt, Thaddeus B StantonAbstract:Antibiotics are used in livestock and poultry production to treat and prevent disease as well as to promote animal growth. Carbadox is an in-feed antibiotic that is widely used in swine production to prevent dysentery and to improve feed efficiency. The goal of this study was to characterize the effects of Carbadox and its withdrawal on the swine gut microbiota. Six pigs (initially 3-weeks old) received feed containing Carbadox and six received unamended feed. After 3-weeks of continuous Carbadox administration, all pigs were switched to a maintenance diet without Carbadox. DNA was extracted from feces (n=142) taken before, during, and following (6-week withdrawal) Carbadox treatment. Phylotype analysis using 16S rRNA sequences showed the gradual development of the non-medicated swine gut microbiota over the 8-week study, and that the Carbadox-treated pigs had significant differences in bacterial membership relative to non-medicated pigs. Enumeration of fecal Escherichia coli showed that a diet change concurrent with Carbadox withdrawal was associated with an increase in the E. coli in the non-medicated pigs, suggesting that Carbadox pretreatment prevented an increase of E. coli populations. In-feed Carbadox caused striking effects within four days of administration, with significant alterations in both community structure and bacterial membership, notably a large relative increase in Prevotella populations in medicated pigs. Digital PCR was used to show that the absolute abundance of Prevotella was unchanged between the medicated and non-medicated pigs despite the relative increase shown in the phylotype analysis. Carbadox therefore caused a decrease in the abundance of other gut bacteria but did not affect the absolute abundance of Prevotella. The pending regulation on antibiotics used in animal production underscores the importance of understanding how they modulate the microbiota and impact animal health, which will inform the search for antibiotic alternatives.