The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Joshua D Greene - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
beyond point and shoot morality why cognitive neuro science matters for ethics
Law & Ethics of Human Rights, 2014Co-Authors: Joshua D GreeneAbstract:In this article I explain why cognitive science (including some neuroscience) matters for normative ethics. First, I describe the Dual-Process Theory of moral judgment and briefly summarize the evidence supporting it. Next I describe related experimental research examining influences on intuitive moral judgment. I then describe two ways in which research along these lines can have implications for ethics. I argue that a deeper understanding of moral psychology favors certain forms of consequentialism over other classes of normative moral Theory. I close with some brief remarks concerning the bright future of ethics as an interdisciplinary enterprise.
-
Dual Process morality and the personal impersonal distinction a reply to mcguire langdon coltheart and mackenzie
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2009Co-Authors: Joshua D GreeneAbstract:Abstract A substantial body of research supports a Dual-Process Theory of moral judgment, according to which characteristically deontological judgments are driven by automatic emotional responses, while characteristically utilitarian judgments are driven by controlled cognitive Processes. This Theory was initially supported by neuroimaging and reaction time (RT) data. McGuire et al. have reanalyzed these initial RT data and claim that, in light of their findings, the Dual-Process Theory of moral judgment and the personal/impersonal distinction now lack support. While McGuire and colleagues have convincingly overturned Greene et al.’s interpretation of their original RT data, their claim that the Dual-Process Theory now lacks support overstates the implications of their findings. McGuire and colleagues ignore the results of several more recent behavioral studies, including the study that bears most directly on their critique. They dismiss without adequate justification the results of a more recent neuroimaging study, three more recent patient studies, and an emotion–induction study. Their broader critique is based largely on their conflation of the Dual-Process Theory with the personal/impersonal distinction, which are independent.
-
cognitive load selectively interferes with utilitarian moral judgment
Cognition, 2008Co-Authors: Joshua D Greene, Sylvia A Morelli, Kelly Lowenberg, Leigh E Nystrom, Jonathan D CohenAbstract:Traditional theories of moral development emphasize the role of controlled cognition in mature moral judgment, while a more recent trend emphasizes intuitive and emotional Processes. Here we test a Dual-Process Theory synthesizing these perspectives. More specifically, our Theory associates utilitarian moral judgment (approving of harmful actions that maximize good consequences) with controlled cognitive Processes and associates non-utilitarian moral judgment with automatic emotional responses. Consistent with this Theory, we find that a cognitive load manipulation selectively interferes with utilitarian judgment. This interference effect provides direct evidence for the influence of controlled cognitive Processes in moral judgment, and utilitarian moral judgment more specifically.
-
why are vmpfc patients more utilitarian a Dual Process Theory of moral judgment explains
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2007Co-Authors: Joshua D GreeneAbstract:Koenigs, Young and colleagues [1] recently tested patients with emotion-related damage in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) using moral dilemmas used in previous neuroimaging studies [2,3]. These patients made unusually utilitarian judgments (endorsing harmful actions that promote the greater good). My collaborators and I have proposed a Dual-Process Theory of moral judgment [2,3] that we claim predicts this result. In a Research Focus article published in this issue of Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Moll and de Oliveira-Souza [4] challenge this interpretation.
Graham D Bodie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
indiviDual listening values moderate the impact of verbal person centeredness on helper evaluations a test of the Dual Process Theory of supportive message outcomes
International Journal of Listening, 2018Co-Authors: Graham D Bodie, Shaughan A Keaton, Susanne M JonesAbstract:This study is part of a larger program of research concerned with how people evaluate supportive behavior. Past work conducted in our lab found that helper evaluations of supportive listening vary as a function of specific listener behaviors, but the effects of these behaviors were small in magnitude. In this article, we explore one explanation for these small effects, namely, that the impact of listening behaviors on helper evaluations varies as a function of indiviDual communication values. We draw from the Dual-Process Theory of supportive message outcomes to propose that communication values operate to influence indiviDual Processing of supportive behavior. Using data from 383 participants asked to watch and evaluate a five-minute recorded comforting conversation, results provide support for the Theory. People who place more value on listening as well as theoretically connected communication skills appear more responsive to the presence (or absence) of person-centered behavior.
-
Dual Process Theory of supportive message outcomes
The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication, 2015Co-Authors: Graham D Bodie, Andrew C JonesAbstract:The Dual-Process Theory of supportive message outcomes applies the general logic of the Dual-Process framework to the Processing and outcomes of varied forms of support, including advice, everyday emotional support, and grief management. This Theory explains that supportive messages work as a joint function of the content of those messages and how they are Processed by recipients. Drawing on social cognitive Theory, theories of emotion, and theories specifying characteristics of quality supportive communication as well as the larger Dual Process framework developed in the field of psychology, this Theory provides an empirically sound basis for prescribing types of supportive strategies. Most work to date has focused on testing key theoretical tenants and establishing the Theory is a viable framework for organizing prior findings indicating variation in the effects supportive messages. Keywords: cognitive Processes; communication Theory; interpersonal communication
-
testing a Dual Process Theory of supportive communication outcomes how multiple factors influence outcomes in support situations
Communication Research, 2015Co-Authors: Amanda J Holmstrom, Graham D Bodie, Brant R Burleson, Jennifer D Mccullough, Jessica J Rack, Lisa K Hanasono, Jennifer Gill RosierAbstract:To test a recently proposed Dual-Process Theory of supportive communication outcomes, participants (N = 328) assumed they had experienced a mildly or moderately problematic situation. They then evaluated supportive messages varying in person centeredness, purportedly provided by either an acquaintance or a friend. Participants’ perceived support availability (PSA) was also assessed. As predicted, the recipient factor (PSA) indiviDually and in conjunction with the contextual factor (problem severity) moderated the effect of the message factor (message person centeredness) on helpfulness evaluations. Modest support was observed for the hypothesis that the source factor (friend vs. acquaintance) influences evaluations when messages are Processed less extensively. Implications for the Dual-Process Theory of supportive communication outcomes are discussed.
-
the role of thinking in the comforting Process an empirical test of a Dual Process framework
Communication Research, 2013Co-Authors: Graham D BodieAbstract:Using data from 192 undergraduates asked to imagine a stressful experience, this study finds support for two primary contentions of a Dual-Process Theory of supportive message outcomes: (a) message content impacts anticipated affect improvement (AAI) when Processing motivation is high but not when low and (b) Processing extent mediates the relationship between verbal person centeredness (VPC) and AAI for highly motivated participants. In addition, the Dual-Process framework was used to forward a modified Theory of conversationally induced reappraisals. In support of this model, positive emotion words and situation reappraisal mediated the VPC-AAI link only when recipients afforded close attention to message content. The discussion focuses on how the Dual-Process framework might assist in modifying theories of supportive communication in other ways.
-
effects of cognitive complexity and emotional upset on Processing supportive messages two tests of a Dual Process Theory of supportive communication outcomes
Human Communication Research, 2011Co-Authors: Graham D Bodie, Amanda J Holmstrom, Brant R Burleson, Jennifer D Mccullough, Jessica J Rack, Lisa K Hanasono, Jennifer Gill RosierAbstract:We report tests of hypotheses derived from a Theory of supportive communication outcomes that maintains the effects of supportive messages are moderated by factors influencing the motivation and ability to Process these messages. Participants in two studies completed a measure of cognitive complexity, which provided an assessment of Processing ability, and reported their degree of upset with a problem situation, which was hypothesized to impact both motivation and ability; they subsequently evaluated the helpfulness of comforting messages that varied in person centeredness. Consistent with predictions, an index of message Processing depth—the degree to which participants discriminated between the helpfulness of better and worse supportive messages—was associated with the factors additively in both studies and interactively in one study. Los Efectos de la Complejidad Cognitiva y el Disgusto Emocional sobre el Procesamiento de Mensajes de Apoyo: Dos Pruebas de la Teoria de Proceso Doble de los Resultados de la Comunicacion de Apoyo Reportamos las pruebas de las hipotesis derivadas de una teoria de los resultados de la comunicacion de apoyo que sostiene que los efectos de los mensajes de apoyo son moderados por factores que influencian la motivacion y la habilidad de procesar estos mensajes. Los participantes en los dos estudios completaron una medida de la complejidad cognitiva, la cual proveyo de un asesoramiento de la habilidad de procesamiento, y reporto el grado de disgusto con una situacion problematica, la cual deberia impactar la motivacion y la habilidad; subsecuentemente ellos evaluaron cuan beneficioso eran los mensajes de apoyo que variaron en la centralidad de la persona. Consistente con las predicciones, un indice de la profundidad del procesamiento del mensaje–el grado en que los participantes discernieron entre el beneficio de los mensajes de apoyo mejores y peores–estuvo asociado con los factores aditivamente en ambos estudios e interactivamente en uno de los estudios. Palabras claves: complejidad cognitiva, modelos de proceso doble, apoyo emocional, recepcion de mensaje, apoyo social, escucha Die Wirkung von kognitiver Komplexitat und emotionaler Sensation auf die Verarbeitung von hilfreichen Botschaften: Zwei Tests einer Dualprozesstheorie zu Folgen unterstutzender Kommunikation Wir berichten uber den Test von Hypothesen, die aus der Theorie zu Folgen von unterstutzender Kommunikation extrahiert wurden und postulieren, dass die Wirkung von hilfreichen Botschaften durch Faktoren moderiert wird, die die Motivation und die Fahigkeit beeinflussen, diese Botschaften zu verarbeiten. Die Teilnehmer nahmen an zwei Studien teil. Sie vervollstandigten ein Messinstrument zur kognitiven Komplexitat, das zur Beurteilung der Verarbeitungsfahigkeit diente und gaben auserdem Auskunft daruber, wie sehr sich durch eine problematische Situation, die Motivation und Fahigkeit beeinflussen sollte, aus der Fassung gebracht wurden. Im Anschluss bewerteten sie den Nutzen beruhigender Botschaften, die bezuglich ihrer Fokussierung auf eine Person variierten. Im Einklang mit den Annahmen, war ein Index der Botschaftsverarbeitungstiefe (der Grad, zu welchem die Teilnehmer zwischen dem Nutzen von besseren und schlechteren hilfreichen Botschaften unterschieden) in beiden Studien additiv, in einer Studie interaktiv verknupft mit diesen Faktoren. Schlusselbegriffe: kognitive Komplexitat, Dualprozessmodelle, emotionale Unterstutzung, Botschaftsrezeption, soziale Unterstutzung, Zuhoren Les effets de la complexite cognitive et de la contrarieteemotive sur le traitement des messages de soutien : deux tests d’une theorie a deux temps des resultats de la communication de soutien Nous rendons compte de tests d’hypotheses derivees d’une theorie des resultats de la communication de soutien qui affirme que les effets des messages de soutien sont attenues par des facteurs influencant la motivation et la capacitea traiter ces messages. Les participants a deux etudes ont complete une mesure de la complexite cognitive (ce qui a fourni une evaluation de la capacite de traitement) et ont declare leur niveau de contrariete face a une situation problematique (ce qui devrait influencer la motivation et la capacite). Ils ont ensuite evalue l’utilite de messages de reconfort variant dans la centralite qu’ils donnaient a la personne. Conformement aux predictions, un indice de profondeur dans le traitement du message (le degre auquel les participants discriminaient entre l’utilite de meilleurs et de pires messages de soutien) etait associe aux facteurs de maniere additive dans les deux etudes et de maniere interactive dans une etude. Mots cles : complexite cognitive, modeles a deux temps, soutien emotionnel, reception des messages, soutien social, ecoute
John T. Wixted - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
a continuous Dual Process model of remember know judgments
Psychological Review, 2010Co-Authors: John T. Wixted, Laura MickesAbstract:The Dual-Process Theory of recognition memory holds that recognition decisions can be based on recollection or familiarity, and the remember/know procedure is widely used to investigate those 2 Processes. Dual-Process Theory in general and the remember/know procedure in particular have been challenged by an alternative strength-based interpretation based on signal-detection Theory, which holds that remember judgments simply reflect stronger memories than do know judgments. Although supported by a considerable body of research, the signal-detection account is difficult to reconcile with G. Mandler’s (1980) classic “butcher-on-the-bus” phenomenon (i.e., strong, familiarity-based recognition). In this article, a new signal-detection model is proposed that does not deny either the validity of Dual-Process Theory or the possibility that remember/know judgments can—when used in the right way—help to distinguish between memories that are largely recollection based from those that are largely familiarity based. It does, however, agree with all prior signal-detection-based critiques of the remember/know procedure, which hold that, as it is ordinarily used, the procedure mainly distinguishes strong memories from weak memories (not recollection from familiarity).
-
Recollection Is a Continuous Process Implications for Dual-Process Theories of Recognition Memory
Psychological Science, 2009Co-Authors: Laura Mickes, Peter E. Wais, John T. WixtedAbstract:Dual-Process Theory, which holds that recognition decisions can be based on recollection or familiarity, has long seemed incompatible with signal detection Theory, which holds that recognition decisions are based on a singular, continuous memory-strength variable. Formal Dual-Process models typically regard familiarity as a continuous Process (i.e., familiarity comes in degrees), but they construe recollection as a categorical Process (i.e., recollection either occurs or does not occur). A continuous Process is characterized by a graded relationship between confidence and accuracy, whereas a categorical Process is characterized by a binary relationship such that high confidence is associated with high accuracy but all lower degrees of confidence are associated with chance accuracy. Using a source-memory procedure, we found that the relationship between confidence and source-recollection accuracy was graded. Because recollection, like familiarity, is a continuous Process, Dual-Process Theory is more compat...
-
Dual-Process Theory and signal-detection Theory of recognition memory
Psychological Review, 2007Co-Authors: John T. WixtedAbstract:Two influential models of recognition memory, the unequal-variance signal-detection model and a Dual-Process threshold/detection model, accurately describe the receiver operating characteristic, but only the latter model can provide estimates of recollection and familiarity. Such estimates often accord with those provided by the remember-know procedure, and both methods are now widely used in the neuroscience literature to identify the brain correlates of recollection and familiarity. However, in recent years, a substantial literature has accumulated directly contrasting the signal-detection model against the threshold/detection model, and that literature is almost unanimous in its endorsement of signal-detection Theory. A Dual-Process version of signal-detection Theory implies that indiviDual recognition decisions are not Process pure, and it suggests new ways to investigate the brain correlates of recognition memory.
Larry L Jacoby - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
feature and conjunction errors in recognition memory evidence for Dual Process Theory
Journal of Memory and Language, 2001Co-Authors: Todd C Jones, Larry L JacobyAbstract:Abstract Feature and conjunction errors in recognition memory were investigated using a Dual-Process framework. In Experiment 1, dividing attention at study or test decreased old word recognition but did not influence feature and conjunction recognition errors after correcting for false alarms to new words (baseline). In Experiment 2, a response deadline manipulation influenced old word recognition but not feature and conjunction effects (i.e., feature or conjunction error rate minus baseline). Across Experiments 3 and 4, study repetitions increased the probabilities of feature and conjunction errors for participants under strong pressure to respond quickly. However, no such increases were observed for participants who were given more time to respond, providing evidence that the familiarity underlying feature and conjunction errors can be countered with recollection. Thus study repetition increased both familiarity and recollection. Feature and conjunction errors are based on familiarity in the absence of recollection. An approach that combines an item-associative distinction with a Dual-Process framework (e.g., Yonelinas, 1997) also can account for these errors. However, an approach that uses a feature-configuration distinction must be modified to account for these results.
-
incorporating response bias in a Dual Process Theory of memory
Journal of Memory and Language, 1995Co-Authors: Andrew P Yonelinas, Glenn Regehr, Larry L JacobyAbstract:Abstract We examined several different methods for incorporating response bias into a Dual-Process Theory of recognition memory. Two high threshold correction methods, which have previously been applied to the Process dissociation procedure, and a new, Dual-Process signal-detection method, were assessed. An examination of receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) showed that the threshold methods were inappropriate, but that the signal-detection method provided a reasonable account of the observed ROCs. Applying the corrections to a second data set showed that the different correction methods led to dramatically different conclusions, demonstrating that selecting the correct correction method is critical. Moreover, in agreement with the ROC analysis, the signal-detection method was the only one to provide a reasonable account of the data.
Tsukasa Kato - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Testing of the coping flexibility hypothesis based on the Dual-Process Theory: Relationships between coping flexibility and depressive Symptoms.
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2015Co-Authors: Tsukasa KatoAbstract:According to the Dual-Process Theory of coping flexibility (Kato, 2012), coping flexibility is the ability to discontinue an ineffective coping strategy (i.e., evaluation coping Process) and implement an alternative strategy (i.e., adaptive coping Process). The coping flexibility hypothesis (CFH) proposes that the ability to engage in flexible coping is related to better psychological functioning and physical health, including less depression. I the present study, participants were 393 American Whites, 429 Australian Whites, and 496 Chinese, selected from the data pool of the 2013 Coping and Health Survey (see Kato, 2014b). They completed both the Coping Flexibility Scale (Kato, 2012), which is based on the Dual-Process Theory of coping flexibility, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). For all nationalities and genders, evaluation coping and adaptive coping were significantly correlated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. Structural equation modeling revealed that evaluation coping was associated with lower depressive symptoms for all nationalities and genders, whereas no significant relationships between adaptive coping and depressive symptoms were found for any nationalities. Our results partially supported that the CFH fits with the Dual-Process Theory of coping flexibility.
