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Hermann M Niemeyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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FACTORES BIÓTICOS Y CONCENTRACIÓN DE ÁCIDO CARMÍNICO EN LA COCHINILLA (Dactylopius coccus COSTA) (HOMOPTERA: DACTYLOPIIDAE) Biotic factors and concentration of carminic acid in cochineal insects (Dactylopius coccus Costa) (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae)
2005Co-Authors: Luis C Rodriguez, Eric H. Faúndez, Judith Seymour, Carlos A. Escobar, Luis Espinoza, Maria Petroutsa, Alejandro Ayres, Hermann M NiemeyerAbstract:A B S T R A C T The cochineal insect, Dactylopius coccus Costa (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae), grows on the pricklypear cactus, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Cactaceae), and is exploited for its capacity to produce natural dyes based on carminic acid. Cochineal insects were introduced in Chile in 1989, and exports of dry cochineal began in 1994 and grew to cover approximately 15% of the world market. However, the current price of dry cochineal is nearing production costs; hence, it has become necessary to increase yields without increasing costs. This work reports on the effect of biotic factors on the concentration of carminic acid (CAC) in cochineal insects. CAC was positively affected by the density of cochineal insects around the insect, that was analyzed by plant age, and by the nutritional status of the plant, and was negatively affected by the age of the cladode. Additionally, CAC was significantly affected by season: 16.9% of dry weight in the Autumn and 19.1% in the Spring. This knowledge may be used in designing cultural strategies to increase carminic acid accumulation in cochineal insects.
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factores bioticos y concentracion de acido carminico en la cochinilla Dactylopius coccus costa homoptera dactylopiidae
Agricultura Tecnica, 2005Co-Authors: Luis C Rodriguez, Eric H. Faúndez, Judith Seymour, Carlos A. Escobar, Luis Espinoza, Maria Petroutsa, Alejandro Ayres, Hermann M NiemeyerAbstract:La cochinilla, Dactylopius coccus Costa (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae), es un insecto que crece sobre la tuna, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Cactaceae), y es explotado por su capacidad para producir colorantes naturales basados en el acido carminico. La cochinilla fue introducida a Chile en 1989. Las exportaciones de cochinilla seca se iniciaron en 1994 y los volumenes y montos se elevaron de manera significativa ano a ano, hasta alcanzar a cubrir mas del 15% de la demanda mundial. Sin embargo, el precio actual de la cochinilla se acerca a los costos de produccion, siendo necesario aumentar los rendimientos sin aumentar los costos. En este trabajo se describe el efecto de diversas variables bioticas sobre la concentracion de acido carminico (CAC), la que fue afectada positivamente por la densidad de cochinillas en torno a la cochinilla focal, la edad y el estado nutricional de la planta, y negativamente por la edad del cladodio. La estacion afecto significativamente la CAC: 16,9 % del peso seco de cochinilla en otono y 19,1 % en primavera. Estos conocimientos abren la puerta para el diseno de estrategias de manejo que conduzcan a un incremento de la CAC en la cochinilla.
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Mate searching in the scale insect, Dactylopius coccus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae)
European Journal of Endocrinology, 2005Co-Authors: Luis C Rodriguez, Eric H. Faúndez, Hermann M NiemeyerAbstract:Dactylopius coccus is a sessile scale insect living on cladodes of Opuntia ficus indica which has commercial importance as a source of carminic acid. We herein present behavioural evidence of the existence of a sex pheromone in D. coccus, based on olfactometric experiments using both biological sources of odours and collected chemical extracts.
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direction of dispersion of cochineal Dactylopius coccus costa within the americas
Antiquity, 2001Co-Authors: Luis C Rodriguez, Marco A Mendez, Hermann M NiemeyerAbstract:Dactylopius coccus has been used in Mexico and Peru as a source of natural dyes since pre-Columbian times. A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Dactylopius, and the disjoint distribution of D. coccus, suggest that the origin of D. coccus is South America and was introduced into North America by sea routes.
Luis C Rodriguez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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FACTORES BIÓTICOS Y CONCENTRACIÓN DE ÁCIDO CARMÍNICO EN LA COCHINILLA (Dactylopius coccus COSTA) (HOMOPTERA: DACTYLOPIIDAE) Biotic factors and concentration of carminic acid in cochineal insects (Dactylopius coccus Costa) (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae)
2005Co-Authors: Luis C Rodriguez, Eric H. Faúndez, Judith Seymour, Carlos A. Escobar, Luis Espinoza, Maria Petroutsa, Alejandro Ayres, Hermann M NiemeyerAbstract:A B S T R A C T The cochineal insect, Dactylopius coccus Costa (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae), grows on the pricklypear cactus, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Cactaceae), and is exploited for its capacity to produce natural dyes based on carminic acid. Cochineal insects were introduced in Chile in 1989, and exports of dry cochineal began in 1994 and grew to cover approximately 15% of the world market. However, the current price of dry cochineal is nearing production costs; hence, it has become necessary to increase yields without increasing costs. This work reports on the effect of biotic factors on the concentration of carminic acid (CAC) in cochineal insects. CAC was positively affected by the density of cochineal insects around the insect, that was analyzed by plant age, and by the nutritional status of the plant, and was negatively affected by the age of the cladode. Additionally, CAC was significantly affected by season: 16.9% of dry weight in the Autumn and 19.1% in the Spring. This knowledge may be used in designing cultural strategies to increase carminic acid accumulation in cochineal insects.
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factores bioticos y concentracion de acido carminico en la cochinilla Dactylopius coccus costa homoptera dactylopiidae
Agricultura Tecnica, 2005Co-Authors: Luis C Rodriguez, Eric H. Faúndez, Judith Seymour, Carlos A. Escobar, Luis Espinoza, Maria Petroutsa, Alejandro Ayres, Hermann M NiemeyerAbstract:La cochinilla, Dactylopius coccus Costa (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae), es un insecto que crece sobre la tuna, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Cactaceae), y es explotado por su capacidad para producir colorantes naturales basados en el acido carminico. La cochinilla fue introducida a Chile en 1989. Las exportaciones de cochinilla seca se iniciaron en 1994 y los volumenes y montos se elevaron de manera significativa ano a ano, hasta alcanzar a cubrir mas del 15% de la demanda mundial. Sin embargo, el precio actual de la cochinilla se acerca a los costos de produccion, siendo necesario aumentar los rendimientos sin aumentar los costos. En este trabajo se describe el efecto de diversas variables bioticas sobre la concentracion de acido carminico (CAC), la que fue afectada positivamente por la densidad de cochinillas en torno a la cochinilla focal, la edad y el estado nutricional de la planta, y negativamente por la edad del cladodio. La estacion afecto significativamente la CAC: 16,9 % del peso seco de cochinilla en otono y 19,1 % en primavera. Estos conocimientos abren la puerta para el diseno de estrategias de manejo que conduzcan a un incremento de la CAC en la cochinilla.
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Mate searching in the scale insect, Dactylopius coccus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae)
European Journal of Endocrinology, 2005Co-Authors: Luis C Rodriguez, Eric H. Faúndez, Hermann M NiemeyerAbstract:Dactylopius coccus is a sessile scale insect living on cladodes of Opuntia ficus indica which has commercial importance as a source of carminic acid. We herein present behavioural evidence of the existence of a sex pheromone in D. coccus, based on olfactometric experiments using both biological sources of odours and collected chemical extracts.
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direction of dispersion of cochineal Dactylopius coccus costa within the americas
Antiquity, 2001Co-Authors: Luis C Rodriguez, Marco A Mendez, Hermann M NiemeyerAbstract:Dactylopius coccus has been used in Mexico and Peru as a source of natural dyes since pre-Columbian times. A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Dactylopius, and the disjoint distribution of D. coccus, suggest that the origin of D. coccus is South America and was introduced into North America by sea routes.
Aurelio Carnero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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crecimiento poblacional de la cochinilla Dactylopius coccus costa criada en cinco cultivares de nopal opuntia ficus indica mill
Agrociencia, 2010Co-Authors: S De Jesus Mendezgallegos, Antonio L Tarangoarambula, Aurelio Carnero, Riziero Tiberi, Ovidio DiazgomezAbstract:La cochinilla (Dactylopius coccus Costa) es considerada una de las principales fuentes de colorante natural en el mundo, por lo cual ha sido introducida a varios paises para su explotacion comercial. No obstante, se desconoce el comportamiento del insecto y la calidad del colorante obtenido en aquellos hospederos diferentes a los de su habitat natural, donde se desarrolla. Para clarificar lo anterior, se evaluo la supervivencia y reproduccion de D. coccus y su calidad (porciento de acido carminico) en cinco cultivares de nopal (Blanco Moscatel, Colorado Moscatel, Offer, Portolano y Sicilia Bianca) de diferente origen geografico. El estudio se realizo en camaras de cria a 24 ±1 °C, 65 ±5 % HR y fotoperiodo de 14:10 (L:O) y se utilizo la tecnica demografica de tablas de vida y fecundidad, para obtener los parametros que caracterizan la dinamica poblacional de D. coccus. Los cultivares de nopal suministrados como substrato alimenticio causaron un efecto diferencial sobre la supervivencia, reproduccion y calidad de acido carminico. Los valores mas altos de la tasa intrinseca de incremento (r m) fueron obtenidos en las cohortes desarrolladas en los cultivares Offer, Portolano y Sicilia Bianca con 0.025, 0.021 y 0.003 hembras d-1. Las poblaciones de D. coccus desarrolladas en los cultivares Colorado Moscatel y Blanco Moscatel no originaron descendencia. No obstante, en este ultimo cultivar se obtuvo el porcentaje mas alto de acido carminico (19.1 %). El estudio permitio diferenciar cultivares que pueden ser usados como substrato para la generacion de pie de cria o bien en la produccion de acido carminico o con ambos propositos.
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Color quality of pigments in cochineals (Dactylopius coccus Costa). Geographical origin characterization using multivariate statistical analysis
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Jesus Mendez, Monica Gonzalez, M. Gloria Lobo, Aurelio CarneroAbstract:The commercial value of a cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa) sample is associated with its color quality. Because the cochineal is a legal food colorant, its color quality is generally understood as its pigment content. Simply put, the higher this content, the more valuable the sample is to the market. In an effort to devise a way to measure the color quality of a cochineal, the present study evaluates different parameters of color measurement such as chromatic attributes (L*, and a*), percentage of carminic acid, tint determination, and chromatographic profile of pigments. Tint determination did not achieve this objective because this parameter does not correlate with carminic acid content. On the other hand, carminic acid showed a highly significant correlation (r = - 0.922, p = 0.000) with L* values determined from powdered cochineal samples. The combination of the information from the spectrophotometric determination of carminic acid with that of the pigment profile acquired by liquid chromatography (LC) and the composition of the red and yellow pigment groups, also acquired by LC, enables greater accuracy in judging the quality of the final sample. As a result of this study, it was possible to achieve the separation of cochineal samples according to geographical origin using two statistical techniques: cluster analysis and principal component analysis.
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Optimizing conditions for the extraction of pigments in cochineals (Dactylopius coccus Costa) using response surface methodology
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Monica Gonzalez, Aurelio Carnero, Jesus Mendez, M. Gloria Lobo, Ana M. AfonsoAbstract:A simple method was developed for the extraction and determination of color pigments in cochineals (Dactylopius coccus Costa). The procedure was based on the solvent extraction of pigments in insect samples using methanol:water (65:35, v:v) as extractant. Two-level factorial design was used in order to optimize the solvent extraction parameters: temperature, time, methanol concentration in the extractant mixture, and the number of extractions. The results suggest that the number of extractions is statistically the most significant factor. The separation and determination of the pigments was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-visible detection. Because the absorption spectra of different pigments are different in the visible region, it is convenient to use a diode array detector to obtain chromatographic profiles that allow for the characterization of the extracted pigments.
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optimizing conditions for the extraction of pigments in cochineals Dactylopius coccus costa using response surface methodology
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Monica Gonzalez, Aurelio Carnero, Jesus Mendez, Gloria M Lobo, Ana AfonsoAbstract:A simple method was developed for the extraction and determination of color pigments in cochineals (Dactylopius coccus Costa). The procedure was based on the solvent extraction of pigments in insect samples using methanol:water (65:35, v:v) as extractant. Two-level factorial design was used in order to optimize the solvent extraction parameters: temperature, time, methanol concentration in the extractant mixture, and the number of extractions. The results suggest that the number of extractions is statistically the most significant factor. The separation and determination of the pigments was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV−visible detection. Because the absorption spectra of different pigments are different in the visible region, it is convenient to use a diode array detector to obtain chromatographic profiles that allow for the characterization of the extracted pigments. Keywords: Natural colorants; Dactylopius coccus Costa; food analysis; solvent extraction; experimental de...
Arturo Vera-ponce De León - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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functional genomics of a spiroplasma associated with the carmine cochineals Dactylopius coccus and Dactylopius opuntiae
BMC Genomics, 2021Co-Authors: Victor M Higaredaalvear, Mónica Rosenblueth, Arturo Vera-ponce De León, Rafael Bustamantebrito, Marian Dominguezmirazo, Esperanza MartinezromeroAbstract:Spiroplasma is a widely distributed endosymbiont of insects, arthropods, and plants. In insects, Spiroplasma colonizes the gut, hemolymph, and reproductive organs of the host. Previous metagenomic surveys of the domesticated carmine cochineal Dactylopius coccus and the wild cochineal D. opuntiae reported sequences of Spiroplasma associated with these insects. However, there is no analysis of the genomic capabilities and the interaction of this Spiroplasma with Dactylopius. Here we present three Spiroplasma genomes independently recovered from metagenomes of adult males and females of D. coccus, from two different populations, as well as from adult females of D. opuntiae. Single-copy gene analysis showed that these genomes were > 92% complete. Phylogenomic analyses classified these genomes as new members of Spiroplasma ixodetis. Comparative genome analysis indicated that they exhibit fewer genes involved in amino acid and carbon catabolism compared to other spiroplasmas. Moreover, virulence factor-encoding genes (i.e., glpO, spaid and rip2) were found incomplete in these S. ixodetis genomes. We also detected an enrichment of genes encoding the type IV secretion system (T4SS) in S. ixodetis genomes of Dactylopius. A metratranscriptomic analysis of D. coccus showed that some of these T4SS genes (i.e., traG, virB4 and virD4) in addition to the superoxide dismutase sodA of S. ixodetis were overexpressed in the ovaries. The symbiont S. ixodetis is a new member of the bacterial community of D. coccus and D. opuntiae. The recovery of incomplete virulence factor-encoding genes in S. ixodetis of Dactylopius suggests that this bacterium is a non-pathogenic symbiont. A high number of genes encoding the T4SS, in the S. ixodetis genomes and the overexpression of these genes in the ovary and hemolymph of the host suggest that S. ixodetis use the T4SS to interact with the Dactylopius cells. Moreover, the transcriptional differences of S. ixodetis among the gut, hemolymph and ovary tissues of D. coccus indicate that this bacterium can respond and adapt to the different conditions (e.g., oxidative stress) present within the host. All this evidence proposes that there is a strong interaction and molecular signaling in the symbiosis between S. ixodetis and the carmine cochineal Dactylopius.
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metatranscriptomic analysis of the bacterial symbiont dactylopiibacterium carminicum from the carmine cochineal Dactylopius coccus hemiptera coccoidea dactylopiidae
Life, 2019Co-Authors: Rafael Bustamantebrito, Arturo Vera-ponce De León, Mónica Rosenblueth, Julio Martinezromero, Esperanza MartinezromeroAbstract:The scale insect Dactylopius coccus produces high amounts of carminic acid, which has historically been used as a pigment by pre-Hispanic American cultures. Nowadays carmine is found in food, cosmetics, and textiles. Metagenomic approaches revealed that Dactylopius spp. cochineals contain two Wolbachia strains, a betaproteobacterium named Candidatus Dactylopiibacterium carminicum and Spiroplasma, in addition to different fungi. We describe here a transcriptomic analysis indicating that Dactylopiibacterium is metabolically active inside the insect host, and estimate that there are over twice as many Dactylopiibacterium cells in the hemolymph than in the gut, with even fewer in the ovary. Albeit scarce, the transcripts in the ovaries support the presence of Dactylopiibacterium in this tissue and a vertical mode of transmission. In the cochineal, Dactylopiibacterium may catabolize plant polysaccharides, and be active in carbon and nitrogen provisioning through its degradative activity and by fixing nitrogen. In most insects, nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in the gut, but in this study they are shown to occur in the hemolymph, probably delivering essential amino acids and riboflavin to the host from nitrogen substrates derived from nitrogen fixation.
Esperanza Martinezromero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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functional genomics of a spiroplasma associated with the carmine cochineals Dactylopius coccus and Dactylopius opuntiae
BMC Genomics, 2021Co-Authors: Victor M Higaredaalvear, Mónica Rosenblueth, Arturo Vera-ponce De León, Rafael Bustamantebrito, Marian Dominguezmirazo, Esperanza MartinezromeroAbstract:Spiroplasma is a widely distributed endosymbiont of insects, arthropods, and plants. In insects, Spiroplasma colonizes the gut, hemolymph, and reproductive organs of the host. Previous metagenomic surveys of the domesticated carmine cochineal Dactylopius coccus and the wild cochineal D. opuntiae reported sequences of Spiroplasma associated with these insects. However, there is no analysis of the genomic capabilities and the interaction of this Spiroplasma with Dactylopius. Here we present three Spiroplasma genomes independently recovered from metagenomes of adult males and females of D. coccus, from two different populations, as well as from adult females of D. opuntiae. Single-copy gene analysis showed that these genomes were > 92% complete. Phylogenomic analyses classified these genomes as new members of Spiroplasma ixodetis. Comparative genome analysis indicated that they exhibit fewer genes involved in amino acid and carbon catabolism compared to other spiroplasmas. Moreover, virulence factor-encoding genes (i.e., glpO, spaid and rip2) were found incomplete in these S. ixodetis genomes. We also detected an enrichment of genes encoding the type IV secretion system (T4SS) in S. ixodetis genomes of Dactylopius. A metratranscriptomic analysis of D. coccus showed that some of these T4SS genes (i.e., traG, virB4 and virD4) in addition to the superoxide dismutase sodA of S. ixodetis were overexpressed in the ovaries. The symbiont S. ixodetis is a new member of the bacterial community of D. coccus and D. opuntiae. The recovery of incomplete virulence factor-encoding genes in S. ixodetis of Dactylopius suggests that this bacterium is a non-pathogenic symbiont. A high number of genes encoding the T4SS, in the S. ixodetis genomes and the overexpression of these genes in the ovary and hemolymph of the host suggest that S. ixodetis use the T4SS to interact with the Dactylopius cells. Moreover, the transcriptional differences of S. ixodetis among the gut, hemolymph and ovary tissues of D. coccus indicate that this bacterium can respond and adapt to the different conditions (e.g., oxidative stress) present within the host. All this evidence proposes that there is a strong interaction and molecular signaling in the symbiosis between S. ixodetis and the carmine cochineal Dactylopius.
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metatranscriptomic analysis of the bacterial symbiont dactylopiibacterium carminicum from the carmine cochineal Dactylopius coccus hemiptera coccoidea dactylopiidae
Life, 2019Co-Authors: Rafael Bustamantebrito, Arturo Vera-ponce De León, Mónica Rosenblueth, Julio Martinezromero, Esperanza MartinezromeroAbstract:The scale insect Dactylopius coccus produces high amounts of carminic acid, which has historically been used as a pigment by pre-Hispanic American cultures. Nowadays carmine is found in food, cosmetics, and textiles. Metagenomic approaches revealed that Dactylopius spp. cochineals contain two Wolbachia strains, a betaproteobacterium named Candidatus Dactylopiibacterium carminicum and Spiroplasma, in addition to different fungi. We describe here a transcriptomic analysis indicating that Dactylopiibacterium is metabolically active inside the insect host, and estimate that there are over twice as many Dactylopiibacterium cells in the hemolymph than in the gut, with even fewer in the ovary. Albeit scarce, the transcripts in the ovaries support the presence of Dactylopiibacterium in this tissue and a vertical mode of transmission. In the cochineal, Dactylopiibacterium may catabolize plant polysaccharides, and be active in carbon and nitrogen provisioning through its degradative activity and by fixing nitrogen. In most insects, nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in the gut, but in this study they are shown to occur in the hemolymph, probably delivering essential amino acids and riboflavin to the host from nitrogen substrates derived from nitrogen fixation.
