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Rosalind J Wright - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Related to Community Violence and Children's Diurnal Cortisol Response in an Urban Community-Dwelling Sample
2020Co-Authors: Shakira Franco, John Staudenmayer, Sheldon Cohen, Rosalind J WrightAbstract:Abstract Background While Community Violence has been linked to psychological morbidity in urban youth, data on the physiological correlates of Violence and associated posttraumatic stress symptoms are sparse. We examined the influence of child posttraumatic stress symptoms reported in relationship to Community Violence exposure on diurnal salivary cortisol response in a population based sample of 28 girls and 15 boys ages 7-13, 54% self-identified as white and 46% as Hispanic. Methods Mothers' reported on the child's exposure to Community Violence using the Survey of Children's Exposure to Community Violence and completed the Checklist of Children's Distress Symptoms (CCDS) which captures factors related to posttraumatic stress; children who were eight years of age or greater reported on their own Community Violence exposure. Saliva samples were obtained from the children four times a day (after awakening, lunch, dinner and bedtime) over three days. Mixed models were used to assess the influence of posttraumatic stress symptoms on cortisol expression, examined as diurnal slope and area under the curve (AUC), calculated across the day, adjusting for socio-demographics. Results In adjusted analyses, higher scores on total traumatic stress symptoms (CCDS) were associated with both greater cortisol AUC and with a flatter cortisol waking to bedtime rhythm. The associations were primarily attributable to differences on the intrusion, arousal and avoidance CCDS subscales. Conclusion Posttraumatic stress symptomatology reported in response to Community Violence exposure was associated with diurnal cortisol disruption in these Community-dwelling urban children
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effects of prenatal Community Violence and ambient air pollution on childhood wheeze in an urban population
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2014Co-Authors: Yuehhsiu Mathilda Chiu, Michelle J Sternthal, Sheldon Cohen, Brent A Coull, Itai Kloog, Joel Schwartz, Rosalind J WrightAbstract:Background Prenatal exposures to stress and physical toxins influence children's respiratory health, although few studies consider these factors together. Objectives We sought to concurrently examine the effects of prenatal Community-level psychosocial (exposure to Community Violence [ECV]) and physical (air pollution) stressors on repeated wheeze in 708 urban children followed to age 2 years. Methods Multi-item ECV reported by mothers in pregnancy was summarized into a continuous score by using Rasch modeling. Prenatal black carbon exposure was estimated by using land-use regression (LUR) modeling; particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) was estimated by using LUR modeling incorporating satellite data. Mothers reported child's wheeze every 3 months. The effects of ECV and air pollutants on repeated wheeze (≥2 episodes) were examined by using logistic regression. Interactions between ECV and pollutants were examined. Results Mothers were primarily black (29%) and Hispanic (55%), with lower education (62% with ≤12 years); 87 (12%) children wheezed repeatedly. In models examining concurrent exposures, ECV (odds ratio [OR], 1.95; 95% CI, 1.13-3.36; highest vs lowest tertile) and black carbon (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.08-3.12; median or greater vs less than median) were independently associated with wheeze adjusting for sex, birth season, maternal atopy, education, race, and cockroach antigen. Associations were similar for PM 2.5 (adjusted OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.20-3.40). An interaction between ECV with air pollution levels was suggested. Conclusions These findings suggest that both prenatal Community Violence and air pollution can contribute to respiratory health in these urban children. Moreover, place-based psychosocial stressors might affect host resistance such that physical pollutants can have adverse effects, even at relatively lower levels.
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Community Violence and urban childhood asthma a multilevel analysis
European Respiratory Journal, 2010Co-Authors: Michelle J Sternthal, Heejin Jun, Felton Earls, Rosalind J WrightAbstract:We examined the association between Community Violence exposure and childhood asthma risk in a multilevel, multimethod, longitudinal study controlling for individual- and neighbourhood-level confounders and pathway variables. Analyses included 2,071 children aged 0-9 yrs at enrolment from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Multilevel logistic regression models estimated the likelihood of asthma, controlling for individual-level (child's age, sex, race/ethnicity, maternal asthma, socioeconomic status and family Violence in the home) and neighbourhood-level confounders (concentrated disadvantage, collective efficacy and social disorder), and pathway variables (maternal smoking, breastfeeding). In adjusted analyses, medium (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.17-2.19) and high levels (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.12-2.18) of Community Violence were associated with increased asthma risk, relative to low levels. The increased asthma risk remained for African Americans when models included Community Violence and all other individual-level covariates, but attenuated to borderline nonsignificance when further adjusting for collective efficacy. Community Violence is associated with asthma risk when controlling for individual- and neighborhood-level confounders. Neither Community Violence, nor the other individual-level factors, fully accounted for the excess asthma burden among African Americans. These data suggest that public health interventions outside the biomedical model may be needed to reduce asthma in disadvantaged populations.
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posttraumatic stress symptoms related to Community Violence and children s diurnal cortisol response in an urban Community dwelling sample
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2010Co-Authors: Shakira F Suglia, Sheldon Cohen, John Staudenmayer, Rosalind J WrightAbstract:Background While Community Violence has been linked to psychological morbidity in urban youth, data on the physiological correlates of Violence and associated posttraumatic stress symptoms are sparse. We examined the influence of child posttraumatic stress symptoms reported in relationship to Community Violence exposure on diurnal salivary cortisol response in a population based sample of 28 girls and 15 boys ages 7–13, 54% self-identified as white and 46% as Hispanic.
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Witnessing Community Violence in Residential Neighborhoods: A Mental Health Hazard for Urban Women
Journal of Urban Health, 2008Co-Authors: Cheryl Clark, Louise Ryan, Ichiro Kawachi, Marina J. Canner, Lisa Berkman, Rosalind J WrightAbstract:We examined the prevalence and psychological correlates of witnessing Community Violence among women of low socioeconomic status living in urban neighborhoods in the northeastern United States. Three hundred eighty-six women receiving their health care at an urban Community health center were sampled to assess their Violence exposures. Women were asked to report the location and timing of their exposure to witnessing violent neighborhood events in which they were not participants. The Brief Symptoms Inventory was used to assess anxiety and depressive symptoms. Controlling for marital status, educational attainment, age, and intimate partner Violence victimization, women who witnessed violent acts in their neighborhoods were twice as likely to experience depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to women who did not witness Community Violence. Central American-born women had particularly high exposures. We conclude that witnessing neighborhood Violence is a pervasive experience in this urban cohort, and is associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms, even among women who are not direct participants in Violence to which they are exposed. Community Violence interventions must incorporate efforts to protect the mental health of adult women who witness events in their neighborhoods.
Michele Cooleystrickland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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somatic symptoms peer and school stress and family and Community Violence exposure among urban elementary school children
Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Shayla L Hart, Michele Cooleystrickland, Stacy Hodgkinson, Harolyn M E Belcher, Corine HymanAbstract:Somatic symptoms are a common physical response to stress and illness in childhood. This study assessed 409, primarily African American (85.6 %), urban elementary school children to examine the association between: (1) somatic symptoms and potential external stressors (school and peer stress, family conflict, and Community Violence) and (2) parent and child agreement on children’s self-report of somatic symptoms. The odds of self-report of somatic complaints were significantly associated with family conflict, school and peer stress, and Community Violence exposure (OR = 1.26, 95 % CI: 1.05–1.50; OR = 1.18, 95 % CI 1.08–1.28; and OR = 1.02, 95 % CI: 1.00–1.05, respectively). Identifying the associations between social, family, and Community based stress and somatic symptoms may improve the quality of life for children living in urban environments through early identification and treatment.
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urban african american youth exposed to Community Violence a school based anxiety preventive intervention efficacy study
Journal of Prevention & Intervention in The Community, 2011Co-Authors: Michele Cooleystrickland, Robert S Griffin, Dana Darney, Katherine OtteAbstract:This study evaluated the efficacy of a school-based anxiety prevention program among urban children exposed to Community Violence. Students who attended Title 1 public elementary schools were screened. Ninety-eight 3rd-5th-grade students (ages 8-12; 48% female; 92% African American) were randomized into preventive intervention versus wait list comparison groups. Students attended 13 biweekly one-hour group sessions of a modified version of FRIENDS, a cognitive-behavioral anxiety intervention program. Results indicated that both intervention and control groups manifested significant reductions in anxiety symptomatology and total exposure to Community Violence, along with improved standardized reading achievement scores. Additional gains observed only in the intervention group were increased standardized mathematics achievement scores, decreased life stressors, and reduced victimization by Community Violence. The intervention was equally efficacious for both genders and for children exposed to higher, compared to lower, levels of Community Violence. Implications for comprehensive, culturally and contextually relevant prevention programs and research are discussed.
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Community Violence and youth affect behavior substance use and academics
Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2009Co-Authors: Michele Cooleystrickland, Robert S Griffin, Catherine P Bradshaw, Tanya J Quille, Elizabeth A Stuart, Debra FurrholdenAbstract:Community Violence is recognized as a major public health problem (WHO, World Report on Violence and Health,2002) that Americans increasingly understand has adverse implications beyond inner-cities. However, the majority of research on chronic Community Violence exposure focuses on ethnic minority, impoverished, and/or crime-ridden communities while treatment and prevention focuses on the perpetrators of the Violence, not on the youth who are its direct or indirect victims. School-based treatment and preventive interventions are needed for children at elevated risk for exposure to Community Violence. In preparation, a longitudinal, Community epidemiological study, The Multiple Opportunities to Reach Excellence (MORE) Project, is being fielded to address some of the methodological weaknesses presented in previous studies. This study was designed to better understand the impact of children’s chronic exposure to Community Violence on their emotional, behavioral, substance use, and academic functioning with an overarching goal to identify malleable risk and protective factors which can be targeted in preventive and intervention programs. This paper describes the MORE Project, its conceptual underpinnings, goals, and methodology, as well as implications for treatment and preventive interventions and future research.
Dexter R Voisin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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posttraumatic stress academic performance and future orientation as pathways to Community Violence exposure and sexual risk among african american youth in chicago s southside
Behavioral Medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Jun Sung Hong, Dorothy L Espelage, Jane J Lee, Jingu Kim, Andre S Iadipaolo, Dexter R VoisinAbstract:Posttraumatic stress, low academic performance, and future orientation as pathways from Community Violence exposure to sexual risk-taking behavior were examined among 753 African American youth in ...
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sex is Violence african american parents perceptions of the link between exposure to Community Violence and youth sexual behaviours
Child & Family Social Work, 2016Co-Authors: Dexter R Voisin, Lois M Takahashi, Kathryn R Berringer, Sean Burr, Jessica KuhnenAbstract:In Chicago, African-American youth experience disproportionately high rates of exposure to Community Violence. Growing evidence documents that such exposures are related to youth sexual behaviours. This qualitative study seeks to illuminate the various ways in which Violence and sex are intertwined in the lives of African-American youth. Analysing data from four focus groups (N = 54), major themes indicated that parents linked Community Violence with: (i) influencing youth sexual interests and opportunities for having sex; (ii) specific notions of youth sexual identities and social status; (iii) increased gang involvement and sexual initiations; and (iv) girls' grudges and their sexual concurrency with boys. These findings suggest that addressing these specific issues is important in parent-centred and Community-grounded interventions aimed at reducing risky sexual behaviours among African-American youth.
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behavioral health correlates of exposure to Community Violence among african american adolescents in chicago
Children and Youth Services Review, 2016Co-Authors: Dexter R Voisin, Sadiq Patel, Jun Sung Hong, Lois M Takahashi, Noni K GaylordhardenAbstract:Abstract Aims Though public health researchers are more aware of behavioral health concerns among African American youth, few studies have explored how exposure to Community Violence may be related to adverse youth concerns. This study examines the relationship between exposure to Community Violence and mental health problems, substance use, school engagement, juvenile justice involvement, and STI risk behaviors. Methods A total of 638 African American adolescents living in predominantly low-income, urban communities participated in the study by completing self-report measures on exposure to Community Violence, mental health, school engagement proxies, substance use, delinquency markers and sexual risk behaviors. Results Adolescents who reported higher rates of exposure to Community Violence were significantly more likely to report poorer mental health, delinquent behaviors, a history of juvenile justice involvement, lower school bonding and student-teacher connectedness. These youth were also significantly more likely to use alcohol, cigarettes, and illicit substances, and engage in sexual risk behaviors. Conclusions Findings suggest that there is a critical need for culturally relevant prevention and intervention efforts for African American adolescents who are frequently exposed to Community Violence.
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psychological distress drug use sexual risks and medication adherence among young hiv positive black men who have sex with men exposure to Community Violence matters
Aids Care-psychological and Socio-medical Aspects of Aids\ hiv, 2016Co-Authors: Katherine Quinn, Dexter R Voisin, Alida Bouris, John A SchneiderAbstract:In the USA, Black males are disproportionately affected by Community Violence and HIV. The aim of this study was to assess whether exposures to Community Violence are related to psychological distress, drug use, sexual risk behaviors, and medication adherence among a sample of HIV-positive young Black men who had sex with men (YBMSM). Data are from 98 YBMSM ages 18-29 years recruited from Chicago who completed measures on demographics, exposures to Community Violence, psychological distress, drug use, condomless anal intercourse, and medication adherence. Rates of exposure to Community Violence were high and youth reported victimization and witnessing numerous types of Violence in their lifetime. In adjusted logistic regression analyses, models indicate that YBMSM reporting higher levels of exposure to Community Violence had significantly higher rates of condomless anal intercourse in the previous 6 months (AOR: 5.33, 95%CI: 1.38-20.55). Additionally, exposure to Community Violence was positively associated with psychological distress, hard drug use, and use of marijuana as a sex drug. Adherence to HIV antiretroviral medication was negatively associated with Community Violence (AOR: 0.36, 95%CI: 0.13-0.97). Rates of exposure to Community Violence are especially high in urban communities. Overall findings suggest that treatment, intervention, and programmatic approaches that include initiatives to address exposure to Community Violence might correlate with better health-related outcomes for HIV-positive YBMSM.
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Community Violence exposure and adolescent delinquency examining a spectrum of promotive factors
Youth & Society, 2016Co-Authors: Ping Chen, Dexter R Voisin, Kristen C. JacobsonAbstract:This study examined whether promotive factors (future expectations, family warmth, school attachment, and neighborhood cohesion) moderated relationships between Community Violence exposure and youth delinquency. Analyses were conducted using N = 2,980 sixth to eighth graders (Mage = 12.48; 41.1% males) from a racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse sample. After controlling for demographic factors, delinquency was positively associated with Community Violence exposure and inversely associated with each of the promotive factors. When interaction effects between all promotive factors and Community Violence exposure were examined simultaneously, only future expectations moderated the relationship between Community Violence exposure and delinquency. Specifically, Community Violence exposure had a weaker association with delinquency for youth reporting high versus low levels of future expectations. RESULTS indicate that while promotive factors from family, school, and neighborhood domains are related to lower rates of delinquency, only future expectations served as a protective factor that specifically buffered youth from the risk effects of Community Violence exposure. Keywords: Juvenile justice Language: en
Dante Cicchetti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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an ecological transactional analysis of children and contexts the longitudinal interplay among child maltreatment Community Violence and children s symptomatology
Development and Psychopathology, 1998Co-Authors: Michael Lynch, Dante CicchettiAbstract:Cicchetti and Lynch have conceptualized ecological contexts as consisting of nested levels with varying degrees of proximity to the individual. These levels of the environment interact and transact with each other over time in shaping individual development and adaptation. With a sample of maltreated (n = 188) and nonmaltreated (n = 134) children between the ages of 7 and 12 years, this investigation employed a 1-year longitudinal design to conduct an ecological-transactional analysis of the mutual relationships among Community Violence, child maltreatment, and children's functioning over time. Indicators of children's functioning were externalizing and internalizing behavior problems and self-rated traumatic stress reactions, depressive symptomatology, and self-esteem. Either full or partial support was obtained for the study's primary hypotheses. Rates of maltreatment, particularly physical abuse, were related to levels of child-reported Violence in the Community. In addition, child maltreatment and exposure to Community Violence were related to different aspects of children's functioning. Specific effects were observed for neglect and sexual abuse and for witnessing and being victimized by Violence in the Community. Finally, there was evidence that children and their contexts mutually influence each other over time. Results were discussed within the framework of an ecological-transactional model of development.
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an ecological transactional analysis of children and contexts the longitudinal interplay among child maltreatment Community Violence and children s symptomatology
Development and Psychopathology, 1998Co-Authors: Michael Lynch, Dante CicchettiAbstract:Cicchetti and Lynch have conceptualized ecological contexts as consisting of nested levels with varying degrees of proximity to the individual. These levels of the environment interact and transact with each other over time in shaping individual development and adaptation. With a sample of maltreated (n = 188) and nonmaltreated (n = 134) children between the ages of 7 and 12 years, this investigation employed a 1-year longitudinal design to conduct an ecological-transactional analysis of the mutual relationships among Community Violence, child maltreatment, and children's functioning over time. Indicators of children's functioning were externalizing and internalizing behavior problems and self-rated traumatic stress reactions, depressive symptomatology, and self-esteem. Either full or partial support was obtained for the study's primary hypotheses. Rates of maltreatment, particularly physical abuse, were related to levels of child-reported Violence in the Community. In addition, child maltreatment and exposure to Community Violence were related to different aspects of children's functioning. Specific effects were observed for neglect and sexual abuse and for witnessing and being victimized by Violence in the Community. Finally, there was evidence that children and their contexts mutually influence each other over time. Results were discussed within the framework of an ecological-transactional model of development. Language: en
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toward an ecological transactional model of Community Violence and child maltreatment consequences for children s development
Psychiatry MMC, 1993Co-Authors: Dante Cicchetti, Michael LynchAbstract:In recent decades it has become increasingly apparent that Violence affects a significant proportion of families in the United States (Bureau of Justice Statistics 1983). Violence, in fact, is becoming a defining characteristic of American society. A recent comparison of the rates of homicide among 21 developed nations indicates that the United States has the highest homicide rate in the world, and its rate is more than four times higher than the next highest rate (Fingerhut and Kleinman 1990). What is even more alarming is the high incidence of violent death and injury for children and adolescents in the United States. Acts of Violence are the cause of death for over 2000 children between the ages of 0 and 19 years each year, and more than 1.5 million children and adolescents are abused by their adult caretakers each year (Christoffel 1990). VioLit summary: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article by Cicchetti and Lynch was to merge ecological and transactional analysis into one model in order to build a framework to facilitate understanding the ways in which Community Violence and child maltreatment adversely influence children's development. METHODOLOGY: The authors conducted a literature review analyzing current information on Community Violence and child maltreatment and its effects on children's development using the ecological/transactional model they had developed as a framework. The model contained four levels: the macrosystem; the exosystem; the microsystem; and ontogenic development. The macrosystem was defined as cultural values and beliefs. The exosystem was delineated as formal and informal structures that influenced the child's immediate environment including characteristics of communities that encourage child maltreatment. The microsystem was operationally defined as variables within the family that contribute to child maltreatment. Factors within individuals that are related to perpetrating child maltreatment were put in the ontogenic development category. This model emphasized the transactions between risk factors and protective factors that occur within each ecological level. These factors were either relatively long-term or short-term conditions or characteristics. Long-term characteristics examined in the model were enduring vulnerability factors and enduring protective factors. Short-term characteristics named in the model were transient challengers and transient buffers. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: The authors found in the literature information conveying a societal acceptance of high levels of violent acts in the United States. This societal toleration of Violence was viewed by the authors as an enduring vulnerability factor present in the macrosystem which influenced the exosystem, Community Violence and the microsystem, family Violence. The exosystem category included the neighborhood, informal social networks and formal support groups, the availability of services, the availability of employment, and the pervasive socioeconomic status , interconnections among settings such as school, peer group, church, and work place. The review of literature showed that there has been little methodological research on the effects of communities permeated with Violence and outcomes in children. Work is currently being done to define the links between contact with Community Violence and outcomes in children. Children were between two and four times more likely to have witnessed Violence than to have been victims of Violence according to a study of mothers and their children in a Washington D.C. neighborhood. Exposure to Violence has been found to create distress symptoms in children. An exosystem which is pervasively violent had implications for the microsystem, family Violence, and ontogenic development. The microsystem's relationship to children's development was examined in the literature support was found for the belief that maltreating parents are more likely than non-maltreating parents to have had a history of abuse. This set the stage for the maltreatment of the child in the family. Other studies have shown that abusive parents were less psychologically complex and personally integrated than non-abusive parents. Conflict was more characteristic of maltreating families than non-maltreating families. Spousal abuse was reported to be related the occurrence of child maltreatment. Maltreating parents were found to be less satisfied with their children, perceive child rearing as less enjoyable and more difficult, promote an isolated lifestyle for their children and themselves, and encourage the autonomy of their children less. Maltreating parents were found to often reverse roles with their children. Their children acted as care-giver to the parent(s). Maltreating parents, in general, weren't helpful with the development of successful functioning in their children. These negative potentiating factors according to the premises of the ecological/transactional model may be internalized by maltreated children. Ontogenic development analysis looked at the major developmental tasks faced by children. The formation of a stable attachment with primary caregiver was examined. The literature showed that maltreated children were more likely to form insecure attachments with their primary caregivers than non-maltreated children. The emotional regulation of maltreated children was found to be deficient. The development of an autonomous self was also hampered in maltreated children. AUTHORS' RECOMMENDATIONS: The authors recommended that each level of the model should be further specified and operationalized. The authors' felt that a more precise understanding of the operation of risk factors within the model is needed. The authors' stated that epidemiological approaches to the study of Community Violence and child maltreatment must be integrated with direct observational, interview and experimental approaches. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) N1 - Call Number: F-552, AB-552 KW - Child Witness KW - Witnessing Community Violence KW - Psychological Victimization Effects KW - Witnessing Violence Effects KW - Exposure to Violence KW - Community Violence Effects KW - Child Development KW - Youth Development KW - Child Abuse Effects KW - Child Abuse Victim KW - Child Physical Abuse Effects KW - Child Physical Abuse Victim KW - Domestic Violence Effects KW - Domestic Violence Victim KW - Child Victim KW - Developmental Pathway KW - Model Language: en
Patrick H Tolan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exposure to Community Violence and Violence perpetration the protective effects of family functioning
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 2004Co-Authors: Deborah Gormansmith, David Henry, Patrick H TolanAbstract:Although research has found that urban youth are exposed to excessive levels of Community Violence, few studies have focused on the factors that alter the risk of exposure to Violence or the processes through which youth who are exposed to Community Violence do better or worse. This study investigates the risk of exposure to Community Violence and its relation to Violence perpetration among a sample of 263 African American and Latino male youth living in inner-city neighborhoods. The study also examines the role that family functioning plays in moderating the risk. The study finds that youth from struggling families—those that consistently used poor parenting practices and had low levels of emotional cohesion—were more likely to be exposed to Community Violence. It also finds a relation between exposure to Violence and later Violence perpetration. However, youth exposed to high levels of Community Violence but living in families that functioned well across multiple dimensions of parenting and family relat...
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exposure to Community Violence and Violence perpetration the protective effects of family functioning
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 2004Co-Authors: Deborah Gormansmith, David Henry, Patrick H TolanAbstract:Although research has found that urban youth are exposed to excessive levels of Community Violence, few studies have focused on the factors that alter the risk of exposure to Violence or the processes through which youth who are exposed to Community Violence do better or worse. This study investigates the risk of exposure to Community Violence and its relation to Violence perpetration among a sample of 263 African American and Latino male youth living in inner-city neighborhoods. The study also examines the role that family functioning plays in moderating the risk. The study finds that youth from struggling families--those that consistently used poor parenting practices and had low levels of emotional cohesion--were more likely to be exposed to Community Violence. It also finds a relation between exposure to Violence and later Violence perpetration. However, youth exposed to high levels of Community Violence but living in families that functioned well across multiple dimensions of parenting and family relationship characteristics perpetrated less Violence than similarly exposed youth from less well-functioning families.
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the role of exposure to Community Violence and developmental problems among inner city youth
Development and Psychopathology, 1998Co-Authors: Deborah Gormansmith, Patrick H TolanAbstract:While research has well documented that urban youth are exposed to increasing rates of Community Violence, little is known about what increases risk for Violence exposure, what protects children from exposure to Violence, and what factors reduce the most negative outcomes associated with witnessing Violence. This study expands on current research by evaluating the relations between exposure to Violence, family relationship characteristics and parenting practices, and aggression and depression symptoms. Data were drawn from a sample of 245 African-American and Latino boys and their caregivers from economically disadvantaged inner-city neighborhoods in Chicago. Rates of exposure could not be predicted from family relationship and parenting characteristics, although there was a trend for discipline to be related. Exposure to Community Violence was related to increases in aggressive behavior and depression over a 1-year period even after controlling for previous status. Future studies should continue to evaluate the role of exposure to Violence on the development of youth among different neighborhoods and communities. Implications for intervention and policy are discussed. Language: en
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the role of exposure to Community Violence and developmental problems among inner city youth
Development and Psychopathology, 1998Co-Authors: Deborah Gormansmith, Patrick H TolanAbstract:While research has well documented that urban youth are exposed to increasing rates of Community Violence, little is known about what increases risk for Violence exposure, what protects children from exposure to Violence, and what factors reduce the most negative outcomes associated with witnessing Violence. This study expands on current research by evaluating the relations between exposure to Violence, family relationship characteristics and parenting practices, and aggression and depression symptoms. Data were drawn from a sample of 245 African-American and Latino boys and their caregivers from economically disadvantaged inner-city neighborhoods in Chicago. Rates of exposure could not be predicted from family relationship and parenting characteristics, although there was a trend for discipline to be related. Exposure to Community Violence was related to increases in aggressive behavior and depression over a 1-year period even after controlling for previous status. Future studies should continue to evaluate the role of exposure to Violence on the development of youth among different neighborhoods and communities. Implications for intervention and policy are discussed.