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Richard J. Stoll - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Acceptability of War and Support for Defense Spending: Evidence from Fourteen Democracies, 2004-2013
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2016Co-Authors: Richard C. Eichenberg, Richard J. StollAbstract:We study the factors that influence citizen support for Defense Spending in fourteen democracies over the period 2004–2013. We pose two research questions. First, what factors influence citizen support for war and military force? We refer to this as the acceptability of war . Second, in addition to the acceptability of war, what other factors affect support for Defense Spending? Our principal finding is that citizen acceptance of war and support for Defense Spending are most influenced by basic beliefs and values. Gender also has a strong negative influence on attitudes toward war and thus indirectly lowers support for Defense Spending among women. Attitudes toward war and Defense Spending are also sometimes influenced by short-term threats and by alliance considerations, but the effects are not as substantively meaningful. We conclude with a summary of the results and a discussion of the implications for theory and policy.
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gender difference or parallel publics the dynamics of Defense Spending opinions in the united states 1965 2007
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2012Co-Authors: Richard C. Eichenberg, Richard J. StollAbstract:Gender is now recognized as an important dividing line in American political life, and scholars have accumulated evidence that national security issues are an important reason for gender differences in policy preferences. We therefore expect that the dynamics of support for Defense Spending among men and women will differ. In contrast, several scholars have shown that population subgroups exhibit a “parallel†dynamic in which the evolution of their preferences over time is very similar, despite differences in the average level of support. Unfortunately, there is little time series evidence on gendered reactions to policy, including Defense Spending, that would allow one to arbitrate between these competing perspectives. In this research note, we assemble a time series of support for Defense Spending among men and women and model the determinants of that support for the period 1967–2007. We find that women are on average less supportive of Defense Spending than are men. However, we also find that the over time variation of support for Defense Spending among men and women is very similar—each is conditioned principally by the past year’s change in Defense Spending and occasionally by war casualties and a trade-off between Defense and civilian Spending.
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Gender Difference or Parallel Publics? The Dynamics of Defense Spending Opinions in the United States, 1965–2007
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2011Co-Authors: Richard C. Eichenberg, Richard J. StollAbstract:Gender is now recognized as an important dividing line in American political life, and scholars have accumulated evidence that national security issues are an important reason for gender differences in policy preferences. We therefore expect that the dynamics of support for Defense Spending among men and women will differ. In contrast, several scholars have shown that population subgroups exhibit a “parallel†dynamic in which the evolution of their preferences over time is very similar, despite differences in the average level of support. Unfortunately, there is little time series evidence on gendered reactions to policy, including Defense Spending, that would allow one to arbitrate between these competing perspectives. In this research note, we assemble a time series of support for Defense Spending among men and women and model the determinants of that support for the period 1967–2007. We find that women are on average less supportive of Defense Spending than are men. However, we also find that the over time variation of support for Defense Spending among men and women is very similar—each is conditioned principally by the past year’s change in Defense Spending and occasionally by war casualties and a trade-off between Defense and civilian Spending.
H. Sonmez Atesoglu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Defense Spending and aggregate output in the United States
Defence and Peace Economics, 2009Co-Authors: H. Sonmez AtesogluAbstract:In this article the effect of Defense Spending on aggregate output is discussed. Recent publications in this area are reviewed and new additional evidence is provided. The findings presented in this paper are supportive of the positive effect of Defense Spending. However, in light of the contrary evidence presented in other papers, empirical evidence taken as a whole, suggests that a definitive conclusion about the effect of Defense Spending at this time should be avoided.
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Economic consequences of a rise in Defense Spending after September 11, 2001
Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 2006Co-Authors: H. Sonmez AtesogluAbstract:The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of a rise in Defense Spending on key macroeconomic variables since September 11, 2001. For examining the effects of the rise in Defense Spending, empirical models were developed for GDP, employment, trade deficit, and budget deficit. In addition to estimation results, simulations were made to assess the effect of Defense Spending employing the empirical models. Findings reveal that the rise in Defense Spending had a favorable impact on GDP and employment but led to larger trade and budget deficits.
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Defense Spending and investment in the United States
Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 2004Co-Authors: H. Sonmez AtesogluAbstract:Effects of Defense Spending on investment in the United States are examined. Findings reveal that there is a positive cointegration relation between Defense Spending and investment. Findings do not indicate a tradeoff between Defense Spending and investment. NonDefense government Spending has a greater positive effect on investment compared to Defense Spending. The results suggest that the anticipated rise in Defense Spending during the first decade of the twenty-first century should promote investment and thereby enhance capital accumulation and economic growth.
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Defense Spending Promotes Aggregate Output in the United States--Evidence from Cointegration Analysis
Defence and Peace Economics, 2002Co-Authors: H. Sonmez AtesogluAbstract:This paper provides new evidence on the question of the effects of Defense Spending on aggregate output in the United States. Earlier studies of this basic issue relied on traditional econometric techniques and the neoclassical production function theory. In this paper, recently developed cointegration methodology and modeling that is inspired by new macroeconomic theory is employed. The results from earlier studies concerning the effects of Defense Spending are mixed. The findings presented in this paper reveal that there is a quantitatively important and positive relation between Defense Spending and aggregate output in the United States.
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Defense Spending, technological change, and economic growth in the United States
Defence Economics, 1993Co-Authors: Michael J. Mueller, H. Sonmez AtesogluAbstract:A two sector neo‐classical growth model of the economy composed of a civilian and a Defense sector with technological change in both sectors and with Defense acting as an externality in the civilian sector is presented. The inclusion of technological change separates the effect of Defense Spending into two components, the change in the rate of Defense Spending and the relative size of the Defense sector. Estimation shows that a change in Defense Spending has a positive and significant effect on the growth rate of the economy and that both Defense effects are individually significant.
Heo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Defense Spending and Economic Growth around the Globe: The Direct and Indirect Link
International Interactions, 2016Co-Authors: HeoAbstract:In this study, we combine both demand- and supply-side models to investigate the direct and indirect link between Defense Spending and economic growth. With data from 161 states for 1990--2012, we conduct a comprehensive examination of the Defense-growth nexus in the post-Cold War world. Our findings suggest that at the global level, military Spending significantly dampens private investment but somewhat reduces unemployment. However, the direct economic effects of Defense Spending on growth are minimal at best.
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The Relationship between Defense Spending and Economic Growth in the United States
Political Research Quarterly, 2009Co-Authors: HeoAbstract:Recent increases in U.S. Defense Spending have renewed interest in the Defense—growth nexus. The Feder-Ram—based models have traditionally been used in examining this relationship, but Dunn, Smith, and Willenbockel recommend the augmented Solow model because of several weaknesses inherent in the Feder-Ram model (including its static nature, simultaneity bias, and multicollinearity issues). The augmented Solow model addresses these issues, but it has weaknesses too. Thus, by employing both the Feder-Ram and augmented Solow models, the author tests the Defense—growth nexus in the United States for 1954 through 2005. The results indicate that Defense Spending does not significantly affect the U.S. economy.
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Politics, Economics, and Defense Spending in South Korea
Armed Forces & Society, 2006Co-Authors: Heo, Sung Deuk HahmAbstract:With the recent North Korean nuclear crisis, along with President Roh Moo Hyun’s emphasis on a self-reliance Defense policy, the level of Defense Spending in South Korea has increased in recent years. Due to the sluggish economy, these increases in Defense Spending have been a cause for public concern. By developing a multilink Defense-growth model based on macroeconomic theories while still accounting for political factors (such as transition from authoritarian rule to democratic government), the authors test the direct and indirect effects of Defense Spending on economic growth in South Korea via investment and unemployment from 1963 to 2001. The authors find that the overall impact of Defense Spending on economic performance is not harmful. One reason for this finding might be that high interest rates help maintain high rates of domestic savings, which prevents private investment decline. This experience may provide an important lesson to other countries
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Defense Spending and Economic Growth in South Korea: The Indirect Link
Journal of Peace Research, 1999Co-Authors: HeoAbstract:Due to the lingering food crisis, speculations about the collapse of the North Korean regime have intensified in recent years. The collapse of the North Korean regime is expected to generate a tremendous economic burden on the South Korean economy. Moreover, the current economic crisis in South Korea requires a tight fiscal policy. Thus, on the basis of the peace dividend argument, some suggest that South Korea should reduce its military expenditures to prepare for the upcoming extra economic burden. For this reason, the economic effects of Defense Spending on growth in South Korea are a significant concern for policymakers as well as scholars. I examined the economic effects of Defense Spending on growth in terms of time and magnitude by investigating the direct effects as well as the indirect impacts (via investment and export) of military Spending on economic growth. A three-equation econometric model was specified and empirically tested using South Korean data for 1954-95. The findings of this study reveal that the overall economic effects of Defense Spending on growth are negative although they seem to be indirect or delayed.
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The Political Economy of Defense Spending in South Korea
Journal of Peace Research, 1996Co-Authors: HeoAbstract:The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, as well as developments surrounding peace talks in the Korean peninsula, have led to public demands in South Korea for reductions in Defense Spending. Those favoring cutbacks argue that reductions in Defense Spending will stimulate a `peace dividend'. The opposition points to the recent nuclear crisis with North Korea as evidence of the need to maintain or even increase current levels of military Spending. According to this argument, Defense cutbacks are premature in view of existing threats to national security. In this study, I evaluate both sides of the argument by examining the impact of Defense Spending on economic growth on South Korea. Overall, the results show that military expenditures have no significant, direct effects on economic growth in South Korea.
Richard C. Eichenberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Acceptability of War and Support for Defense Spending: Evidence from Fourteen Democracies, 2004-2013
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2016Co-Authors: Richard C. Eichenberg, Richard J. StollAbstract:We study the factors that influence citizen support for Defense Spending in fourteen democracies over the period 2004–2013. We pose two research questions. First, what factors influence citizen support for war and military force? We refer to this as the acceptability of war . Second, in addition to the acceptability of war, what other factors affect support for Defense Spending? Our principal finding is that citizen acceptance of war and support for Defense Spending are most influenced by basic beliefs and values. Gender also has a strong negative influence on attitudes toward war and thus indirectly lowers support for Defense Spending among women. Attitudes toward war and Defense Spending are also sometimes influenced by short-term threats and by alliance considerations, but the effects are not as substantively meaningful. We conclude with a summary of the results and a discussion of the implications for theory and policy.
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gender difference or parallel publics the dynamics of Defense Spending opinions in the united states 1965 2007
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2012Co-Authors: Richard C. Eichenberg, Richard J. StollAbstract:Gender is now recognized as an important dividing line in American political life, and scholars have accumulated evidence that national security issues are an important reason for gender differences in policy preferences. We therefore expect that the dynamics of support for Defense Spending among men and women will differ. In contrast, several scholars have shown that population subgroups exhibit a “parallel†dynamic in which the evolution of their preferences over time is very similar, despite differences in the average level of support. Unfortunately, there is little time series evidence on gendered reactions to policy, including Defense Spending, that would allow one to arbitrate between these competing perspectives. In this research note, we assemble a time series of support for Defense Spending among men and women and model the determinants of that support for the period 1967–2007. We find that women are on average less supportive of Defense Spending than are men. However, we also find that the over time variation of support for Defense Spending among men and women is very similar—each is conditioned principally by the past year’s change in Defense Spending and occasionally by war casualties and a trade-off between Defense and civilian Spending.
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Gender Difference or Parallel Publics? The Dynamics of Defense Spending Opinions in the United States, 1965–2007
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2011Co-Authors: Richard C. Eichenberg, Richard J. StollAbstract:Gender is now recognized as an important dividing line in American political life, and scholars have accumulated evidence that national security issues are an important reason for gender differences in policy preferences. We therefore expect that the dynamics of support for Defense Spending among men and women will differ. In contrast, several scholars have shown that population subgroups exhibit a “parallel†dynamic in which the evolution of their preferences over time is very similar, despite differences in the average level of support. Unfortunately, there is little time series evidence on gendered reactions to policy, including Defense Spending, that would allow one to arbitrate between these competing perspectives. In this research note, we assemble a time series of support for Defense Spending among men and women and model the determinants of that support for the period 1967–2007. We find that women are on average less supportive of Defense Spending than are men. However, we also find that the over time variation of support for Defense Spending among men and women is very similar—each is conditioned principally by the past year’s change in Defense Spending and occasionally by war casualties and a trade-off between Defense and civilian Spending.
Fabio Ernst - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Does Neutrality Make A Difference? Explaining Patterns Of Swiss Defense Spending In 1975-2001
Defence and Peace Economics, 2009Co-Authors: Thomas Bernauer, Vally Koubi, Fabio ErnstAbstract:We study the behavior of Defense Spending in Switzerland in 1975-2001. Our main interest is in determining how neutrality in international affairs (non-membership in military alliances) affects Defense Spending. We find that neutrality is associated with a perception of lower levels of external threat; hence it confers economic benefits in the form of a smaller Defense burden. However, neutrality does not fully insulate a country from variations in the level of external threat in the global system as perceived by members of military alliances. Swiss Defense Spending has tracked very closely the Spending trends - but at a lower average level - of the United States and other NATO countries. To the extent post-Cold War threats, such as international terrorism, materialize primarily in the context of existing security alliances, Swiss military Spending patterns observed in 1975-2001 are likely to remain the same in the future.Please read and cite the published version.
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National and Regional Economic Consequences of Swiss Defense Spending
Journal of Peace Research, 2009Co-Authors: Thomas Bernauer, Vally Koubi, Fabio ErnstAbstract:The effects of Defense Spending on economic performance and, in particular, on economic growth have been studied extensively in the literature. The empirical findings have been ambiguous so far, partly reflecting the econometric difficulties involved in the estimation of this relationship. The authors study the implications of Swiss Defense Spending for economic growth and unemployment in Switzerland, using both national aggregate and cross-sectional (cantonal) data. Such analysis may be more informative than similar analyses that rely on time series for individual countries (due to spurious time effects) or averages for different countries (due to strong cross country variation in country characteristics). The findings indicate that although Defense Spending has had a positive effect on the rate of economic growth of Switzerland in the presence of an external threat (Cold War), the distribution of Defense Spending across cantons has not contributed to the dispersion of cantonal growth rates. Nonetheless, cantons in which military employment is a large share of total employment have enjoyed lower and more stable unemployment rates. These findings suggest that in order to uncover the full implications of Defense Spending, it is necessary to go beyond the Defense Spending—growth nexus. The findings seem relevant for many other countries because the allocation of national Defense employment and Spending is rarely uniform across the regions of any country.
