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Mikael Heimann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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early declarative memory predicts productive language a longitudinal study of Deferred Imitation and communication at 9 and 16months
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Annette Sundqvist, Emelie Nordqvist, Felixsebastian Koch, Mikael HeimannAbstract:Abstract Deferred Imitation (DI) may be regarded as an early declarative-like memory ability shaping the infant’s ability to learn about novelties and regularities of the surrounding world. In the current longitudinal study, infants were assessed at 9 and 16 months. DI was assessed using five novel objects. Each infant’s communicative development was measured by parental questionnaires. The results indicate stability in DI performance and early communicative development between 9 and 16 months. The early achievers at 9 months were still advanced at 16 months. Results also identified a predictive relationship between the infant’s gestural development at 9 months and the infant’s productive and receptive language at 16 months. Moreover, the results show that declarative memory, measured with DI, and gestural communication at 9 months independently predict productive language at 16 months. These findings suggest a connection between the ability to form non-linguistic and linguistic mental representations. These results indicate that the child’s DI ability when predominantly preverbal might be regarded as an early domain-general declarative memory ability underlying early productive language development.
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children with autism respond differently to spontaneous elicited and Deferred Imitation
Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 2016Co-Authors: Mikael Heimann, Karin Strid, Emelie Nordqvist, Connant J Almrot, Tomas TjusAbstract:Background Imitation, a key vehicle for both cognitive and social development, is often regarded as more difficult for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) than for children with Down syndrome (DS) or typically developing (TD) children. The current study investigates similarities and differences in observed elicited, spontaneous and Deferred Imitation using both actions with objects and gestures as Imitation tasks in these groups. Methods Imitation among 19 children with autism was compared with 20 children with DS and 23 TD children matched for mental and language age. Results Elicited Imitation resulted in significantly lower scores for the ASD group compared with the other two groups, an effect mainly carried by a low level of gesture Imitation among ASD children. We observed no differences among the groups for spontaneous Imitation. However, children with ASD or DS displayed less Deferred Imitation than the TD group. Proneness to imitate also differed among groups: only 10 (53%) of the children with autism responded in the elicited Imitation condition compared with all children with DS and almost all TD children (87%). Conclusions These findings add to our understanding of the kind of Imitation difficulties children with ASD might have. They also point to the necessity of not equating various Imitation measures because these may capture different processes and be differently motivating for children with autism.
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the relationship between Deferred Imitation associative memory and communication in 14 months old children behavioral and electrophysiological indices
Frontiers in Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Mikael Heimann, Emelie Nordqvist, Mary Rudner, Mikael Johansson, Magnus LindgrenAbstract:The present study combines behavioral observations of memory (Deferred Imitation after a brief delay of 30 minutes and after a long delay of 2-3 weeks) and electrophysiological (Event-Related Potentials, ERP) measures of associative memory as well as parental reports of nonverbal and verbal communication in sixteen 14-months-old children. Results show that for Deferred Imitation, the children remembered the stimulus after the brief but not after the long delay. There was a clear electrophysiological response indicating associative memory. Furthermore, a correlation between Deferred Imitation and ERP suggests that both measures of memory (Deferred Imitation and associative memory) tap into similar mechanisms in 14-months-old prelingual children. There was also a statistically significant relation between parental report of receptive (verbal) language and the ERP, showing an association between receptive language skills and associative memory in 14-months-old children.
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Deferred Imitation associative memory and communication in 14 month old children
International Society for Developmental Psychobiology (ISDP) San Sebastian Spain July 20-23 2015., 2015Co-Authors: Emelie Nordqvist, Mary Rudner, Mikael Johansson, Magnus Lindgren, Mikael HeimannAbstract:The presentation will build on two recent studies that combine behavioral observations of memory (Deferred Imitation, DI), electrophysiological (Event-Related Potentials, ERP) measures of associative memory and parental reports of language in 14-monthsold children. In both studies, an ERP (Nc) response indicating associative memory as well as a correlation between Nc and DI was observed. Further analysis revealed strong individual variability: The clearest relationship with ERP was noted for the subgroup of children performing non-optimally on the DI tasks. In addition, we also found a statistically significant correlation between parental report of receptive language and our ERP measure of associative memory.
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spontaneous elicited and Deferred Imitation in children with autism spectrum disorder
2015Co-Authors: Emelie Nordqvist, Karin Strid, Tomas Tjus, Josephine Connant Almrot, Mikael HeimannAbstract:The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how variations in early memory capacity seems, both in children with typical development in children with autism. More specifically, variations in early memory is examined here over time, and its relationship to early (verbal and non-verbal) communication skills. Furthermore, also investigated whether one can say anything about these early variations based on brain responses to associative learning memory. The results show a relationship between memory and associative learning and receptive language. In addition, there was a relation between the children remember when they are 9 months and after 16 months, and even their receptive language (vocabulary), indicating a stability of these variations. There was also a relationship between memory capacity at the age of 9 months and productive language at 16 months of age. Furthermore, when comparing children with autism and typically developing children and children with Down syndrome, it was found that there were no differences in spontaneous Imitation but for Imitation on call and after a delay, they differ from the other groups. When account is taken of the children with Autism linguistic abilities, it turns out that it is the non-verbal children that differ from control groups, while the verbal children with autism perform at the same level as the comparison groups. For typically developing children there was a relationship between spontaneous Imitation and elicited Imitation. The results of the studies in this thesis discussed based on developmental theories and their implications for future studies.
Andrew N Meltzoff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exploring the relation between memory gestural communication and the emergence of language in infancy a longitudinal study
Infant and Child Development, 2006Co-Authors: Karin Strid, Tomas Tjus, Lars Smith, Mikael Heimann, Stein Erik Ulvund, Andrew N MeltzoffAbstract:The relationship between recall memory, visual recognition memory, social communication, and the emergence of language skills was measured in a longitudinal study. Thirty typically developing Swedish children were tested at 6, 9 and 14 months. The result showed that, in combination, visual recognition memory at 6 months, Deferred Imitation at 9 months and turn-taking skills at 14 months could explain 41% of the variance in the infants’ production of communicative gestures as measured by a Swedish variant of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDI). In this statistical model, Deferred Imitation stood out as the strongest predictor.
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Early predictors of communication development in young children with autism spectrum disorder: Joint attention, Imitation, and toy play
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2006Co-Authors: Karen Toth, Jonathan Munson, Andrew N Meltzoff, Geraldine DawsonAbstract:This study investigated the unique contributions of joint attention, Imitation, and toy play to language ability and rate of development of communication skills in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Sixty preschool-aged children with ASD were assessed using measures of joint attention, Imitation, toy play, language, and communication ability. Two skills, initiating protodeclarative joint attention and immediate Imitation, were most strongly associated with language ability at age 3–4 years, whereas toy play and Deferred Imitation were the best predictors of rate of communication development from age 4 to 6.5 years. The implications of these results for understanding the nature and course of language development in autism and for the development of targeted early interventions are discussed.
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long term memory forgetting and Deferred Imitation in 12 month old infants
Developmental Science, 1999Co-Authors: Pamela J Klein, Andrew N MeltzoffAbstract:Long-term recall memory, as indexed by Deferred Imitation, was assessed in 12-month-old infants. Independent groups of infants were tested after retention intervals of 3 min, 1 week and 4 weeks. Deferred Imitation was assessed using the ‘observation-only’ procedure in which infants were not allowed motor practice on the tasks before the delay was imposed. Thus, the memory could not have been based on re-accessing a motor habit, because none was formed in the first place. After the delay, memory was assessed either in the same or a different environmental context from the one in which the adult had originally demonstrated the acts. In Experiments 1 and 3, infants observed the target acts while in an unusual environment (an orange and white polka-dot tent), and recall memory was tested in an ordinary room. In Experiment 2, infants observed the target acts in their homes and were tested for memory in a university room. The results showed recall memory after all retention intervals, including the 4 week delay, with no effect of context change. Interestingly, the forgetting function showed that the bulk of the forgetting occurred during the first week. The findings of recall memory without motor practice support the view that infants as young as 12 months old use a declarative (nonprocedural) memory system to span delay intervals as long as 4 weeks.
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object representation identity and the paradox of early permanence steps toward a new framework
Infant Behavior & Development, 1998Co-Authors: Andrew N Meltzoff, Keith M MooreAbstract:Abstract The sensorimotor theory of infancy has been overthrown, but there is little consensus on a replacement. We hypothesize that a capacity for representation is the starting point for infant development, not its culmination. Logical distinctions are drawn between object representation, identity, and permanence. Modern experiments on early object permanance and Deferred Imitation suggest: (a) even for young infants, representations persist over breaks in sensory contact, (b) numerical identity of objects ( O s) is initially specified by spatiotemporal criteria (place and trajectory), (c) featural and functional identity criteria develop, (d) events are analyzed by comparing representations to current perception, and (e) representation operates both prospectively, anticipating future contacts with an O , and retrospectively, reidentifying an O as the “same one again”. A model of the architecture and functioning of the early representational system is proposed. It accounts for young infants' behavior toward absent people and things in terms of their efforts to determine the identity of objects. Our proposal is developmental without denying innate structure and elevates the power of perception and representation while being cautious about attributing complex concepts to young infants.
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Deferred Imitation across changes in context and object memory and generalization in 14 month old infants
Infant Behavior & Development, 1996Co-Authors: Sandra B Barnat, Pamela J Klein, Andrew N MeltzoffAbstract:The influence of changes in context and object characteristics on Deferred Imitation was assessed in 14-month-old infants. In Experiment 1, infants in the Imitation group saw an adult demonstrate target acts on miniature objects in an unusual context (an orange polka-dot tent). When later presented with larger objects in a normal laboratory room, these infants performed significantly more target acts than did controls. In Experiment 2, three groups of infants were tested. Infants in an Imitation(no change) group saw an adult demonstrate target acts and were subsequently tested in the same room using the same objects as the adult. Infants in the Imitation (context + object size & color change) group followed the same procedure, but both the context and two salient featural characteristics of the objects (size and color) were changed between encoding and the recall test of Deferred Imitation. Control infants did not see the target demonstrations. Results showed that the combined changes in context and object features led to a significant decrease in imitative performance. Nonetheless, in comparison to the controls, infants exhibited significant recall as indexed by Deferred Imitation. The results show that Imitation generalizes across changes in object size, object color, and test context. The implications for theories of memory and representational development are discussed.
Patricia Ragan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The generalization of Deferred Imitation in enculturated chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
Animal Cognition, 2001Co-Authors: David F. Bjorklund, Jennifer L. Yunger, Jesse M. Bering, Patricia RaganAbstract:Deferred Imitation of object-related actions and generalization of Imitation to similar but not identical tasks was assessed in three human-reared (enculturated) chimpanzees, ranging in age from 5 to 9 years. Each ape displayed high levels of Deferred Imitation and only slightly lower levels of generalization of Imitation. The youngest two chimpanzees were more apt to generalize the model's actions when they had displayed portions of the target behaviors at baseline, consistent with the idea that learning is more likely to occur when working within the "zone of proximal development." We argue that generalization of Imitation is the best evidence to date of imitative learning in chimpanzees.
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Deferred Imitation of object related actions in human reared juvenile chimpanzees and orangutans
Developmental Psychobiology, 2000Co-Authors: Jesse M. Bering, David F. Bjorklund, Patricia RaganAbstract:Deferred Imitation of object-related actions (e.g., picking up a cloth with a set of tongs) was assessed in 3 enculturated juvenile orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and 3 enculturated juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). For each task, animals were given 4 min to explore the objects (baseline), followed by a demonstration of the target behavior, and 10 min later, were re-presented the objects (Deferred phase). Each animal displayed Deferred Imitation on at least one trial, with each species demonstrating Deferred Imitation on approximately half of all possible trials. The findings were interpreted as reflecting cognitive abilities in juvenile great apes that permit Deferred Imitation under humanlike rearing conditions.
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A two-year longitudinal study of Deferred Imitation of object manipulation in a juvenile chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus).
Developmental psychobiology, 2000Co-Authors: David F. Bjorklund, Jesse M. Bering, Patricia RaganAbstract:Changes in Deferred Imitation of novel actions on objects were assessed over a 2-year period in two enculturated, juvenile great apes (one chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, and one orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus). Both apes displayed Deferred Imitation, and both displayed improve- ments in Deferred Imitation over the 2-year period, although the magnitude of improvement was greater for the chimpanzee. This is, to our knowledge, the first experimental demonstration of longitudinal improvements of Deferred Imitation in great apes. The results were interpreted as reflecting maturationally paced cognitive differences consistent with other cognitive accomplish- ments in these species, and as demonstrating the influence that a species-atypical rearing environment can have on cognitive abilities in juvenile great apes. fl 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 37: 229-237, 2000
Jesse M. Bering - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a note on the development of Deferred Imitation in enculturated juvenile chimpanzees pan troglodytes
Developmental Review, 2003Co-Authors: David F. Bjorklund, Jesse M. BeringAbstract:Abstract In recent years, Imitation has played a central role in conceptions of children’s memory, representational, and social cognitive abilities; in nonhuman primate cognitive competencies; and the evolution of human culture. In this paper, we combine data from three studies that assessed Deferred Imitation in three juvenile, enculturated (human-reared) chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ), administered over a 4-year period, to assess the development of Deferred Imitation. The basic task used in each study involved a baseline, followed by a demonstration in which a model displayed some actions on objects to participants. After a 10-min delay, the participants were given the objects and evidence of Imitation was noted. The number of trials on which chimpanzees displayed Deferred Imitation increased with age, both between and within participants. Developmental differences were most apparent on the more complex tasks that required coordination of actions on materials (e.g., putting a nail in form board and striking it with a hammer) than on simpler tasks (e.g., striking two cymbals together). Patterns of performance were similar when the complete set of actions (targets) were duplicated by the ape and when the ape duplicated only portions of the demonstrated behavior (approximation to the target). The results were interpreted as reflecting age-related changes in chimpanzees’ abilities to engage in complex social learning after a delay, and arguably in the symbolic representational system supporting such abilities.
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The generalization of Deferred Imitation in enculturated chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
Animal Cognition, 2001Co-Authors: David F. Bjorklund, Jennifer L. Yunger, Jesse M. Bering, Patricia RaganAbstract:Deferred Imitation of object-related actions and generalization of Imitation to similar but not identical tasks was assessed in three human-reared (enculturated) chimpanzees, ranging in age from 5 to 9 years. Each ape displayed high levels of Deferred Imitation and only slightly lower levels of generalization of Imitation. The youngest two chimpanzees were more apt to generalize the model's actions when they had displayed portions of the target behaviors at baseline, consistent with the idea that learning is more likely to occur when working within the "zone of proximal development." We argue that generalization of Imitation is the best evidence to date of imitative learning in chimpanzees.
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Deferred Imitation of object related actions in human reared juvenile chimpanzees and orangutans
Developmental Psychobiology, 2000Co-Authors: Jesse M. Bering, David F. Bjorklund, Patricia RaganAbstract:Deferred Imitation of object-related actions (e.g., picking up a cloth with a set of tongs) was assessed in 3 enculturated juvenile orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and 3 enculturated juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). For each task, animals were given 4 min to explore the objects (baseline), followed by a demonstration of the target behavior, and 10 min later, were re-presented the objects (Deferred phase). Each animal displayed Deferred Imitation on at least one trial, with each species demonstrating Deferred Imitation on approximately half of all possible trials. The findings were interpreted as reflecting cognitive abilities in juvenile great apes that permit Deferred Imitation under humanlike rearing conditions.
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A two-year longitudinal study of Deferred Imitation of object manipulation in a juvenile chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus).
Developmental psychobiology, 2000Co-Authors: David F. Bjorklund, Jesse M. Bering, Patricia RaganAbstract:Changes in Deferred Imitation of novel actions on objects were assessed over a 2-year period in two enculturated, juvenile great apes (one chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, and one orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus). Both apes displayed Deferred Imitation, and both displayed improve- ments in Deferred Imitation over the 2-year period, although the magnitude of improvement was greater for the chimpanzee. This is, to our knowledge, the first experimental demonstration of longitudinal improvements of Deferred Imitation in great apes. The results were interpreted as reflecting maturationally paced cognitive differences consistent with other cognitive accomplish- ments in these species, and as demonstrating the influence that a species-atypical rearing environment can have on cognitive abilities in juvenile great apes. fl 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 37: 229-237, 2000
David F. Bjorklund - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a note on the development of Deferred Imitation in enculturated juvenile chimpanzees pan troglodytes
Developmental Review, 2003Co-Authors: David F. Bjorklund, Jesse M. BeringAbstract:Abstract In recent years, Imitation has played a central role in conceptions of children’s memory, representational, and social cognitive abilities; in nonhuman primate cognitive competencies; and the evolution of human culture. In this paper, we combine data from three studies that assessed Deferred Imitation in three juvenile, enculturated (human-reared) chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ), administered over a 4-year period, to assess the development of Deferred Imitation. The basic task used in each study involved a baseline, followed by a demonstration in which a model displayed some actions on objects to participants. After a 10-min delay, the participants were given the objects and evidence of Imitation was noted. The number of trials on which chimpanzees displayed Deferred Imitation increased with age, both between and within participants. Developmental differences were most apparent on the more complex tasks that required coordination of actions on materials (e.g., putting a nail in form board and striking it with a hammer) than on simpler tasks (e.g., striking two cymbals together). Patterns of performance were similar when the complete set of actions (targets) were duplicated by the ape and when the ape duplicated only portions of the demonstrated behavior (approximation to the target). The results were interpreted as reflecting age-related changes in chimpanzees’ abilities to engage in complex social learning after a delay, and arguably in the symbolic representational system supporting such abilities.
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The generalization of Deferred Imitation in enculturated chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
Animal Cognition, 2001Co-Authors: David F. Bjorklund, Jennifer L. Yunger, Jesse M. Bering, Patricia RaganAbstract:Deferred Imitation of object-related actions and generalization of Imitation to similar but not identical tasks was assessed in three human-reared (enculturated) chimpanzees, ranging in age from 5 to 9 years. Each ape displayed high levels of Deferred Imitation and only slightly lower levels of generalization of Imitation. The youngest two chimpanzees were more apt to generalize the model's actions when they had displayed portions of the target behaviors at baseline, consistent with the idea that learning is more likely to occur when working within the "zone of proximal development." We argue that generalization of Imitation is the best evidence to date of imitative learning in chimpanzees.
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Deferred Imitation of object related actions in human reared juvenile chimpanzees and orangutans
Developmental Psychobiology, 2000Co-Authors: Jesse M. Bering, David F. Bjorklund, Patricia RaganAbstract:Deferred Imitation of object-related actions (e.g., picking up a cloth with a set of tongs) was assessed in 3 enculturated juvenile orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and 3 enculturated juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). For each task, animals were given 4 min to explore the objects (baseline), followed by a demonstration of the target behavior, and 10 min later, were re-presented the objects (Deferred phase). Each animal displayed Deferred Imitation on at least one trial, with each species demonstrating Deferred Imitation on approximately half of all possible trials. The findings were interpreted as reflecting cognitive abilities in juvenile great apes that permit Deferred Imitation under humanlike rearing conditions.
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A two-year longitudinal study of Deferred Imitation of object manipulation in a juvenile chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus).
Developmental psychobiology, 2000Co-Authors: David F. Bjorklund, Jesse M. Bering, Patricia RaganAbstract:Changes in Deferred Imitation of novel actions on objects were assessed over a 2-year period in two enculturated, juvenile great apes (one chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, and one orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus). Both apes displayed Deferred Imitation, and both displayed improve- ments in Deferred Imitation over the 2-year period, although the magnitude of improvement was greater for the chimpanzee. This is, to our knowledge, the first experimental demonstration of longitudinal improvements of Deferred Imitation in great apes. The results were interpreted as reflecting maturationally paced cognitive differences consistent with other cognitive accomplish- ments in these species, and as demonstrating the influence that a species-atypical rearing environment can have on cognitive abilities in juvenile great apes. fl 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 37: 229-237, 2000
