The Experts below are selected from a list of 7575 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kern Alexander - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The Origins and Use of Economic Sanctions
Economic Sanctions, 2020Co-Authors: Kern AlexanderAbstract:The use of Economic Sanctions has throughout history been an integral component of the foreign policy of most nation-states. Nations have relied on Economic Sanctions not only to influence foreign policy and national security objectives but also to respond to domestic political needs and Economic pressures. In antiquity and in early modern Europe, Economic Sanctions were used for a variety of purposes but mainly as subordinate instruments of military policy during times of war.2 Indeed, Athens imposed Economic Sanctions in 432 BC when Pericles issued the Megarian import embargo against the Greek city-states which had refused to join the Athenian-led Delian League during the Peloponnesian War.3 During the religious wars of Europe’s reformation, states used trade embargoes and other Economic Sanctions to compel compliance with treaty obligations to protect certain Christian minorities.4 In the late nineteenth century, Economic Sanctions were generally used during times of war and took the form Export controls on strategic supplies and blockades against targeted countries (Medlicott, 1952, 9).
-
Economic Sanctions Reform and International Institutions
Economic Sanctions, 2020Co-Authors: Kern AlexanderAbstract:As discussed in chapter 1, Woodrow Wilson’s vision for collective security in the League of Nations involved Economic Sanctions playing an important role in deterring nation states from using armed aggression to settle their disputes. Although Wilson’s League foundered on the rocks of militarism and great power rivalries, it provided the basis for the creation of the United Nations and for the institutional authority of the General Assembly and Security Council to adopt international Economic Sanctions. Indeed, the UN Security Council may adopt resolutions pursuant to chapter VII of the UN Charter which authorise it to take whatever measures necessary, short of the use of force in response to a breach of peace and security or a threat to peace and security. These measures may include Economic Sanctions against targeted states or non-state actors. In the 1990s, the Security Council began using Economic Sanctions more often against states and non-state actors. The most prominent episode of UN Economic Sanctions during this period was against Iraq, which occurred between 1991 and 2003, and they were the most comprehensive imposed against any country in modern times. This chapter suggests that their success in disarming and incapacitating Saddam Hussein’s weapons development programme can be a model for devising future Sanctions regimes against recalcitrant states.
-
International Political Economy and Economic Sanctions
Economic Sanctions, 2020Co-Authors: Kern AlexanderAbstract:The chapter generally examines the evolving structure of the modern international Economic system and foreign exchange markets and some of the main Economic theories which have driven its development and the implications for public policy regarding the application of Economic Sanctions. The chapter argues that the design of Economic Sanctions instruments has been influenced primarily by unrealistic political demands and inflexible legal doctrines which have undermined their effectiveness in state practice. Policymakers have failed to take adequately into account the relevant Economic principles that drive the international financial and trading system. The chapter suggests that the comparative advantage of states in particular market sectors significantly enhances their ability to impose effective Economic Sanctions for those sectors. For instance, states with a relatively large share of the world’s exports of investment capital and financial services should be much more effective in applying controls on these sectors than states with relatively undeveloped financial and investment markets. A state’s utilization of Economic Sanctions in market sectors where it has a comparative advantage will enhance the efficacy of its Sanctions programme and thereby be more likely to achieve public policy objectives.
-
Third Party Liability and Economic Sanctions
Economic Sanctions, 2020Co-Authors: Kern AlexanderAbstract:Chapter 5 examined the doctrine of control liability in US corporate regulatory law and how it addresses the complexity of multi-national enterprises and their cross-border activities and the need to pierce the veil of corporate personality in order to make Economic Sanctions controls more effective against the owners and controllers of complex corporate groups. The coherent interpretation and application of domestic legal and regulatory principles are necessary to ensure consistent application and implementation of Economic Sanctions across jurisdictions. This chapter analyses principles of third party liability and how they apply to third party intermediaries and professionals who facilitate, assist or aid and abet commercial transactions with targeted states and specially designated entities. Indeed, an important feature of third party liability concerns its application not only to parties in actual or direct breach of the regulatory regime, but also to those who have facilitated, participated, assisted or aided and abetted such breaches. In particular, the Department of Treasury OFAC regulations impose various degrees of civil and criminal liability on third party financial institutions and professionals which serve as intermediaries or accessories in facilitating or assisting transactions in violation of US Economic Sanctions.’ Similarly, the Bureau of Industry and Security Export Administration Regulations (EARs) impose civil and criminal liability on those who facilitate or assist others in direct breach of US Economic Sanctions.2
-
Private Attorneys General and Economic Sanctions
Economic Sanctions, 2020Co-Authors: Kern AlexanderAbstract:Economic Sanctions have traditionally been analysed from the perspective of inter-state relations in which states seek to restrict trade or deny other Economic benefits to targeted states and their nationals to achieve political objectives. The role of government in imposing Economic costs against targeted states for breaches of international law or infringing foreign policy or national security interests has been the usual framework through which to analyse and assess a country’s Economic Sanctions policy. US Economic Sanctions policy, however, began to depart from this model in the 1990s when the Congress enacted a set of statutes that created legal remedies for individuals and entities to enforce either international law or domestic law rights in US court by pursuing civil actions for damages, compensation and restitution against foreign states, third country persons and international terrorists. The creation of these private remedies was deliberately intended by Congress to create alternative legal channels through which US Sanctions could be applied.
Dianne E Rennack - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
North Korea: Economic Sanctions
2007Co-Authors: Dianne E RennackAbstract:U.S. Economic Sanctions are imposed against North Korea for five primary reasons: (1) North Korea is seen as posing a threat to U.S. national security; (2) North Korea is designated by the Secretary of State as a state sponsor or supporter of international terrorism; (3) North Korea is a Marxist-Leninist state, with a Communist government; (4) North Korea has been found by the State Department to have engaged in proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; and (5) North Korea has been found by the President to have detonated a nuclear explosive device. This paper explains the U.S. Economic Sanctions currently in place, and summarizes recent events as they relate to the potential application of additional restrictions.
-
China: Economic Sanctions
2006Co-Authors: Dianne E RennackAbstract:This report discusses a list of Economic Sanctions that the United States currently maintains against China. The influence of Congress on U.S. policy toward China, once significant because so much hung on the annual possibility that favorable trade terms could be suspended, has more recently been diffused. Sanctions that remain in place today can all be modified, eased, or lifted altogether by the President, without congressional input.
-
India and Pakistan: U.S. Economic Sanctions
2003Co-Authors: Dianne E RennackAbstract:In 1998, India and Pakistan each conducted tests of nuclear explosive devices, drawing world condemnation. The United States and a number of India’s and Pakistan’s major trading partners imposed Economic Sanctions in response. Most U.S. Economic Sanctions were lifted or eased within a few months of their imposition, however, and Congress gave the President the authority to remove all remaining restrictions in 1999.
-
India and Pakistan: Current U.S. Economic Sanctions
2001Co-Authors: Dianne E RennackAbstract:In 1998, India and Pakistan each conducted tests of nuclear explosive devices, drawing world condemnation. The United States and a number of India’s and Pakistan’s major trading partners imposed Economic Sanctions in response. Most U.S. Economic Sanctions were lifted or eased within a few months of their imposition, however, and Congress gave the President the authority to remove all remaining restrictions in 1999.
Cooper A Drury - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
coercive or corrosive the negative impact of Economic Sanctions on democracy
International Interactions, 2010Co-Authors: Dursun Peksen, Cooper A DruryAbstract:This article seeks to analyze the impact that Sanctions have on democracy. We argue that Economic Sanctions worsen the level of democracy because the Economic hardship caused by Sanctions can be used as a strategic tool by the targeted regime to consolidate authoritarian rule and weaken the opposition. Furthermore, we argue that Economic Sanctions create new incentives for the political leadership to restrict political liberties, to undermine the challenge of Sanctions as an external threat to their authority. Using time-series cross-national data (1972–2000), the findings show that both the immediate and longer‐term effects of Economic Sanctions significantly reduce the level of democratic freedoms in the target. The findings also demonstrate that comprehensive Economic Sanctions have greater negative impact than limited Sanctions. These findings suggest that Sanctions can create negative externalities by reducing the political rights and civil liberties in the targeted state.
-
democratic Sanctions connecting the democratic peace and Economic Sanctions
Journal of Peace Research, 2006Co-Authors: Cooper A DruryAbstract:The democratic peace literature has focused primarily on militarized conflict; however, aspects of the democratic peace may influence how states use Economic Sanctions. This article investigates how democracies sanction both each other and other non-democracies. Because Economic Sanctions are very different from military force, some aspects of the democratic peace, such as the more peaceful nature of democracies, do not apply to the decision to sanction. However, several democratic peace factors should influence the use of Economic Sanctions, such as institutional constraints, shared values, and quick resolutions often found between two democracies. Using updated Economic sanction data from 1978 through 2000, the article employs rare-event logit analysis to show that the democratic peace does influence the use of Economic coercion - democracies are less likely to sanction each other. It also shows that democracies employ Sanctions more than other regime types, in part because democracies pursue human rights and democratization goals with Economic Sanctions. The results further reveal that unlike other countries, the United States is not hesitant to sanction its allies.
-
revisiting Economic Sanctions reconsidered
Journal of Peace Research, 1998Co-Authors: Cooper A DruryAbstract:Hufbauer, Schott and Elliott have written probably the most comprehensive empirical study of Economic Sanctions in their volume Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy. They conclude their analysis with several policy recommendations. However, there are problems with their empirical analysis that significantly affect these recommendations. To overcome these problems, I reanalyze their data using ordered logit estimation. In addition to modeling their policy recommendations, I add three hypotheses derived from the sanction literature. The results show that most of the relationships between the variables in their recommendations are insignificant, calling their accuracy and importance into question. In two cases, the original recommendations are accurate only when conditioned by other variables. Cooperation only has a negative effect on success when international organizations are not involved, and nations trying to subvert the Sanctions only succeed when the target was originally dependent on the sender for its imports. I conclude by discussing the policy implications these findings have for the future use of Economic Sanctions.
Kimberly Ann Elliott - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd Edition (paper)
2020Co-Authors: Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Jeffrey J. Schott, Kimberly Ann ElliottAbstract:Economic Sanctions continue to play an important role in the response to terrorism, nuclear proliferation, military conflicts, and other foreign policy crises. But poor design and implementation of Sanctions policies often mean that they fall short of their desired effects. This landmark study, first published in 1985, delves into the rich experience of Sanctions in the 20th century to harvest lessons on how to use Sanctions more effectively. This volume--now conveniently available in a paperback format--is the updated third edition of this widely cited study. The authors' unique database on Sanctions now covers almost 200 case studies. This study is offered in two parts: Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, which summarizes the analysis and outlines the policy recommendations, and Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: Case Histories and Data, a supplemental CD-ROM containing the case studies and new database.
-
Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 3rd edition (hardcover + CD)
2020Co-Authors: Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Jeffrey J. Schott, Kimberly Ann ElliottAbstract:This is a revised edition of the classic book on this subject. It chronicles and examines 170 cases of Economic Sanctions imposed since World War I. Fifty of these cases were launched in the 1990s and are new to this edition. Special attention is paid to new developments arising from the end of the Cold War and increasing globalization of the world economy. Analyzing a range of Economic and political factors that can influence the success of a Sanctions episode, the authors distill a set of commandments to guide policymakers in the effective use of Sanctions. This study will be published in two parts: Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, summarizing the analysis and outlining the policy recommendations and Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: Case Histories, a supplemental CD-ROM containing the case studies.
Gary Clyde Hufbauer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd Edition (paper)
2020Co-Authors: Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Jeffrey J. Schott, Kimberly Ann ElliottAbstract:Economic Sanctions continue to play an important role in the response to terrorism, nuclear proliferation, military conflicts, and other foreign policy crises. But poor design and implementation of Sanctions policies often mean that they fall short of their desired effects. This landmark study, first published in 1985, delves into the rich experience of Sanctions in the 20th century to harvest lessons on how to use Sanctions more effectively. This volume--now conveniently available in a paperback format--is the updated third edition of this widely cited study. The authors' unique database on Sanctions now covers almost 200 case studies. This study is offered in two parts: Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, which summarizes the analysis and outlines the policy recommendations, and Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: Case Histories and Data, a supplemental CD-ROM containing the case studies and new database.
-
Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 3rd edition (hardcover + CD)
2020Co-Authors: Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Jeffrey J. Schott, Kimberly Ann ElliottAbstract:This is a revised edition of the classic book on this subject. It chronicles and examines 170 cases of Economic Sanctions imposed since World War I. Fifty of these cases were launched in the 1990s and are new to this edition. Special attention is paid to new developments arising from the end of the Cold War and increasing globalization of the world economy. Analyzing a range of Economic and political factors that can influence the success of a Sanctions episode, the authors distill a set of commandments to guide policymakers in the effective use of Sanctions. This study will be published in two parts: Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, summarizing the analysis and outlining the policy recommendations and Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: Case Histories, a supplemental CD-ROM containing the case studies.
