The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Christopher R Browning - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Neighborhood Structural Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and Sexual Risk
2016Co-Authors: Behavior Among Urban Youth, Christopher R Browning, Lori A Burrington, Jeanne Brooks-gunnAbstract:We draw on Collective Efficacy theory to extend a contextual model of early ado-lescent sexual behavior. Specifically, we hypothesize that neighborhood struc-tural disadvantage—as measured by levels of concentrated poverty, residential instability, and aspects of immigrant concentration—and diminished Collective Efficacy have consequences for the prevalence of early adolescent multiple sex-ual partnering. Findings from random effects multinomial logistic regression models of the number of sexual partners among a sample of youth, age 11 to 16, from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (N = 768) reveal evidence of neighborhood effects on adolescent higher-risk sexual activ-ity. Collective Efficacy is negatively associated with having two or more sexual partners versus one (but not zero versus one) sexual partner. The effect of col-lective Efficacy is dependent upon age: The regulatory effect of Collective effi-cacy increases for older adolescents. 269 Young adolescents who initiate sexual activ-ity get a “head start ” on exposure to risks such as sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted fertility, at a time when their developmental status places them at a disadvantage in the as-sessment and management of these risks (Keating 2004; Steinberg 2005). In addition to these direct risks, early onset of sexual activity is associated with other indirect outcomes, such as diminished mental health and in-creased involvement in other risk behaviors (Meier 2002; Resnick et al. 1997; Tubman, Windle, and Windle 1996). It is not surprising, then, that researchers have devoted consider-able attention to the determinants of entry int
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Collective Efficacy and the contingent consequences of exposure to life threatening violence
Developmental Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Christopher R Browning, David Maimon, Margo Gardner, Jeanne BrooksgunnAbstract:Neighborhood research has increasingly emphasized the potential for contextual characteristics to moderate the effects of youths' experiences on their outcomes. Drawing on Collective Efficacy theory, we examine the variable consequences of youths' exposures to life-threatening violence across neighborhoods. We argue that strong community normative orientations supporting the control of violence diminish the negative effect of exposure to severe violence on subsequent mental health among urban youth. We also consider the extent to which the consequences of exposure to violence vary by gender. Employing data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, we estimate a series of multivariate, multilevel linear models of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. RESULTS indicate that, for girls, exposure to life-threatening violence (witnessing someone being attacked with a weapon or shot) increases both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. However, this effect achieves statistical significance only for girls who reside in neighborhoods with lower Collective Efficacy. For boys, our analyses offered weaker evidence of violence exposure effects on mental health. Implications for research on the social context of mental health are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
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Collective Efficacy family attachment and urban adolescent suicide attempts
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2010Co-Authors: David Maimon, Christopher R Browning, Jeanne BrooksgunnAbstract:The suicide rate among American adolescents between the ages of 14-25 has dramatically increased during the last 50 years, and this fact has been the focus of extensive social-scientific investigation. To date, however, research focusing on the joint effects of mental health, family, and contextual-level predictors on adolescents' suicidal behaviors is scarce. Drawing on Durkheim's classic macro-level approach to suicide and Collective Efficacy theory, we use data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) to examine the effect of informal social controls on adolescents' suicide attempts. Analyzing reports from 990 youth, we examine the hypothesis that neighborhood-level Collective Efficacy and family-level integration and social control independently affect suicide attempts. We also examine the extent to which they interact in their effects on suicidal behavior. Overall, results from multilevel logit models support the Durkheimian expectation that family attachment reduces the probability that adolescents will attempt suicide. The effect of Collective Efficacy is interactive in nature. Specifically, we find that Collective Efficacy significantly enhances the protective effect of family attachment and support on adolescent suicidal behaviors. We discuss findings within the context of social control theory.
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unstructured socializing Collective Efficacy and violent behavior among urban youth
Criminology, 2010Co-Authors: David Maimon, Christopher R BrowningAbstract:Relying on extensions of routine activities and social disorganization theories, we examine whether 1) neighborhood social characteristics shape opportunities for the development of unstructured socializing with peers among adolescents, 2) whether unstructured socializing leads to an increase in violent behavior within urban communities, and 3) whether neighborhood Collective Efficacy modifies the impact of unstructured socializing on violence. The study outlined in this article uses three waves of data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Community Survey and Longitudinal Cohort Study. Results from multilevel linear models suggest that neighborhood Collective Efficacy supports the development of unstructured socializing with peers. Multilevel Rasch models of violent behavior indicate that, consistent with previous research, unstructured socializing is a powerful predictor of violence. Collective Efficacy exerts an independent influence on violent behavior and attenuates the effect of unstructured socializing on this outcome.
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neighborhood structural inequality Collective Efficacy and sexual risk behavior among urban youth
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2008Co-Authors: Christopher R Browning, Lori A Burrington, Tama Leventhal, Jeanne BrooksgunnAbstract:We draw on Collective Efficacy theory to extend a contextual model of early adolescent sexual behavior. Specifically, we hypothesize that neighborhood structural disadvantage—as measured by levels of concentrated poverty, residential instability, and aspects of immigrant concentration—and diminished Collective Efficacy have consequences for the prevalence of early adolescent multiple sexual partnering. Findings from random effects multinomial logistic regression models of the number of sexual partners among a sample of youth, age 11 to 16, from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (N = 768) reveal evidence of neighborhood effects on adolescent higher-risk sexual activity. Collective Efficacy is negatively associated with having two or more sexual partners versus one (but not zero versus one) sexual partner. The effect of Collective Efficacy is dependent upon age: The regulatory effect of Collective Efficacy increases for older adolescents.
Jennifer Ahern - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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community Collective Efficacy is associated with reduced physical intimate partner violence ipv incidence in the rural province of mpumalanga south africa findings from hptn 068
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2019Co-Authors: Anna M Leddy, Jennifer Ahern, Sheri A Lippman, Torsten B Neilands, Rhian Twine, Francesc Xavier Gomezolive, Stephanie M Delong, Catherine Macphail, Kathleen Kahn, Audrey PettiforAbstract:Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a human rights violation and is associated with a variety of adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Collective Efficacy, defined as mutual trust among community members and willingness to intervene on the behalf of the common good, has been associated with reduced neighbourhood violence. Limited research has explored whether community Collective Efficacy is associated with reduced incidence of IPV. This is of particular interest among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa, where the burden of HIV is greatest and IPV is common. Methods We collected longitudinal data among 2533 AGYW (ages 13–20) enrolled in the HPTN 068 cohort in Mpumalanga province, South Africa between 2011 and 2016. We included participants from 26 villages where community surveys were collected during the HPTN 068 study. Collective Efficacy was measured at the village level via two population-based cross-sectional surveys in 2012 and 2014. Multivariable Poisson generalised estimating equation regression models estimated the relative risk ratio (RR) between village Collective Efficacy scores and subsequent physical IPV 12 month incidence, adjusting for village-level clustering and covariates. Results Thirty-eight per cent of the cohort (n=950) reported at least one episode of recent physical IPV during follow-up. For every SD higher level of Collective Efficacy, there was a 6% lower level of physical IPV incidence (adjusted RR: 0.94; 95% CI 0.89 to 0.98) among AGYW after adjusting for covariates. Conclusions Community-level interventions that foster the development of Collective Efficacy may reduce IPV among AGYW.
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navigating non positivity in neighbourhood studies an analysis of Collective Efficacy and violence
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2013Co-Authors: Jennifer Ahern, Magdalena Cerda, Sheri A Lippman, Kenneth Tardiff, David Vlahov, Sandro GaleaAbstract:Background In multilevel studies, strong correlations of neighbourhood exposures with individual and neighbourhood confounders may generate problems with non-positivity (ie, inferences that are ‘off-support’). The authors used propensity restriction and matching to (1) assess the utility of propensity restriction to ensure analyses are ‘on-support’ and (2) examine the relation between Collective Efficacy and violence in a previously unstudied city. Methods Associations between neighbourhood Collective Efficacy and violent victimisation were estimated in data from New York City in 2005 (n=4000) using marginal models and propensity matching. Results In marginal models adjusted for individual confounders and limited to observations ‘on-support’, under conditions of high Collective Efficacy, the estimated prevalence of violent victimisation was 3.5/100, while under conditions of low Collective Efficacy, it was 7.5/100, resulting in a difference of 4.0/100 (95% CI 2.6 to 5.8). In propensity-matched analysis, the comparable difference was 4.0/100 (95% CI 2.1 to 5.9). In analyses adjusted for individual and neighbourhood confounders and limited to observations ’on-support’, the difference in violent victimisation associated with Collective Efficacy was 3.1/100 (95% CI 1.2 to 5.2) in marginal models and 2.4/100 (95% CI 0.2 to 4.5) in propensity-matched analysis. Analyses without support restrictions produced surprisingly similar results. Conclusions Under conditions of high Collective Efficacy, there was about half the prevalence of violence compared with low Collective Efficacy. The results contribute to a growing body of evidence that suggests Collective Efficacy may shape violence, and illustrate how careful techniques can be used to disentangle exposures from highly correlated confounders without relying on model extrapolation.
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social norms Collective Efficacy and smoking cessation in urban neighborhoods
American Journal of Public Health, 2012Co-Authors: Deborah Karasek, Jennifer Ahern, Sandro GaleaAbstract:Objectives. We examined the separate and combined relations of neighborhood-level social norms and Collective Efficacy with individuals’ cigarette smoking cessation.Methods. We modeled the hazard of quitting over a 5-year period among 863 smokers who participated in the 2005 New York Social Environment Study.Results. In adjusted Cox proportional hazard models, prohibitive neighborhood smoking norms were significantly associated with higher rates of smoking cessation (second quartile hazard ratio [HR] = 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.59, 2.32; third quartile HR = 2.37; 95% CI = 1.17, 4.78; fourth quartile HR = 1.80; 95% CI = 0.85, 3.81). We did not find a significant association between neighborhood Collective Efficacy and cessation or significant evidence of a joint relation of Collective Efficacy and smoking norms with cessation.Conclusions. Neighborhood social norms may be more relevant than is Collective Efficacy to smoking cessation. The normative environment may shape health behavior and shou...
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neighborhood smoking norms modify the relation between Collective Efficacy and smoking behavior
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2009Co-Authors: Jennifer Ahern, Sandro Galea, Alan Hubbard, Leonard S SymeAbstract:Background: Although neighborhoods with more Collective Efficacy have better health in general, recent work suggests that social norms and Collective Efficacy may in combination influence health behaviors such as smoking. Methods: Using data from the New York Social Environment Study (conducted in 2005; n = 4000), we examined the separate and combined associations of neighborhood Collective Efficacy and anti-smoking norms with individual smoking. The outcome was current smoking, assessed using the World Mental Health Comprehensive International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) tobacco module. Exposures of interest were neighborhood Collective Efficacy, measured as the average neighborhood response on a wellestablished scale, and neighborhood anti-smoking norms, measured as the proportion of residents who believed regular smoking was unacceptable. All analyses adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, as well as history of smoking prior to residence in the current neighborhood, individual perception of smoking level in the neighborhood, individual perception of Collective Efficacy, and individual smoking norms. Results: In separate generalized estimating equation logistic regression models, neighborhood Collective Efficacy was not associated with smoking (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.84–1.34) but permissive neighborhood smoking norms were associated with more smoking (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.03–1.74), particularly among residents with no prior history of smoking (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.92–4.30). When considered in combination, where smoking norms were permissive, higher Collective Efficacy was associated with more smoking; in contrast, where norms were strongly anti-smoking, higher Collective Efficacy was associated with less smoking. Conclusions: Features of the neighborhood social environment may need to be considered in combinations
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Collective Efficacy and major depression in urban neighborhoods
American Journal of Epidemiology, 2006Co-Authors: Jennifer Ahern, Sandro GaleaAbstract:Depression contributes substantially to the global burden of disease and disability. Population-level factors that shape depression may be efficient targets for intervention to decrease the depression burden. The authors aimed to identify the relation between neighborhood Collective Efficacy and major depression. Analyses were conducted on data from the New York Social Environment Study (n = 4,000), a representative study of residents of New York, New York, conducted in 2005. Neighborhood Collective Efficacy was measured as the average neighborhood response on a well-established scale. Major depression was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire. A marginal modeling approach was applied to present results on the additive scale relevant to public health and intervention. Analyses were adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, recent life events that could contribute to both depression and change in residence, and individual perception of Collective Efficacy. Collective Efficacy was related to major depression among older adults; marginal models estimated a 6.2% (95% confidence interval: 0.1, 17.5) lower prevalence of depression if all older adults (65 years and older) had lived in high versus low Collective Efficacy neighborhoods. Similar results were suggested among younger adults; however, the confidence interval crossed the null. These and other study findings suggest that community-randomized trials targeting Collective Efficacy merit consideration.
Sandro Galea - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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navigating non positivity in neighbourhood studies an analysis of Collective Efficacy and violence
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2013Co-Authors: Jennifer Ahern, Magdalena Cerda, Sheri A Lippman, Kenneth Tardiff, David Vlahov, Sandro GaleaAbstract:Background In multilevel studies, strong correlations of neighbourhood exposures with individual and neighbourhood confounders may generate problems with non-positivity (ie, inferences that are ‘off-support’). The authors used propensity restriction and matching to (1) assess the utility of propensity restriction to ensure analyses are ‘on-support’ and (2) examine the relation between Collective Efficacy and violence in a previously unstudied city. Methods Associations between neighbourhood Collective Efficacy and violent victimisation were estimated in data from New York City in 2005 (n=4000) using marginal models and propensity matching. Results In marginal models adjusted for individual confounders and limited to observations ‘on-support’, under conditions of high Collective Efficacy, the estimated prevalence of violent victimisation was 3.5/100, while under conditions of low Collective Efficacy, it was 7.5/100, resulting in a difference of 4.0/100 (95% CI 2.6 to 5.8). In propensity-matched analysis, the comparable difference was 4.0/100 (95% CI 2.1 to 5.9). In analyses adjusted for individual and neighbourhood confounders and limited to observations ’on-support’, the difference in violent victimisation associated with Collective Efficacy was 3.1/100 (95% CI 1.2 to 5.2) in marginal models and 2.4/100 (95% CI 0.2 to 4.5) in propensity-matched analysis. Analyses without support restrictions produced surprisingly similar results. Conclusions Under conditions of high Collective Efficacy, there was about half the prevalence of violence compared with low Collective Efficacy. The results contribute to a growing body of evidence that suggests Collective Efficacy may shape violence, and illustrate how careful techniques can be used to disentangle exposures from highly correlated confounders without relying on model extrapolation.
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social norms Collective Efficacy and smoking cessation in urban neighborhoods
American Journal of Public Health, 2012Co-Authors: Deborah Karasek, Jennifer Ahern, Sandro GaleaAbstract:Objectives. We examined the separate and combined relations of neighborhood-level social norms and Collective Efficacy with individuals’ cigarette smoking cessation.Methods. We modeled the hazard of quitting over a 5-year period among 863 smokers who participated in the 2005 New York Social Environment Study.Results. In adjusted Cox proportional hazard models, prohibitive neighborhood smoking norms were significantly associated with higher rates of smoking cessation (second quartile hazard ratio [HR] = 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.59, 2.32; third quartile HR = 2.37; 95% CI = 1.17, 4.78; fourth quartile HR = 1.80; 95% CI = 0.85, 3.81). We did not find a significant association between neighborhood Collective Efficacy and cessation or significant evidence of a joint relation of Collective Efficacy and smoking norms with cessation.Conclusions. Neighborhood social norms may be more relevant than is Collective Efficacy to smoking cessation. The normative environment may shape health behavior and shou...
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neighborhood smoking norms modify the relation between Collective Efficacy and smoking behavior
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2009Co-Authors: Jennifer Ahern, Sandro Galea, Alan Hubbard, Leonard S SymeAbstract:Background: Although neighborhoods with more Collective Efficacy have better health in general, recent work suggests that social norms and Collective Efficacy may in combination influence health behaviors such as smoking. Methods: Using data from the New York Social Environment Study (conducted in 2005; n = 4000), we examined the separate and combined associations of neighborhood Collective Efficacy and anti-smoking norms with individual smoking. The outcome was current smoking, assessed using the World Mental Health Comprehensive International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) tobacco module. Exposures of interest were neighborhood Collective Efficacy, measured as the average neighborhood response on a wellestablished scale, and neighborhood anti-smoking norms, measured as the proportion of residents who believed regular smoking was unacceptable. All analyses adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, as well as history of smoking prior to residence in the current neighborhood, individual perception of smoking level in the neighborhood, individual perception of Collective Efficacy, and individual smoking norms. Results: In separate generalized estimating equation logistic regression models, neighborhood Collective Efficacy was not associated with smoking (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.84–1.34) but permissive neighborhood smoking norms were associated with more smoking (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.03–1.74), particularly among residents with no prior history of smoking (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.92–4.30). When considered in combination, where smoking norms were permissive, higher Collective Efficacy was associated with more smoking; in contrast, where norms were strongly anti-smoking, higher Collective Efficacy was associated with less smoking. Conclusions: Features of the neighborhood social environment may need to be considered in combinations
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Collective Efficacy and major depression in urban neighborhoods
American Journal of Epidemiology, 2006Co-Authors: Jennifer Ahern, Sandro GaleaAbstract:Depression contributes substantially to the global burden of disease and disability. Population-level factors that shape depression may be efficient targets for intervention to decrease the depression burden. The authors aimed to identify the relation between neighborhood Collective Efficacy and major depression. Analyses were conducted on data from the New York Social Environment Study (n = 4,000), a representative study of residents of New York, New York, conducted in 2005. Neighborhood Collective Efficacy was measured as the average neighborhood response on a well-established scale. Major depression was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire. A marginal modeling approach was applied to present results on the additive scale relevant to public health and intervention. Analyses were adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, recent life events that could contribute to both depression and change in residence, and individual perception of Collective Efficacy. Collective Efficacy was related to major depression among older adults; marginal models estimated a 6.2% (95% confidence interval: 0.1, 17.5) lower prevalence of depression if all older adults (65 years and older) had lived in high versus low Collective Efficacy neighborhoods. Similar results were suggested among younger adults; however, the confidence interval crossed the null. These and other study findings suggest that community-randomized trials targeting Collective Efficacy merit consideration.
Rebecca Wickes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Collective Efficacy in australian and german neighborhoods testing cross cultural measurement equivalence and structural correlates in a multi level sem framework
Social Indicators Research, 2019Co-Authors: Dominik Gerstner, Rebecca Wickes, Dietrich OberwittlerAbstract:In neighborhood research, the concept of Collective Efficacy has been particularly successful in capturing social cohesion and behavioral expectations among residents. Research has spread beyond the U.S. where it originated, and many studies from different countries have shown that Collective Efficacy is related to structural disadvantage in similar ways and affects outcomes as crime, education or health. However, methodological issues about measurement and modeling persist, and no study has yet investigated the cross-cultural measurement equivalence of this scale. We close this gap using two recent neighborhood surveys from Australia and Germany with large samples of respondents (N = ca. 12.800) and neighborhoods (N = ca. 440) in four cities. We employ multilevel structural equation modeling to test for measurement equivalence of Collective Efficacy across countries and to model its association with concentrated poverty, ethnic diversity, and residential stability. We find that the measurement of Collective Efficacy is metrically equivalent in both countries, modeling two latent factors on the respondent level—the two components informal social control and social cohesion/trust—but only one latent factor on the neighborhood level. Considering the relationship between the key correlates of Collective Efficacy, we find broad similarities but also substantial differences across contexts and compared to U.S. research, particularly concerning the role of ethnic diversity which has a stronger diminishing effect in Germany than in Australia. Possible explanations for these differences are discussed.
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violence in urban neighborhoods a longitudinal study of Collective Efficacy and violent crime
Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2017Co-Authors: John R Hipp, Rebecca WickesAbstract:Cross-sectional studies consistently find that neighborhoods with higher levels of Collective Efficacy experience fewer social problems. Particularly robust is the relationship between Collective Efficacy and violent crime, which holds regardless of the socio-structural conditions of neighborhoods. Yet due to the limited availability of neighborhood panel data, the temporal relationship between neighborhood structure, Collective Efficacy and crime is less well understood. In this paper, we provide an empirical test of the Collective Efficacy-crime association over time by bringing together multiple waves of survey and census data and counts of violent crime incident data collected across 148 neighborhoods in Brisbane, Australia. Utilizing three different longitudinal models that make different assumptions about the temporal nature of these relationships, we examine the reciprocal relationships between neighborhood features and Collective Efficacy with violent crime. We also consider the spatial embeddedness of these neighborhood characteristics and their association with Collective Efficacy and the concentration of violence longitudinally. Notably, our findings reveal no direct relationship between Collective Efficacy and violent crime over time. However, we find a strong reciprocal relationship between Collective Efficacy and disadvantage and between disadvantage and violence, indicating an indirect relationship between Collective Efficacy and violence. The null direct effects for Collective Efficacy on crime in a longitudinal design suggest that this relationship may not be as straightforward as presumed in the literature. More longitudinal research is needed to understand the dynamics of disadvantage, Collective Efficacy, and violence in neighborhoods.
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Collective Efficacy as a task specific process examining the relationship between social ties neighborhood cohesion and the capacity to respond to violence delinquency and civic problems
American Journal of Community Psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Rebecca Wickes, John R Hipp, Elise Sargeant, Ross HomelAbstract:In the neighborhood effects literature, Collective Efficacy is viewed as the key explanatory process associated with the spatial distribution of a range of social problems. While many studies usefully focus on the consequences of Collective Efficacy, in this paper we examine the task specificity of Collective Efficacy and consider the individual and neighborhood factors that influence residents' perceptions of neighborhood Collective Efficacy for specific tasks. Utilizing survey and administrative data from 4,093 residents nested in 148 communities in Australia, we distinguish Collective Efficacy for particular threats to social order and assess the relative importance of social cohesion and neighborhood social ties to the development of Collective Efficacy for violence, delinquency and civic/political issues. Our results indicate that a model separating Collective Efficacy for specific problems from social ties and the more generalized notions of social cohesion is necessary when understanding the regulation potential of neighborhoods.
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community variations in violence the role of social ties and Collective Efficacy in comparative context
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 2010Co-Authors: Lorraine Mazerolle, Rebecca Wickes, James McbroomAbstract:This article explores the relative roles of social ties and Collective Efficacy in explaining community variations in violent victimization in Australia. Using data from a survey of 2,859 residents across 82 communities in the city of Brisbane, coupled with official reported crime data provided by the Queensland Police Service and Australian Bureau of Statistics census data for 2001, the authors employ multilevel statistical models to depict the relative importance of social ties and Collective Efficacy in predicting between-neighborhood violent victimization in an Australian context. The models include measures of social relationships and community-based crime prevention programs, and the authors compare and contrast their findings with studies of Collective Efficacy in Chicago and Stockholm, finding similar results. These findings suggest that despite structural and cultural differences between the United States and Australia in particular, Collective Efficacy is a significant mechanism in explaining the spatial distribution of self-reported violent victimization in the Australian context. This research underscores the importance of cross-cultural theory testing and the need to further develop the measurement of ecological constructs such as social ties and organizational behavior.
Jeanne Brooksgunn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Collective Efficacy and the contingent consequences of exposure to life threatening violence
Developmental Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Christopher R Browning, David Maimon, Margo Gardner, Jeanne BrooksgunnAbstract:Neighborhood research has increasingly emphasized the potential for contextual characteristics to moderate the effects of youths' experiences on their outcomes. Drawing on Collective Efficacy theory, we examine the variable consequences of youths' exposures to life-threatening violence across neighborhoods. We argue that strong community normative orientations supporting the control of violence diminish the negative effect of exposure to severe violence on subsequent mental health among urban youth. We also consider the extent to which the consequences of exposure to violence vary by gender. Employing data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, we estimate a series of multivariate, multilevel linear models of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. RESULTS indicate that, for girls, exposure to life-threatening violence (witnessing someone being attacked with a weapon or shot) increases both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. However, this effect achieves statistical significance only for girls who reside in neighborhoods with lower Collective Efficacy. For boys, our analyses offered weaker evidence of violence exposure effects on mental health. Implications for research on the social context of mental health are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
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Collective Efficacy family attachment and urban adolescent suicide attempts
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2010Co-Authors: David Maimon, Christopher R Browning, Jeanne BrooksgunnAbstract:The suicide rate among American adolescents between the ages of 14-25 has dramatically increased during the last 50 years, and this fact has been the focus of extensive social-scientific investigation. To date, however, research focusing on the joint effects of mental health, family, and contextual-level predictors on adolescents' suicidal behaviors is scarce. Drawing on Durkheim's classic macro-level approach to suicide and Collective Efficacy theory, we use data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) to examine the effect of informal social controls on adolescents' suicide attempts. Analyzing reports from 990 youth, we examine the hypothesis that neighborhood-level Collective Efficacy and family-level integration and social control independently affect suicide attempts. We also examine the extent to which they interact in their effects on suicidal behavior. Overall, results from multilevel logit models support the Durkheimian expectation that family attachment reduces the probability that adolescents will attempt suicide. The effect of Collective Efficacy is interactive in nature. Specifically, we find that Collective Efficacy significantly enhances the protective effect of family attachment and support on adolescent suicidal behaviors. We discuss findings within the context of social control theory.
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neighborhood structural inequality Collective Efficacy and sexual risk behavior among urban youth
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2008Co-Authors: Christopher R Browning, Lori A Burrington, Tama Leventhal, Jeanne BrooksgunnAbstract:We draw on Collective Efficacy theory to extend a contextual model of early adolescent sexual behavior. Specifically, we hypothesize that neighborhood structural disadvantage—as measured by levels of concentrated poverty, residential instability, and aspects of immigrant concentration—and diminished Collective Efficacy have consequences for the prevalence of early adolescent multiple sexual partnering. Findings from random effects multinomial logistic regression models of the number of sexual partners among a sample of youth, age 11 to 16, from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (N = 768) reveal evidence of neighborhood effects on adolescent higher-risk sexual activity. Collective Efficacy is negatively associated with having two or more sexual partners versus one (but not zero versus one) sexual partner. The effect of Collective Efficacy is dependent upon age: The regulatory effect of Collective Efficacy increases for older adolescents.