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Kenneth J Zucker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Birth weight and two possible types of maternal effects on male sexual orientation: a clinical study of children and adolescents referred to a Gender Identity Service.
Developmental psychobiology, 2014Co-Authors: Doug P. Vanderlaan, Hayley Wood, Ray Blanchard, Luisa C. Garzon, Kenneth J ZuckerAbstract:This study tested predictions regarding two hypothesized maternal immune responses influencing sexual orientation: one affecting homosexual males with high fraternal birth order and another affecting firstborn homosexual individuals whose mothers experience repeated miscarriage after the birth of the first child. Low birth weight was treated as a marker of possible exposure to a maternal immune response during gestation. Birth weight was examined relative to sibship characteristics in a clinical sample of youth (N = 1,722) classified as heterosexual or homosexual based on self-reported or probable sexual orientation. No female sexual orientation differences in birth weight were found. Homosexual, compared to heterosexual, males showed lower birth weight if they had one or more older brothers—and especially two or more older brothers—or if they were an only-child. These findings support the existence of two maternal immune responses influencing male sexual orientation and possibly also Cross-Gender Behavior and identity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 25–34, 2015.
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Increased Cross-Gender Identification Independent of Gender Role Behavior in Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Results from a Standardized Assessment of 4- to 11-Year-Old Children.
Archives of sexual behavior, 2014Co-Authors: Vickie Pasterski, Kenneth J Zucker, Peter C. Hindmarsh, Ieuan A. Hughes, Carlo L. Acerini, Debra Spencer, Sharon Neufeld, Melissa HinesAbstract:While reports showing a link between prenatal androgen exposure and human gender role Behavior are consistent and the effects are robust, associations to gender identity or Cross-Gender identification are less clear. The aim of the current study was to investigate potential Cross-Gender identification in girls exposed prenatally to high concentrations of androgens due to classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Assessment included two standardized measures and a short parent interview assessing frequency of Behavioral features of Cross-Gender identification as conceptualized in Part A of the diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder (GID) in the DSM-IV-TR. Next, because existing measures may have conflated gender role Behavior with gender identity and because the distinction is potentially informative, we factor analyzed items from the measures which included both gender identity and gender role items to establish the independence of the two constructs. Participants were 43 girls and 38 boys with CAH and 41 unaffected female and 31 unaffected male relatives, aged 4- to 11-years. Girls with CAH had more Cross-Gender responses than female controls on all three measures of Cross-Gender identification as well as on a composite measure of gender identity independent of gender role Behavior. Furthermore, parent report indicated that 5/39 (12.8 %) of the girls with CAH exhibited Cross-Gender Behavior in all five Behavioral domains which comprise the Cross-Gender identification component of GID compared to 0/105 (0.0 %) of the children in the other three groups combined. These data suggest that girls exposed to high concentrations of androgens prenatally are more likely to show Cross-Gender identification than girls without CAH or boys with and without CAH. Our findings suggest that prenatal androgen exposure could play a role in gender identity development in healthy children, and may be relevant to gender assignment in cases of prenatal hormone disruption, including, in particular, cases of severely virilized 46, XX CAH.
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demographics Behavior problems and psychosexual characteristics of adolescents with gender identity disorder or transvestic fetishism
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 2012Co-Authors: Kenneth J Zucker, Allison Owenanderson, Sarah J Kibblewhite, Hayley Wood, Devita Singh, Susan J. Bradley, Kathryn ChoiAbstract:This study provided a descriptive and quantitative comparative analysis of data from an assessment protocol for adolescents referred clinically for gender identity disorder (n = 192; 105 boys, 87 girls) or transvestic fetishism (n = 137, all boys). The protocol included information on demographics, Behavior problems, and psychosexual measures. Gender identity disorder and transvestic fetishism youth had high rates of general Behavior problems and poor peer relations. On the psychosexual measures, gender identity disorder patients had considerably greater Cross-Gender Behavior and gender dysphoria than did transvestic fetishism youth and other control youth. Male gender identity disorder patients classified as having a nonhomosexual sexual orientation (in relation to birth sex) reported more indicators of transvestic fetishism than did male gender identity disorder patients classified as having a homosexual sexual orientation (in relation to birth sex). The percentage of transvestic fetishism youth and mal...
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Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation in Women with Borderline Personality Disorder
The journal of sexual medicine, 2010Co-Authors: Devita Singh, Shelley Mcmain, Kenneth J ZuckerAbstract:ABSTRACT Introduction In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition, text revision (DSM‐IV‐TR) (and earlier editions), a disturbance in “identity” is one of the defining features of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Gender identity, a person's sense of self as a male or a female, constitutes an important aspect of identity formation, but this construct has rarely been examined in patients with BPD. Aims In the present study, the presence of gender identity disorder or confusion was examined in women diagnosed with BPD. Main Outcome Measures We used a validated dimensional measure of gender dysphoria. Recalled gender identity and gender role Behavior from childhood was also assessed with a validated dimensional measure, and current sexual orientation was assessed by two self‐report measures. Methods A consecutive series of 100 clinic‐referred women (mean age, 34 years) with BPD participated in the study. The women were diagnosed with BPD using the International Personality Disorder Exam‐BPD Section. Results None of the women with BPD met the criterion for caseness on the dimensional measure of gender dysphoria. Women who self‐reported either a bisexual or a homosexual sexual orientation had a significantly higher score on the dimensional measure of gender dysphoria than the women who self‐reported a heterosexual sexual orientation, and they also recalled significantly more cross‐gender Behavior during childhood. Results were compared with a previous study on a diagnostically heterogeneous group of women with other clinical problems. Conclusion The importance of psychosexual assessment in the clinical evaluation of patients with BPD is discussed. Singh D, McMain S, and Zucker KJ. Gender identity and sexual orientation in women with borderline personality disorder. J Sex Med 2011;8:447–454.
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The Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults: Further Validity Evidence
Journal of sex research, 2010Co-Authors: Devita Singh, Sarah J Kibblewhite, Susan J. Bradley, Heino F. L. Meyer-bahlburg, Laurel L. Johnson, Allison Owen-anderson, Joseph J. Deogracias, Michele Peterson-badali, Kenneth J ZuckerAbstract:This study aimed to provide further validity evidence for the dimensional measurement of gender identity and gender dysphoria in both adolescents and adults. Adolescents and adults with gender identity disorder (GID) were compared to clinical control (CC) adolescents and adults on the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults (GIDYQ-AA), a 27-item scale originally developed by Deogracias et al. (2007). In Study 1, adolescents with GID (n = 44) were compared to CC adolescents (n = 98); and in Study 2, adults with GID (n = 41) were compared to CC adults (n = 94). In both studies, clients with GID self-reported significantly more gender dysphoria than did the CCs, with excellent sensitivity and specificity rates. In both studies, degree of self-reported gender dysphoria was significantly correlated with recall of Cross-Gender Behavior in childhood-a test of convergent validity. The research and clinical utility of the GIDYQ-AA is discussed, including directions for further research in distinct clinical populations.
Susan J. Bradley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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demographics Behavior problems and psychosexual characteristics of adolescents with gender identity disorder or transvestic fetishism
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 2012Co-Authors: Kenneth J Zucker, Allison Owenanderson, Sarah J Kibblewhite, Hayley Wood, Devita Singh, Susan J. Bradley, Kathryn ChoiAbstract:This study provided a descriptive and quantitative comparative analysis of data from an assessment protocol for adolescents referred clinically for gender identity disorder (n = 192; 105 boys, 87 girls) or transvestic fetishism (n = 137, all boys). The protocol included information on demographics, Behavior problems, and psychosexual measures. Gender identity disorder and transvestic fetishism youth had high rates of general Behavior problems and poor peer relations. On the psychosexual measures, gender identity disorder patients had considerably greater Cross-Gender Behavior and gender dysphoria than did transvestic fetishism youth and other control youth. Male gender identity disorder patients classified as having a nonhomosexual sexual orientation (in relation to birth sex) reported more indicators of transvestic fetishism than did male gender identity disorder patients classified as having a homosexual sexual orientation (in relation to birth sex). The percentage of transvestic fetishism youth and mal...
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The Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults: Further Validity Evidence
Journal of sex research, 2010Co-Authors: Devita Singh, Sarah J Kibblewhite, Susan J. Bradley, Heino F. L. Meyer-bahlburg, Laurel L. Johnson, Allison Owen-anderson, Joseph J. Deogracias, Michele Peterson-badali, Kenneth J ZuckerAbstract:This study aimed to provide further validity evidence for the dimensional measurement of gender identity and gender dysphoria in both adolescents and adults. Adolescents and adults with gender identity disorder (GID) were compared to clinical control (CC) adolescents and adults on the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults (GIDYQ-AA), a 27-item scale originally developed by Deogracias et al. (2007). In Study 1, adolescents with GID (n = 44) were compared to CC adolescents (n = 98); and in Study 2, adults with GID (n = 41) were compared to CC adults (n = 94). In both studies, clients with GID self-reported significantly more gender dysphoria than did the CCs, with excellent sensitivity and specificity rates. In both studies, degree of self-reported gender dysphoria was significantly correlated with recall of Cross-Gender Behavior in childhood-a test of convergent validity. The research and clinical utility of the GIDYQ-AA is discussed, including directions for further research in distinct clinical populations.
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A parent-report gender identity questionnaire for children : A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis
Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 2006Co-Authors: Peggy T. Cohen-kettenis, Susan J. Bradley, Madeleine S.c. Wallien, Laurel L. Johnson, Allison Owen-anderson, Kenneth J ZuckerAbstract:A one-factor, 14-item parent-report Gender Identity Questionnaire for Children (GIQC) was developed in a sample of 325 clinic-referred children with gender identity problems and 504 controls from Toronto, Canada (Johnson et al., 2004). In this study, we report a cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis of the GIQC on gender-referred children (N = 338) from Toronto and gender-referred children (N = 175) from Utrecht, The Netherlands. Across clinics, the results showed both similarities and differences. Gender-referred boys from Utrecht had a significantly higher total score (indicating more Cross-Gender Behavior) than did gender-referred boys from Toronto, but there was no significant difference for girls. In the Toronto sample, the gender-referred girls had a significantly higher total score than the gender-referred boys, but there was no significant sex difference in the Utrecht sample. Across both clinics, gender-referred children who met the complete DSM criteria for gender identity disorder (GID) had a significantly higher Cross-Gender score than the gender-referred children who were subthreshold for GID (Cohen's d = 1.11). The results of this study provide the first empirical evidence of relative similarity in Cross-Gender Behavior in a sample of gender-referred children from western Europe when compared to North American children. The results also provide some support for cross-clinic consistency in clinician-based diagnosis of GID.
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Sex differences in referral rates of children with gender identity disorder: some hypotheses.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1997Co-Authors: Kenneth J Zucker, Susan J. Bradley, Mohammad SanikhaniAbstract:From 1978 through 1995, a sex ratio of 6.6:1 of boys to girls (N = 275) was observed for children referred to a specialty clinic for gender identity disorder. This article attempts to evaluate several hypotheses regarding the marked sex disparity in referral rates. The sexes did not differ on four demographic variables (age at referral, IQ, and parent's social class and marital status) and on five indices of general Behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist; in addition, there was only equivocal evidence that boys with gender identity disorder had significantly poorer peer relations than girls with gender identity disorder. Although the percentage of boys and girls who met the complete DSM-III-R criteria for gender identity disorder was comparable, other measures of sex-typed Behavior showed that the girls had more extreme Cross-Gender Behavior than the boys. Coupled with external evidence that Cross-Gender Behavior is less tolerated in boys than in girls by both peers and adults, it is concluded that social factors partly account for the sex difference in referral rates. Girls appear to require a higher threshold than boys for Cross-Gender Behavior before they are referred for clinical assessment.
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Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual male adolescents and probably prehomosexual feminine boys.
Developmental Psychology, 1995Co-Authors: Ray Blanchard, Kenneth J Zucker, Susan J. Bradley, Caitlin S. HumeAbstract:The purpose of this study was to extend the findings, previously limited to adults, that male homo sexuals have a greater than average proportion of male siblings and a later than average birth order. There were 2 matched groups of 156 probands. The homosexual-prehomosexual (MP) group in cluded boys referred to a specialty clinic because of persistent Cross-Gender Behavior plus homosex ual adolescents with or without gender identity problems. The controls were male child and adoles cent patients referred for reasons other than gender identity disorder, homosexuality, or transvestism. Both predicted results were obtained in comparisons of the MP group with the controls and with expected values for the general population. Psychosocial and biological theories have been advanced to explain why male homosexuals have later births and more brothers, but none are well established
Fernando Luiz Cardoso - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Recalled sex-typed Behavior in childhood and sports' preferences in adulthood of heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual men from Brazil, Turkey, and Thailand.
Archives of sexual behavior, 2008Co-Authors: Fernando Luiz CardosoAbstract:This research used interview and questionnaire data from homosexual (n = 177), bisexual (n = 157), and heterosexual (n = 544) men between 20 and 30 years of age among lower class men and university students in three countries: Brazil, Thailand, and Turkey. The main goal of the study was to examine the recalled childhood sex-typed Behavior and adult sports preferences that distinguish homosexuals from bisexuals and heterosexuals. In all three cultures and both social groups, homosexual men were almost always more likely as children to have wanted to be a girl, to cross-dress, to play with girls, to do girls’ tasks, and to practice fewer sports. They were also less likely to bully others or to engage in physical fights. As children, homosexual men were more likely to prefer swimming and playing volleyball rather than soccer and, as adults, they preferred watching gymnastics and swimming over soccer. The bisexuals scored intermediate mostly in “desire to be a girl” and “cross-dressing,” although they were much closer to the heterosexuals. These results, coupled with previous cross-cultural research, suggest that Cross-Gender Behavior in childhood may characterize most male homosexuals regardless of their cultural milieu.
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Cultural universals and differences in male homosexuality: the case of a Brazilian fishing village.
Archives of sexual behavior, 2005Co-Authors: Fernando Luiz CardosoAbstract:This study investigated whether homosexually identified males in a small Brazilian fishing community are similar to homosexually identified males described in the international literature. In addition, it attempted to distinguish heterosexuals who have sex with homosexuals from other heterosexuals. A total of 41 men were classified into three sexual categories: paneleiros (“pan cabinets”), who have sex only with men, and invariably so in a bottom position; persistent heterosexuals, who have sex only with women; and paneleiro lovers, who have sex with women and with paneleiros, but invariably in a top position. There were significant differences in childhood play activities, sexual inclinations, and sports preferences between paneleiros and non-paneleiros; however, paneleiro lovers and persistentheterosexuals were not significantly different with regard to these variables or with regard to access to women. These findings add to the cross-cultural literature on childhood Cross-Gender Behavior and homoerotic activities among non-homosexually identified males.
Arianne B. Dessens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender Development in Indonesian Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Disorders of Sex Development
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2015Co-Authors: Annastasia Ediati, Achmad Zulfa Juniarto, Stenvert L. S. Drop, Mh Faradz, Erwin Birnie, Arianne B. DessensAbstract:In most Western countries, clinical management of disorders of sex development (DSD), including ambiguous genitalia, begins at diagnosis soon after birth. For many Indonesian patients born with ambiguous genitalia, limited medical treatment is available. Consequently, affected individuals are raised with ambiguous genitalia and atypical secondary sex characteristics. We investigated gender identity and gender role Behavior in 118 Indonesian subjects (77 males, 41 females) with different types of DSD in comparison with 118 healthy controls matched for gender, age, and residential setting (rural, suburban, or urban). In Study 1, we report on methodological aspects of the investigation, including scale adaptation, pilot testing, and determining reliability and validity of measures. In Study 2, we report on gender development in 60 children (42 boys, 18 girls), 24 adolescents (15 boys, 9 girls), and 34 adults (19 men, 15 women) with DSD. The majority of participants with DSD never received any medical or surgical treatment prior to this study. We observed a gender change in all age groups, with the greatest incidence in adults. Among patients who changed, most changed from female to male, possessed a 46,XY karyotype, and had experienced significant masculinization during life. Gender identity confusion and Cross-Gender Behavior was more frequently observed in children with DSD raised as girls compared to boys. Puberty and associated masculinization were related to gender problems in individuals with 46,XY DSD raised female. An integrated clinical and psychological follow-up on gender outcome is necessary prior to puberty and adulthood.
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Prenatal Exposure to Anticonvulsants and Psychosexual Development
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1999Co-Authors: Arianne B. Dessens, Peggy T. Cohen-kettenis, Gideon J. Mellenbergh, Nanne V.d. Poll, Janna G. Koppe, Kees BoerAbstract:Animal studies have shown that prenatal exposureto the anticonvulsant drugs phenobarbital and phenytoinalters steroid hormone levels which consequently leadsto disturbed sexual differentiation. In this study, possible sequelae of prenatal exposureto these anticonvulsants on gender development in humanswere investigated. A follow-up study was carried out inphenobarbital- and phenytoin-exposed subjects and control subjects matched for age, sex, andthe mothers' ages. Subjects were born in the AcademicMedical Center between 1957 and 1972. Out of 243 exposedand 222 control subjects who were asked to volunteer, 147 exposed subjects (72 male, 75 female) andequal numbers of their matched control subjectsparticipated in the follow-up study. They wereinterviewed and were asked to fill out questionnaires ongender role Behavior, gender development, and sexualorientation. As a group, exposed and control subjectsdid not differ with respect to gender role Behavior,although higher numbers of prenatallyanticonvulsant-exposed subjects reported current or past Cross-GenderBehavior and/or gender dysphoria. Three prenatallyanticonvulsant-exposed subjects were transsexuals andhad undergone sex reassignment surgery, a remarkably high rate given the rarity of transsexualism.In addition, two exposed males had exclusivelyhomosexual experiences, whereas none of the controlmales reported exclusive homosexual Behavior. The groups did not differ in attainment of pubertalpsychosexual milestones.
Heino F. L. Meyer-bahlburg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender Outcome in 46,XY Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: Comment on T’Sjoen et al. (2010)
Archives of sexual behavior, 2010Co-Authors: Heino F. L. Meyer-bahlburgAbstract:The case report by T’Sjoen et al. (2010) constitutes the third published case of an originally female-assigned individual with 46,XY complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) who appeared to have developed a male gender identity. Of the three individuals, this third one underwent the most sophisticated genetic work-up, and the social history makes a contribution of social coercion to the identity development least likely. Therefore, this report raises challenging diagnostic, phenomenologic, and etiologic questions. T’Sjoen et al. ‘‘believe this patient qualifies as female-tomale transsexual.’’ Their diagnosis was predated by the psychotherapist’s diagnosis of ‘‘childhood-onset gender identity disorder’’ made in the course of 5 years of psychotherapy that had started at age 23 years, i.e., 2 years before the initiation of androgen treatment and 4 years before mastectomy. The psychiatric nomenclature used in this case from Belgium was presumably that of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10; World Health Organization, 1992). In this context, the use of the diagnosis of F64.0 Transsexualism for a case of CAIS is puzzling, because the respective guidelines text clearly states that the ‘‘transsexual identity...must not be...associated with any intersex, genetic, or sex chromosome abnormality’’ (World Health Organization, 1992, p. 215; website p. 168). Perhaps the choice of diagnosis was influenced by the fact that this exclusion criterium has not been listed specifically for F64.2 Gender identity disorder of [prepubertal] childhood (World Health Organization, 1992, pp. 215–217; website pp. 168–170). In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMentalDisorders (DSM-IV-TR) of the American Psychiatric Association (2000), a ‘‘concurrent...physical intersex condition’’ is an exclusion criterium for Gender Identity Disorder regardless of pubertal stage. I have presented detailed arguments why the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic category of Gender Identity Disorder, as defined for persons without physical intersexuality (recently re-named ‘‘disorders of sex development’’ [DSD; Hughes et al., 2006]), should not be applied to persons with gender-identity problems in the context of a DSD (MeyerBahlburg, 1994, 2009). As T’Sjoen et al. did not discuss this issue in their report, it is unclear whether the transsexualism diagnosis was just an oversight on their part, or whether they assumed that, in this particular case, the patient-initiated gender change was distinctly different from that found in other cases of intersexuality and really more comparable to that of non-DSD transsexualism. The case history, as presented retrospectively, is much in line with what one sees clinically in many cases of DSD with patient-initiated gender change. Although assigned female at birth and undiagnosed until age 17 years, this child showed substantial Cross-Gender Behavior since the age of 3 years, with verbal expressions of the wish to be of the other gender. However, this patient must have agreed to a short course of estrogen treatment at age 18, which was soon stopped again because of the patient’s aversive reaction to body feminization. Yet, subsequently, it took another 5 years and a revisit of her medical records for the patient to realize the potential implications of her 46,XY karyotype, which ‘‘supported the desire to make her body congruent with a long-standing male gender identity,’’ but even then there was substantial ‘‘hesitation’’ about her presentation, and another 2 years of psychotherapy before beginning androgen treatment, etc. Transient periods of gender uncertainty are experienced by many patients with DSD (Meyer-Bahlburg et al., 2004b), and the slow gradual procession to gender change in later adolescence and adulthood also appears more common among H. F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg (&) New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15, New York, NY 10032, USA e-mail: meyerb@childpsych.columbia.edu
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The Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults: Further Validity Evidence
Journal of sex research, 2010Co-Authors: Devita Singh, Sarah J Kibblewhite, Susan J. Bradley, Heino F. L. Meyer-bahlburg, Laurel L. Johnson, Allison Owen-anderson, Joseph J. Deogracias, Michele Peterson-badali, Kenneth J ZuckerAbstract:This study aimed to provide further validity evidence for the dimensional measurement of gender identity and gender dysphoria in both adolescents and adults. Adolescents and adults with gender identity disorder (GID) were compared to clinical control (CC) adolescents and adults on the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults (GIDYQ-AA), a 27-item scale originally developed by Deogracias et al. (2007). In Study 1, adolescents with GID (n = 44) were compared to CC adolescents (n = 98); and in Study 2, adults with GID (n = 41) were compared to CC adults (n = 94). In both studies, clients with GID self-reported significantly more gender dysphoria than did the CCs, with excellent sensitivity and specificity rates. In both studies, degree of self-reported gender dysphoria was significantly correlated with recall of Cross-Gender Behavior in childhood-a test of convergent validity. The research and clinical utility of the GIDYQ-AA is discussed, including directions for further research in distinct clinical populations.
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Cross-Gender Behavior and gender conflict in sexually abused girls
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1993Co-Authors: Clare E. Cosentino, Heino F. L. Meyer-bahlburg, Judith L. Alpert, Richard GainesAbstract:ABSTRACT Objective This study contrasted a group of sexually abused girls, aged 6 to 12 years, with two demographically comparable control groups, girls from a child psychiatry outpatient clinic, and girls from a general pediatric clinic, to determine whether differences in gender role Behavior and identity could be demonstrated. Method All girls underwent an evaluation protocol that included a semistructured interview for children, the Gender Role Assessment Schedule–Child (GRAS-C). The mothers were administered several questionnaires including two parent-report measures of gender-related Behavior in their children, the Child Game Participation Questionnaire (CGPQ) and the Child Behavior and Attitude Questionnaire–Female version (CBAQ-F). Results Sexually abused girls manifested significantly more Cross-Gender Behavior on the GRAS-C (in the areas of gender role preference and aggression) and gender identity conflict than did nonabused girls in both comparison groups. For the sexually abused and psychiatric control groups, their parents reported greater involvement in traditionally masculine games on the CGPQ, but on the CBAQ-F, no significant group differences were found. Conclusions Findings suggest that sexual abuse in preadolescent girls is associated with Cross-Gender Behavior and gender conflict.