The Experts below are selected from a list of 93 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Phillip R Shaver - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Assessing hyperactivation and deactivation strategies of the Caregiving behavioral System: Psychometric studies of the Portuguese version of the Caregiving System Scale.
Psychological Assessment, 2018Co-Authors: Helena Moreira, Phillip R Shaver, Mario Mikulincer, Ana Fonseca, Maria Cristina CanavarroAbstract:According to attachment theory, the main goal of the Caregiving behavioral System is to relieve others' distress and promote their health and welfare. This is accomplished through a set of Caregiving behaviors that are the primary strategy of this System. However, some individuals develop nonoptimal or secondary strategies (hyperactivation or deactivation). The Caregiving System Scale (CSS) is a self-report measure that assesses these nonoptimal Caregiving strategies. This study examined the factor structure of the Portuguese version of the CSS using a bifactor model and a 2-factor correlated model; it also examined validity evidence for CSS scores in relation to other relevant variables. The sample comprised 417 women from the general population who completed the CSS, with a subsample of 124 women completing additional measures of attachment, mental representations of Caregiving, compassion, and difficulties in emotional regulation. The bifactor model showed the best fit to the data, supporting an orthogonal and reliable 2-factor structure (Hyperactivation and Deactivation). This model also suggested that the Hyperactivation scale is multidimensional. With regard to the validity evidence for the CSS, the results showed that individuals engaged in volunteering activities presented lower levels of deactivation than those who were not engaged in these activities. The CSS scores also correlated as expected with the other measures. In conclusion, this study supports the utilization of Deactivation and Hyperactivation subscales as 2 statistically distinct constructs and demonstrates that the Portuguese version is an adequate measure of nonoptimal Caregiving strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record
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handbook of attachment theory research and clinical applications 3rd ed
2016Co-Authors: Jude Cassidy, Phillip R ShaverAbstract:Widely regarded as the state-of-the-science reference on attachment, this handbook interweaves theory and cutting-edge research with clinical applications. Leading researchers examine the origins and development of attachment theory; present biological and evolutionary perspectives; and explore the role of attachment processes in relationships, including both parent-child and romantic bonds. Implications for mental health and psychotherapy are addressed, with reviews of exemplary attachment-oriented interventions for children and adolescents, adults, couples, and families. Contributors discuss best practices in assessment and critically evaluate available instruments and protocols. New to this edition: Chapters on genetics and epigenetics, psychoneuroimmunology, and sexual mating. Chapters on compassion, school readiness, and the Caregiving System across the lifespan. Chapter probing the relation between attachment and other developmental influences. Nearly a decade's worth of theoretical and empirical advances.
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Validity and Reliability of the Caregiving System Scale in the Italian Context
Swiss Journal of Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Anna Maria Meneghini, Diego Romaioli, Alessio Nencini, Lisa Pagotto, Fabiana Zermiani, Mario Mikulincer, Phillip R ShaverAbstract:This study examines the validity and reliability of the Italian adaptation of the Caregiving System Scale (CSS), a recently developed tool designed to tap individual differences in the functioning of the Caregiving System. A group of 259 participants took part in the study. Based on confirmatory factor analyses, the original two-factor structure of the CSS (hyperactivation and deactivation) was replicated in the Italian sample. The Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES) was used to test convergent validity. The results confirm the validity and reliability of the Italian version of the CSS, which may prove to be a useful tool in assessing the Caregiving tendency in people from many fields (from parents to volunteers to those in helping professions).
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the avoidance cocoon examining the interplay between attachment and Caregiving in predicting relationship satisfaction
European Journal of Social Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Abira Reizer, Tsachi Eindor, Phillip R ShaverAbstract:Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USAAbstractIn the present research, we examined the hypothesis that low avoidance enables the activation of the Caregiving System, andtherefore, among people low in avoidance, Caregiving would affect relationship satisfaction, whereas among people high inavoidance, Caregiving would not affect relationship satisfaction. One-hundred seventy-nine Israeli adults, currently involvedin romantic relationships, participated in Study 1, in which we examined whether attachment avoidance moderated theassociations between Caregiving and relationship satisfaction. In Study 2, we sought to replicate this finding in a sample ofIsraeli couples (N=194). Finally, in Study 3 (N=44), we examined links between attachment, Caregiving, and relationshipsatisfactionoveraperiodof1yearamongIsraelimarriedcouples.ResultsindicatedthatCaregivingdeactivationand/orhyperactivationpredicted lower relationship satisfaction, yet only among people low in avoidance or among people whose partners were low inavoidance. Results are discussed in relation to the important inter play between behavioral Systems on individual and dyadic levels.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Attachment theory (Bowlby, 1982) maintains that humanbeingspossessaninnatepsychobiologicalSystem(the attachmentbehavioral System), which is activated in times of need, and mo-tivates people to seek proximity to significant others (attachmentfigures) for protection and care. According to attachmenttheory and research (reviewed in Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007),beginning in infancy, if people experience their attachmentfigures (caregivers) as available, responsive, and supportivewhen faced with threats or difficulties, they develop a sense ofattachment security. Conversely, when attachment figures areperceived as unavailable, unresponsive, or unreliable, peopleare likely to develop an insecure attachment pattern, such asavoidance, which reflects distrust of relationship partners’goodwill, a desire to maintain independence and self-reliance,and the use of distancing coping strategies to deal with threatsand negative emotions.Avoidance-related distancing strategies may affect theactivation of other behavioral Systems discussed by Bowlby(1982),suchastheCaregivingSystem.Bowlby(1982)suggestedthat the Caregiving System evolved as a goal-correctedbehavioral System that is reciprocal to attachment. The set-goalof the System is to keep dependent offspring close and safe,and its adaptive function is protection of the young (Mikulincer& Shaver, 2007). According to Mikulincer and Shaver’s(2003)integrative model of attachment-System dynamics in adulthood,attachment insecurities interfere with the activation and optimalfunctioningoftheCaregivingSystem,becausetheyareprimarilyself-focused rather than oriented to the needs of others. In thecaseofavoidantindividuals,gettinginvolvedwithothers’needsand responding with empathy and care encourage closeness,interdependence,andcommitment,whichareincompatiblewithexaggerated independence and self-reliance. Avoidant indivi-duals’lifehistorieshavetaughtthemnottorelyonothers’good-will (Main, 1990), which may encourage them to forgo caringfor others while creating an avoidance cocoon. As previouslymentioned,thisstrategyprovidedcopingtoolsfortheirpreviousenvironment but leads these individuals to be relatively insensi-tive to others’ needs.In the research described here, we examine the mutualcontribution of Caregiving and attachment to relationshipsatisfaction. Specifically, we examine whether this cocoon ofavoidance hinders avoidant individuals’ ability to activate caringrepresentations,therebyforgoingthebenefitsofenjoyingnurturingrelational satisfaction.Attachment Theory and ResearchSocial and personality psychologists generally conceptualizeadult attachment patterns as regions in a continuous two-dimensionalspace(e.g.,Brennan,Clark,&Shaver,1998).Theseregionsaredefinedbyattachment-relatedavoidanceandanxiety.The first dimension, attachment-related avoidance,reflectsthe extent to which a person distrusts relationship partners’goodwill, strives to maintain independence, and relies on
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handbook of attachment theory research and clinical applications
1999Co-Authors: Jude Cassidy, Phillip R ShaverAbstract:Part 1. Overview of Attachment Theory. Cassidy, The Nature of the Child's Ties. Kobak, Madsen, Disruptions in Attachment Bonds: Implications for Theory, Research, and Clinical Intervention. Shaver, Fraley, Attachment, Loss, and Grief: Bowlby's Views and Current Controversies. Weinfield, Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, Individual Differences in Infant-caregiver Attachment: Conceptual and Empirical Aspects of Security. Bretherton, Munholland, Internal Working Models in Attachment Relationships: Elaborating a Central Construct in Attachment Theory. Part 2. Biological Perspectives. Simpson, Belsky, Attachment Theory within a Modern Evolutionary Framework. Polan, Hofer, Psychobiological Origins of Infant Attachment and Its Role in Development. Suomi, Attachment in Rhesus Monkeys. Vaughn, Bost, van IJzendoorn, Attachment and Temperament: Additive and Interactive Influences on Behavior, Affect, and Cognition During Infancy and Childhood. Fox, Hane, Studying the Biology of Human Attachment. Coan, Toward a Neuroscience of Attachment. Part 3. Attachment in Infancy and Childhood. Marvin, Britner, Normative Development: The Ontogeny of Attachment. Belsky, Fearon, Precursors of Attachment Security. Howes, Spieker, Attachment Relationships in the Context of Multiple Caregivers. Berlin, Cassidy, Appleyard, The Influence of Early Attachments on Other Relationships. Thompson, Early Attachment and Later Development: Familiar Questions, New Answers. Kerns, Attachment in Middle Childhood. Solomon, George, The Measurement of Attachment Security in Infancy and Early Childhood. Part 4. Attachment in Adolescence and Adulthood. Allen, The Attachment System in Adolescence. Zeifman, Hazan, Pair Bonds as Attachments: Reevaluating the Evidence. Feeney, Adult Romantic Attachment: Developments in the Study of Couple Relationships. Mohr, Same-sex Romantic Attachment. Mikulincer, Shaver, Adult Attachment and Affect Regulation. Magai, Attachment in Middle and Later Life. Hesse, The Adult Attachment Interview: Protocol, Method of Analysis, and Empirical Studies. Crowell, Fraley, Shaver, Measurement of Individual Differences in Adolescent and Adult Attachment. Part 5. Psychopathology and Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory and Research. DeKlyen, Greenberg, Attachment and Psychopathology in Childhood. Lyons-Ruth, Jacobvitz, Attachment Disorganization: Genetic Factors, Parenting Contexts, and Developmental Transformation from Infancy to Adulthood. Dozier, Rutter, Challenges to the Development of Attachment Relationships Faced by Young Children in Foster and Adoptive Care. Dozier, Stovall-McClough, Albus, Attachment and Psychopathology in Adulthood. Berlin, Zeanah, Lieberman, Prevention and Intervention Programs for Supporting Early Attachment Security. Slade, The Implications of Attachment Theory and Research for Adult Psychotherapy: Research and Clinical Perspectives. Fonagy, Gergely, Target, Psychoanalytic Theory from the Viewpoint of Attachment Theory and Research. Johnson, Couple and Family Therapy: An Attachment Perspective. Part 6. Systems, Culture, and Context. George, Solomon, The Caregiving System: A Behavioral Systems Approach to Parenting. K. Grossmann, K. E. Grossmann, Kindler, Zimmermann, A Wider View of Attachment and Exploration: The Influence of Mothers and Fathers on the Development of Psychological Security from Infancy to Young Adulthood. van IJzendoorn, Sagi-Schwartz, Cross-Cultural Patterns of Attachment: Universal and Contextual Dimensions. Granqvist, Kirkpatrick, Attachment and Religious Representations and Behavior. Feeney, Monin, An Attachment-Theoretical Perspective on Divorce. Rutter, Implications of Attachment Theory and Research for Child Care Policy.
Melvin Delgado - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Religion as a Caregiving System for Puerto Rican Elders with Functional Disabilities
Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 1997Co-Authors: Melvin DelgadoAbstract:Natural support Systems represent an important community resource for meeting Puerto Rican elder social service needs. The family is without question the most important natural support for Puerto Rican elders. However, religion is widely considered the second most important support. This article will report findings from a study of 558 Puerto Rican elders, 214 of which indicated having a functional disability, and 194 of their primary caregivers in a New England community, and will examine the role of religious institutions in meeting elder social service needs. Implications for social work practice will bc presented.
Sonja Hilbrand - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Caregiving within and beyond the family is associated with lower mortality for the caregiver a prospective study
Evolution and Human Behavior, 2017Co-Authors: Sonja Hilbrand, David A Coall, Denis Gerstorf, Ralph HertwigAbstract:Abstract Grandparenting has been proposed as an ultimate evolutionary mechanism that has contributed to the increase in human life expectancy (see the grandmother hypothesis). The neural and hormonal System – originally rooted in parenting and thus grandparenting – that is activated in the process of Caregiving has been suggested as a potential proximate mechanism that promotes engagement in prosocial behavior towards kin and non-kin alike. Evidence and theory suggest that activating this Caregiving System positively impacts health and may reduce the mortality of the helper. Although some studies have found grandparental care to have beneficial effects on grandparents' health outcomes, most studies have focused on the detrimental health consequences of providing custodial care for grandchildren. Little is known about how non-custodial grandparental and other forms of Caregiving relate to mortality hazards for the care provider. Using an evolutionary framework, we examined whether Caregiving within and beyond the family is related to mortality in older adults. Survival analyses based on data from the Berlin Aging Study revealed that mortality hazards for grandparents who provided non-custodial childcare were 37% lower than for grandparents who did not provide childcare and for non-grandparents. These associations held after controlling for physical health, age, socioeconomic status and various characteristics of the children and grandchildren. Furthermore, the effect of Caregiving extended to non-grandparents and to childless older adults who helped beyond their families. Potential ultimate and proximate mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed.
Wilfried Schnepp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Activation of the maternal Caregiving System by childhood fever--a qualitative study of the experiences made by mothers with a German or a Turkish background in the care of their children.
BMC Family Practice, 2013Co-Authors: Thorsten Langer, Miriam Pfeifer, Aynur Soenmez, Vera Kalitzkus, Stefan Wilm, Wilfried SchneppAbstract:Childhood fever represents a frequent cause to consult a primary care physician. “Fever phobia” describes a fearful and irrational view of fever shared by many parents with different cultural backgrounds. The study aims to explain the experiences of mothers of children having a fever and to analyze the role of the mothers’ cultural background with regard to their experiences by comparing the accounts of mothers with a German with those from a Turkish background. Disease and context specific knowledge about the influence of culture can be important for effective counselling. We applied a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with 11 mothers with a Turkish and 9 with a German background living in Germany. The interviews were conducted at the participants´ homes from May to October 2008. Data was audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Grounded Theory was used as a framing methodology including open, axial and selective coding. Analysis was performed in a group with members of different professional and cultural backgrounds. Mothers experienced their child’s fever not merely as elevated temperature but as a potentially dangerous event. A deeply rooted urge to protect the child from harm was central to all participants’ experience. The Caregiving System model offers a good theoretical foundation to explain the findings as it incorporates the unique relational quality of care giving mothers to their children. The cultural background represents an important context variable influencing the explanatory models and strategies of dealing with fever. The identified culturally influenced concepts sometimes match and sometimes conflict with medical knowledge. By applying the Caregiving System model which is a part of attachment theory (Bowlby) maternal actions can be understood as an understandable attempt to protect the child from harm. The mothers´ decisions what to do when a child has a fever can be culturally influenced. This may lead either to a frequent use of services or to an underestimation of the child’s state of health. The mothers´ caring role and emotional state should be acknowledged; her concerns, explanatory models and strategies should be elicited and taken seriously in order to maintain a trustful relationship, provide effective counselling and thereby insuring optimal care for the children.
Mandy Goh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Research Study on Secure Attachment Using the Primary Caregiving Approach
Early Childhood Education Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Marjory Ebbeck, Dora Mei Yong Phoon, Elizabeth Chai Kim Tan-chong, Marilyn Ai Bee Tan, Mandy GohAbstract:A child’s positive sense of well-being is central to their overall growth and development. With an increasing number of mothers in the workforce, many infants and toddlers spend much time in child care services. Hence it is crucial that caregivers provide a secure base for the child to develop secure attachment with educarers. Given multiple caregivers, fostering attachment in the child care setting can be problematic. One strategy used in some countries is the implementation of a primary Caregiving System. The purpose of this research study was to investigate how caregivers in two childcare centres in Singapore implemented the primary Caregiving System. A ‘before-and-after’ methodology was used to find out if change had occurred after the intervention. Results showed that attachment in infants/toddlers had strengthened through the improved educaring practices, collaboration with families, staff team work and employment stability.