The Experts below are selected from a list of 1746 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Cornelis A.m. Van Gestel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Toxicity of binary mixtures of Cu, Cr and As to the earthworm Eisenia andrei
    Ecotoxicology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Johanna Kilpi-koski, Olli-pekka Penttinen, Ari O. Väisänen, Cornelis A.m. Van Gestel
    Abstract:

    Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) mixtures were used in the past for wood preservation, leading to large scale soil contamination. This study aimed at contributing to the risk assessment of CCA-contaminated soils by assessing the toxicity of binary mixtures of copper, chromium and arsenic to the earthworm Eisenia andrei in OECD artificial soil. Mixture effects were related to reference models of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) using the MIXTOX model, with effects being related to total and available (H_2O and 0.01 M CaCl_2 extractable) concentrations in the soil. Since only in mixtures with arsenic dose-related mortality occurred (LC_50 92.5 mg/kg dry soil), it was not possible to analyze the mixture effects on earthworm survival with the MIXTOX model. EC_50s for effects of Cu, Cr and As on earthworm reproduction, based on total soil concentrations, were 154, 449 and 9.1 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. Effects of mixtures were mainly antagonistic when related to the CA model but additive related to the IA model. This was the case when mixture effects were based on total and H_2O-extractable concentrations; when based on CaCl_2-extractable concentrations effects mainly were additive related to the CA model except for the Cr–As mixture which acted antagonistically. These results suggest that the CCA components do interact leading to a reduced toxicity when present in a mixture.

  • toxicity in neonicotinoids to folsima candida and Eisenia andrei
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2020
    Co-Authors: Cláudia De Lima E Silva, Winona De Rooij, Rudo A. Verweij, Cornelis A.m. Van Gestel
    Abstract:

    : We compared the toxicity of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, and clothianidin in terms of the survival and reproduction of 2 species of soil invertebrates, Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei. Tests were performed using LUFA 2.2 natural soil, following standard protocols aimed at answering 2 questions: 1) Is there a difference in the toxicity between pure compound and its formulation? and 2) Is there a difference in the sensitivity of the species exposed to the same compound? For E. andrei, formulations and pure compounds had similar toxicity to both endpoints tested. For F. candida, acetamiprid and imidacloprid had different toxicities, with acetamiprid being 4 times more toxic to survival (median lethal concentration [LC50] 0.12 mg active substance [a.s.]/kg dry soil) and imidacloprid being 4 times more toxic to reproduction of the springtail (median effect concentration [EC50] 0.25 mg a.s./kg dry soil) than their commercial formulations. The most toxic compound to E. andrei was acetamiprid (LC50 0.80 and EC50 0.35-0.40 mg a.s./kg), and the most toxic to F. candida was clothianidin (LC50 0.07 and EC50 0.05 mg a.s./kg). Estimated risk ratios indicated that only one application/yr of clothianidin in the formulation Poncho® may pose a threat to the populations of springtails and earthworms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:548-555. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.

  • Toxicity in Neonicotinoids to Folsima candida and Eisenia andrei.
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2019
    Co-Authors: Cláudia De Lima E Silva, Winona De Rooij, Rudo A. Verweij, Cornelis A.m. Van Gestel
    Abstract:

    We compared the toxicity of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, and clothianidin in terms of the survival and reproduction of 2 species of soil invertebrates, Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei. Tests were performed using LUFA 2.2 natural soil, following standard protocols aimed at answering 2 questions: 1) Is there a difference in the toxicity between pure compound and its formulation? and 2) Is there a difference in the sensitivity of the species exposed to the same compound? For E. andrei, formulations and pure compounds had similar toxicity to both endpoints tested. For F. candida, acetamiprid and imidacloprid had different toxicities, with acetamiprid being 4 times more toxic to survival (median lethal concentration [LC50] 0.12 mg active substance [a.s.]/kg dry soil) and imidacloprid being 4 times more toxic to reproduction of the springtail (median effect concentration [EC50] 0.25 mg a.s./kg dry soil) than their commercial formulations. The most toxic compound to E. andrei was acetamiprid (LC50 0.80 and EC50 0.35–0.40 mg a.s./kg), and the most toxic to F. candida was clothianidin (LC50 0.07 and EC50 0.05 mg a.s./kg). Estimated risk ratios indicated that only one application/yr of clothianidin in the formulation Poncho® may pose a threat to the populations of springtails and earthworms.

  • An uptake and elimination kinetics approach to assess the bioavailability of chromium, copper, and arsenic to earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in contaminated field soils
    Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Johanna Kilpi-koski, Olli-pekka Penttinen, Ari Väisänen, Cornelis A.m. Van Gestel
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability of metals in field soils contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) mixtures. The uptake and elimination kinetics of chromium, copper, and arsenic were assessed in the earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to soils from a gradient of CCA wood preservative contamination near Hartola, Finland. In soils contaminated with 1480–1590 mg Cr/kg dry soil, 642–791 mg Cu/kg dry soil, and 850–2810 mg Ag/kg dry soil, uptake and elimination kinetics patterns were similar for Cr and Cu. Both metals were rapidly taken up and rapidly excreted by Eisenia andrei with equilibrium reached within 1 day. The metalloid As, however, showed very slow uptake and elimination in the earthworms and body concentrations did not reach equilibrium within 21 days. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were low for Cu and Cr (

  • an uptake and elimination kinetics approach to assess the bioavailability of chromium copper and arsenic to earthworms Eisenia andrei in contaminated field soils
    Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Johanna Kilpikoski, Olli-pekka Penttinen, Ari Väisänen, Cornelis A.m. Van Gestel
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability of metals in field soils contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) mixtures. The uptake and elimination kinetics of chromium, copper, and arsenic were assessed in the earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to soils from a gradient of CCA wood preservative contamination near Hartola, Finland. In soils contaminated with 1480–1590 mg Cr/kg dry soil, 642–791 mg Cu/kg dry soil, and 850–2810 mg Ag/kg dry soil, uptake and elimination kinetics patterns were similar for Cr and Cu. Both metals were rapidly taken up and rapidly excreted by Eisenia andrei with equilibrium reached within 1 day. The metalloid As, however, showed very slow uptake and elimination in the earthworms and body concentrations did not reach equilibrium within 21 days. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were low for Cu and Cr (< 0.1), but high for As at 0.54–1.8. The potential risk of CCA exposure for the terrestrial ecosystem therefore is mainly due to As.

Michel Fournier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • bioavailability and chronic toxicity of bismuth citrate to earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to natural sandy soil
    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2018
    Co-Authors: Zohra Omouri, Jalal Hawari, Michel Fournier, Pierre Yves Robidoux
    Abstract:

    Abstract The present study describes bioavailability and chronic effects of bismuth to earthworms Eisenia andrei using OECD reproduction test. Adult earthworms were exposed to natural sandy soil contaminated artificially by bismuth citrate. Average total concentrations of bismuth in soil recovered by HNO3 digestion ranged from 75 to 289 mg/kg. Results indicate that bismuth decreased significantly all reproduction parameters of Eisenia andrei at concentrations ≥ 116 mg/kg. However, number of hatched cocoons and number of juveniles seem to be more sensitive than total number of cocoons, as determined by IC50; i.e., 182, 123 and > 289 mg/kg, respectively. Bismuth did not affect Eisenia andrei growth and survival, and had little effect on phagocytic efficiency of coelomocytes. The low immunotoxicity effect might be explained by the involvement of other mechanisms i.e. bismuth sequestered by metal-binding compounds. After 28 days of exposure bismuth concentrations in earthworms tissue increased with increasing bismuth concentrations in soil reaching a stationary state of 21.37 mg/kg dry tissue for 243 mg Bi/kg dry soil total content. Data indicate also that after 56 days of incubation the average fractions of bismuth available extracted by KNO3 aqueous solution in soil without earthworms varied from 0.0051 to 0.0229 mg/kg, while in soil with earthworms bismuth concentration ranged between 0.310–1.347 mg/kg dry soil. We presume that mucus and chelating agents produced by earthworms and by soil or/and earthworm gut microorganisms could explain this enhancement, as well as the role of dermal and ingestion routes of earthworms uptake to soil contaminant.

  • Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei
    International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zohra Omouri, Jalal Hawari, Michel Fournier, Pierre Yves Robidoux
    Abstract:

    Bismuth (Bi) is increasingly used in several industrial applications including the production of alloys, drugs, cosmetics and munitions formulations. However, little information is available on the environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of Bi. The present study describes 14 days acute toxicity of Bi, added as Bi citrate to a natural sandy soil, to the adult earthworm Eisenia andrei. Total measured Bi concentrations were 298.0, 399.5, 431.0, and 469.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil. Data indicates that Bi was toxic to Eisenia andrei, as determined by LC50 and LOEC, i.e., 416.0 and 399.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil, respectively. At 14 days in the presence of Eisenia andrei the bioaccessible fraction of Bi in soil, as determined in KNO3 aqueous soil extracts, increased by a factor ranging from 1.6 to 30.0 compared to those measured at the beginning of experiment. Moreover, this study shows that an increase in pH caused by the presence of earthworm in soil was accompanied by increase in Bi bioaccessibility and consequently toxicity. For example, when Bi bioaccessibility increased from 0.262 to 7.516 mg Bi/kg dry soil, the mortality rate increased from 0 to 79%. Assuming that there were at least two routes by which Eisania andrei enhanced Bi bioaccessibility; one route was guided by the mobility, the biochemical (mucus) and the biological (bacteria) interactions of Eisenia andrei with soil constituents, and the other route was marked by the death of earthworms and the release of the accumulated Bi from the carcass.

  • toxic effects of pcdd fs mixtures on Eisenia andrei earthworms
    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2012
    Co-Authors: Hayet Belmeskine, Sami Haddad, Louise Vandelac, Sebastien Sauve, Michel Fournier
    Abstract:

    Abstract The earthworms Eisenia andrei were used to study the toxicity of PCDD/Fs mixtures to earthworms during 28 day of exposure. The experiments were performed on artificial soils contaminated with dioxins at levels of C1 (0.1 ng 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/g soil), C2 (1 ng 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/g soil) and C3 (1.5 ng 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/g soil). Effects of PCDD/Fs on survival, growth rate and immune responses; phagocytosis and NK-like cell activity, were determined. No mortality was observed at the lowest concentration (C1), while mortalities of 10 and 100% were noted at the highest concentrations tested C2 and C3, respectively. A significant reduction in growth rate was obtained at C2 and no effects at C1. Additionally, an inhibition of phagocytic activity and efficiency was observed at higher concentrations. In contrast, an enhancement of NK-like cell activity was shown at lower concentrations. Based on our results, we hypothesize that the PCDD/Fs mixtures tested at levels equal or higher to C2 (1 ng 2378-TCDD/g soil), lead to adverse effects on biotic potential and immune functions in E. andrei earthworms.

  • Toxic effects of PCDD/Fs mixtures on Eisenia andrei earthworms.
    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2012
    Co-Authors: Hayet Belmeskine, Sami Haddad, Louise Vandelac, Sebastien Sauve, Michel Fournier
    Abstract:

    Abstract The earthworms Eisenia andrei were used to study the toxicity of PCDD/Fs mixtures to earthworms during 28 day of exposure. The experiments were performed on artificial soils contaminated with dioxins at levels of C1 (0.1 ng 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/g soil), C2 (1 ng 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/g soil) and C3 (1.5 ng 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD/g soil). Effects of PCDD/Fs on survival, growth rate and immune responses; phagocytosis and NK-like cell activity, were determined. No mortality was observed at the lowest concentration (C1), while mortalities of 10 and 100% were noted at the highest concentrations tested C2 and C3, respectively. A significant reduction in growth rate was obtained at C2 and no effects at C1. Additionally, an inhibition of phagocytic activity and efficiency was observed at higher concentrations. In contrast, an enhancement of NK-like cell activity was shown at lower concentrations. Based on our results, we hypothesize that the PCDD/Fs mixtures tested at levels equal or higher to C2 (1 ng 2378-TCDD/g soil), lead to adverse effects on biotic potential and immune functions in E. andrei earthworms.

  • In vitro effects of PCDDs/Fs on NK-like cell activity of Eisenia andrei earthworms
    Journal of Xenobiotics, 2012
    Co-Authors: Hayet Belmeskine, Sami Haddad, Louise Vandelac, Michel Fournier
    Abstract:

    In this study, we assessed in vitro the effects of PCDD/Fs on the NK-like cell activity in Eisenia andrei earthworms using flow cytometry for analysis. NK-like coelomocytes isolated from E. andrei and used as effectors were exposed to various concentrations of PCDDs/Fs mixture, C1 (6.25x10-3 ng 2378- TCDD/mL), C2 (12.5x10-3 ng 2378-TCDD/mL) and C3 (25x10-3 ng 2378-TCDD/mL), before adding them to human tumoral cells (K562) used as targets. We evaluated the percentage of targets lysed by Nk-like cells. The results showed a significant stimulation of the NKlike activity at C3 when PCDD/Fs were not removed from effectors before contact with targets, while no effects were noted when the effectors were washed (PCDD/Fs removed) or fixed. Assessment of the viability of the targets (K562), exposed alone and separately from effectors, to the three concentrations of PCDD/Fs, C1, C2 and C3, showed that all these concentrations were cytotoxic for K562. Results suggest that PCDD/Fs concentrations tested in this assay may be considered too low to induce suppressive effects on the immune function such as the NK-like activity in E. andrei earthworms.

Martin Bilej - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Developmental and Immune Role of a Novel Multiple Cysteine Cluster TLR From Eisenia andrei Earthworms
    Frontiers in Immunology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Petra Prochazkova, Frantisek Skanta, Radka Roubalova, Jiri Dvorak, Natividad Isabel Navarro Pacheco, Miroslav Kolarik, Martin Bilej
    Abstract:

    Earthworms are not endowed with adaptive immunity and they rely on the tools of innate immunity. Cells of the innate immune system utilize pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, to detect the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The first earthworm TLR was isolated from Eisenia andrei earthworms (EaTLR), which belongs to the single cysteine cluster TLR (sccTLR). Here, we identified a new multiple cysteine cluster TLR (mccTLR) in Eisenia andrei earthworms. Phylogenetic DNA analysis revealed that it has no variability within one earthworm as well as in the population. By screening of the tissue expression profile, the TLR was expressed primarily in earthworm seminal vesicles and receptacles suggesting a connection to sperm cells. Seminal vesicles are often heavily infected by gregarine parasites. As a sign of immune response, a strong melanization reaction is visible around parasites. Stimulation experiments with profilin from related parasite Toxoplasma gondii, led to the upregulation of mccEaTLR in the earthworm seminal vesicles. Also, profilin activated prophenoloxidase cascade, the efficient mechanism of innate immunity. However, its involvement in the NF-κB signaling was not proven. Further, we provide evidence that the antibiotics metronidazole and griseofulvin destroyed the developing spermatocytes. The observed decrease in the mccEaTLR mRNA levels after the antibiotic treatment of parasites is caused by the decline of sperm cells numbers rather than by diminution of the parasites. Since earthworms with extensively reduced parasite load had a similar amount of mccEaTLR mRNA, presumably, earthworm sperm cells have a certain level of mccEaTLR expressed as a standard, which can be augmented by particular antigenic stimulation. Also, mccEaTLR was expressed mainly in the early stages of earthworm development and presumably is primarily involved in early embryonic development. Expression of mccEaTLR in seminal vesicles correlates with the expression of endothelial monocyte-activation polypeptide II. High-throughput sequencing of gregarine DNA from seminal vesicles of individual earthworms resulted in the great diversity of the observed genotypes. Phylogenetically, all observed OTUs belong to the clade of earthworm gregarines suggesting host specificity. Overall, mccEaTLR is supposed to play a functional role in early embryonic development and potentially it participates in the immune response against parasites.

  • sensing microorganisms in the gut triggers the immune response in Eisenia andrei earthworms
    Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Jiři Dvořak, Frantisek Skanta, Petra Prochazkova, Radka Roubalova, Pavel Rossmann, Martin Bilej
    Abstract:

    The tube-within-tube body plan of earthworms is appropriate for studying the interactions of microorganisms with the immune system of body cavities such as the digestive tract and coelom. This study aims to describe the immune response on the molecular and cellular level in the coelomic cavity and the gut of the earthworm Eisenia andrei after experimental microbial challenge by administering two bacterial strains (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis) or yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the environment. The changes in mRNA levels of defense molecules (pattern recognition receptor CCF, lysozyme, fetidin/lysenins) in the coelomocytes and gut tissue were determined by quantitative PCR. The immune response at a cellular level was captured in histological sections, and the expression of CCF was localized using in situ hybridization. Coelomocytes respond to the presence of bacteria in the coelomic cavity by increasing the mRNA levels of defense molecules, especially CCF. The immune response in gut tissue is less affected by microbial stimulation because the epithelial cells of gut exhibit basically strong mRNA synthesis of ccf as a defense against the continuous microbial load in the gut lumen. The cellular immune response is mediated by coelomocytes released from the mesenchymal lining of the coelomic cavity. These combined immune mechanisms are necessary for the survival of earthworms in the microbially rich environment of soil.

  • lbp bpi homologue in Eisenia andrei earthworms
    Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Frantisek Skanta, Petra Prochazkova, Radka Roubalova, Jiři Dvořak, Martin Bilej
    Abstract:

    Abstract LBP/BPIs are pattern recognition receptors that are often present in vertebrates and in invertebrates, and they play a defense role against pathogens. We have identified 1698 bp cDNA sequence from the Eisenia andrei earthworm with predicted amino acid sequence that shares homology with the LBP/BPI family ( Ea LBP/BPI). Sequence analysis of Ea LBP/BPI proved the existence of two conserved domains with the potential ability to bind LPS. The predicted molecular mass of the Ea LBP/BPI protein is 53.5 kDa, and its high basicity (pI 9.8) is caused by its high arginine content. Constitutive transcription of the Ealbp/bpi gene was shown in all tested tissues, with the highest level in coelomocytes and seminal vesicles; the lowest level was detected in the intestine. On the contrary, another earthworm LPS-binding molecule CCF (coelomic cytolytic factor) was expressed only in the intestine and coelomocytes. In E. andrei coelomocytes, the transcription of Ealbp/bpi gene was up-regulated in response to bacterial stimulation, reaching a maximum at 8 and 16 h post stimulation with Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli , respectively.

  • LBP/BPI homologue in Eisenia andrei earthworms.
    Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Frantisek Skanta, Petra Prochazkova, Radka Roubalova, Jiři Dvořak, Martin Bilej
    Abstract:

    Abstract LBP/BPIs are pattern recognition receptors that are often present in vertebrates and in invertebrates, and they play a defense role against pathogens. We have identified 1698 bp cDNA sequence from the Eisenia andrei earthworm with predicted amino acid sequence that shares homology with the LBP/BPI family ( Ea LBP/BPI). Sequence analysis of Ea LBP/BPI proved the existence of two conserved domains with the potential ability to bind LPS. The predicted molecular mass of the Ea LBP/BPI protein is 53.5 kDa, and its high basicity (pI 9.8) is caused by its high arginine content. Constitutive transcription of the Ealbp/bpi gene was shown in all tested tissues, with the highest level in coelomocytes and seminal vesicles; the lowest level was detected in the intestine. On the contrary, another earthworm LPS-binding molecule CCF (coelomic cytolytic factor) was expressed only in the intestine and coelomocytes. In E. andrei coelomocytes, the transcription of Ealbp/bpi gene was up-regulated in response to bacterial stimulation, reaching a maximum at 8 and 16 h post stimulation with Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli , respectively.

  • the effect of dibenzo p dioxin and dibenzofuran contaminated soil on the earthworm Eisenia andrei
    Environmental Pollution, 2014
    Co-Authors: Radka Roubalova, Frantisek Skanta, Petra Prochazkova, Jiři Dvořak, Dana Elhottova, Pavel Rossmann, Martin Bilej
    Abstract:

    Abstract Polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) belong to the group of persistent organic pollutants, highly toxic environmental pollutants that include hydrophobic compounds with the tendency to bioaccumulate. Earthworms ( Eisenia andrei ) were exposed to PCDD/Fs-contaminated soil, and changes in their lipophilic structures and the gene expression of their defense molecules were followed. Damage to the intestinal wall and adjacent chloragogenous tissue was observed. Further, the up-regulation of the expression of several genes was detected. On the basis of these results, the mechanism of the impact of PCDD/Fs on earthworms has been proposed. Dioxins that accumulate in the lipophilic structures cause an increase in reactive oxidative species that triggers oxidative stress followed by the gene expression of two molecules that play a role in protection against oxidant toxicity, calreticulin (CRT) and Hsp70. Moreover, the effect of microbial biomass on the expression of coelomic cytolytic factor (CCF), a pattern recognition receptor, was also observed.

Pierre Yves Robidoux - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • bioavailability and chronic toxicity of bismuth citrate to earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to natural sandy soil
    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2018
    Co-Authors: Zohra Omouri, Jalal Hawari, Michel Fournier, Pierre Yves Robidoux
    Abstract:

    Abstract The present study describes bioavailability and chronic effects of bismuth to earthworms Eisenia andrei using OECD reproduction test. Adult earthworms were exposed to natural sandy soil contaminated artificially by bismuth citrate. Average total concentrations of bismuth in soil recovered by HNO3 digestion ranged from 75 to 289 mg/kg. Results indicate that bismuth decreased significantly all reproduction parameters of Eisenia andrei at concentrations ≥ 116 mg/kg. However, number of hatched cocoons and number of juveniles seem to be more sensitive than total number of cocoons, as determined by IC50; i.e., 182, 123 and > 289 mg/kg, respectively. Bismuth did not affect Eisenia andrei growth and survival, and had little effect on phagocytic efficiency of coelomocytes. The low immunotoxicity effect might be explained by the involvement of other mechanisms i.e. bismuth sequestered by metal-binding compounds. After 28 days of exposure bismuth concentrations in earthworms tissue increased with increasing bismuth concentrations in soil reaching a stationary state of 21.37 mg/kg dry tissue for 243 mg Bi/kg dry soil total content. Data indicate also that after 56 days of incubation the average fractions of bismuth available extracted by KNO3 aqueous solution in soil without earthworms varied from 0.0051 to 0.0229 mg/kg, while in soil with earthworms bismuth concentration ranged between 0.310–1.347 mg/kg dry soil. We presume that mucus and chelating agents produced by earthworms and by soil or/and earthworm gut microorganisms could explain this enhancement, as well as the role of dermal and ingestion routes of earthworms uptake to soil contaminant.

  • Acute Toxicity of Bismuth to the Earthworm Eisenia andrei
    International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zohra Omouri, Jalal Hawari, Michel Fournier, Pierre Yves Robidoux
    Abstract:

    Bismuth (Bi) is increasingly used in several industrial applications including the production of alloys, drugs, cosmetics and munitions formulations. However, little information is available on the environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of Bi. The present study describes 14 days acute toxicity of Bi, added as Bi citrate to a natural sandy soil, to the adult earthworm Eisenia andrei. Total measured Bi concentrations were 298.0, 399.5, 431.0, and 469.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil. Data indicates that Bi was toxic to Eisenia andrei, as determined by LC50 and LOEC, i.e., 416.0 and 399.5 mg Bi/kg dry soil, respectively. At 14 days in the presence of Eisenia andrei the bioaccessible fraction of Bi in soil, as determined in KNO3 aqueous soil extracts, increased by a factor ranging from 1.6 to 30.0 compared to those measured at the beginning of experiment. Moreover, this study shows that an increase in pH caused by the presence of earthworm in soil was accompanied by increase in Bi bioaccessibility and consequently toxicity. For example, when Bi bioaccessibility increased from 0.262 to 7.516 mg Bi/kg dry soil, the mortality rate increased from 0 to 79%. Assuming that there were at least two routes by which Eisania andrei enhanced Bi bioaccessibility; one route was guided by the mobility, the biochemical (mucus) and the biological (bacteria) interactions of Eisenia andrei with soil constituents, and the other route was marked by the death of earthworms and the release of the accumulated Bi from the carcass.

  • chronic toxicity of energetic compounds in soil determined using the earthworm Eisenia andrei reproduction test
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2000
    Co-Authors: Pierre Yves Robidoux, Jalal Hawari, Sonia Thiboutot, Guy Ampleman, C Svendsen, Jean Caumartin, Jason M Weeks, Geoffrey I Sunahara
    Abstract:

    Earthworm survival tests are commonly used in terrestrial ecotoxicology to assess the toxicity of compounds in soil. Earthworm (Eisenia andrei) reproduction tests were used to assess the sublethal and chronic effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5,7-triazacyclohexane (RDX). Effects on reproduction parameters (total number of cocoons, number of hatched cocoons, number of juveniles, juvenile biomass, and hatchability) were measured in TNT- and RDX-spiked artificial soil. For TNT, the lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) was 110 mg/kg dry soil, and the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was 55 mg/kg. For the RDX-spiked soil, the LOEC was 95 mg/kg dry soil, and the NOEC was <95 mg/kg. The growth of adult worms was also reduced when exposed to TNT-spiked soil at the highest tested concentration (881 mg/kg dry soil). Taken together, data analysis showed that the number of juveniles was strongly correlated with the number of cocoons but poorly correlated with the growth of adults. This information could permit one to optimize the application of the Eisenia sp. reproduction assay when used as a sublethal effect assessment tool for TNT- or RDX-contaminated soils.

  • acute toxicity of 2 4 6 trinitrotoluene in earthworm Eisenia andrei
    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 1999
    Co-Authors: Pierre Yves Robidoux, Jalal Hawari, Sonia Thiboutot, Guy Ampleman, Geoffrey I Sunahara
    Abstract:

    Abstract 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is an worldwide recalcitrant environmental contaminant and is toxic to a number of organisms including humans. This study examines the acute effects (lethal and biomass changes) of TNT on the oligochaetes species Eisenia andrei, using the 3-day filter paper, and the 7- and 14-day direct contact spiked soil (OECD artificial and forest soil) toxicity tests. Studies using the filter paper test indicated that the lethality of TNT could be detected in the range 1.5 to 14.2 μg/cm2, with significant biomass (body weight) changes occurring at the lowest concentration. Acute effects (lethality) could not be measured when earthworms were placed on filter paper containing a saturated aqueous solution of TNT. This may indicate that with these exposure conditions, TNT may have been adsorbed to the filter paper, and that this matrix should be saturated with TNT before becoming available to the earthworms. Spiked soil toxicity tests indicated that the E. andrei lethality by TNT was >1.5 times higher when earthworms were exposed to TNT-spiked forest soil (LOEC:260 mg/kg; LC50 14 days 222.4 mg/kg) than to spiked OECD artificial soil (LOEC:420 mg/kg; LC50 14 days: 364.9 mg/kg). The sublethal effect on biomass change at the selected TNT concentrations in soil was not significant compared to controls. Results indicate that the bioanalytical methods described in this article could be used as TNT toxicity assessment tools. This soil quality test method gives valuable information for the screening of soil toxicity.

Joop L. M. Hermens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • uptake bioavailability and elimination of hydrophobic compounds in earthworms Eisenia andrei in field contaminated soil
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1995
    Co-Authors: A.c. Belfroid, Joop L. M. Hermens, Willem Seinen, Martin Van Den Berg, Kees Van Gestel
    Abstract:

    Uptake, accumulation, and elimination of hydrophobic organic chemicals in earthworms (Eisenia andrei) exposed to field-contaminated Volgermeerpolder soil was studied Earthworms were able to take up chlorobenzenes and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), but body burdens did not exceed concentrations measured in the soil For the chlorobenzenes, steady state concentrations in the worms and biota to-soil accumulation factor (BSAF) values were much smaller than expected based on earlier experiments, suggesting a decreased bioavailability in the Volgermeerpolder soil Comparison of the PCB accumulation pattern in worms to the pattern in soil showed that biotransformation of the studied PCBs is of minor importance in this species Elimination of all chemicals studied was monophasic, with the exception of hexachlorobenzene, which showed a biphasic elimination The elimination half life for the initial fast phase of this compound is comparable to the elimination measured in previous studies Elimination rate constants decreased with increasing log Kow

  • Uptake of hydrophobic halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons from food by earthworms (Eisenia andrei).
    Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1994
    Co-Authors: A.c. Belfroid, J. Meiling, Dick T.h.m. Sijm, Joop L. M. Hermens, Willem Seinen, K. Van Gestel
    Abstract:

    The intestinal uptake of hydrophobic halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons by the earthworm Eisenia andrei was studied. In one experiment, worms were fed a single dose of manure contaminated with three chlorobenzenes, one polychlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) and octachloronaphthalene (OCN). Body burdens were followed during the subsequent 6 days. In the second experiment, worms were fed penta- and hexachlorobenzene, using multiple oral doses during 70 days. Steady state was reached in this experiment. Uptake efficiencies (E) derived by three different methods varied between 2.5 and 6.5% for 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene and OCN, and between 8.5 and 22% for the other compounds. Biomagnification factors (BMF) calculated for penta- and hexachlorobenzene using the body burdens at steady state were 0.03 and 0.07, respectively.

  • the toxicokinetic behavior of chlorobenzenes in earthworm Eisenia andrei experiments in soil
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1994
    Co-Authors: A.c. Belfroid, Joop L. M. Hermens, Willem Seinen, M Sikkenk, Kees Van Gestel
    Abstract:

    The toxicokinetic behavior of some chlorobenzenes in earthworms (Eisenia andrei) kept in soil was studied. To determine elimination kinetics, worms were exposed to chlorobenzenes for 7 d, followed by a depuration period of 15 or 35 d. Elimination of chlorobenzenes by earthworms kept in soil was best fitted using a bi-exponential elimination curve. The half-life belonging to the slow phase was in good agreement with measured elimination half-lives for the same compounds by earthworms kept in water. Accumulation of chlorobenzenes in earthworms was studied by exposure over 50 d. Equilibrium was rapidly achieved within 7 d. BAFs based on the concentration in soil and on the concentration in the interstitial water were calculated. BAFs of 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenzene in earthworms kept in soil and BCFs in earthworms kept in water were comparable, demonstrating that uptake proceeds mainly via the interstitial water. For hexachlorobenzene, the BAF was much larger than the BCF, which suggests that intestinal uptake for this compound is an important complementary route.

  • the acute toxicity of chlorobenzenes for earthworms Eisenia andrei in different exposure systems
    Chemosphere, 1993
    Co-Authors: A.c. Belfroid, Willem Seinen, Kees Van Gestel, Joop L. M. Hermens
    Abstract:

    Earthworms (Eisenia andrei) were exposed to different concentrations of two chlorobenzenes (1,2,3-trichloro- and pentachlorobenzene) using different routes of administration: in water, in soil, via food and on filter paper. Except for the contact paper toxicity test, lethal body burdens (LBBs) measured in these different exposure systems were similar for the same test chemical. LBBs for 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene varied between 0.44 and 2.1 μmol/g and for pentachlorobenzene between 1.29 and 2.34 μmol/g. These values correspond with literature data for fish. For 1,4-dichloro- and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene LBBs measured with the contact paper toxicity test were 0.33 and 3.2 μmol/g, respectively. Exposure to hexachlorobenzene and hexabromobenzene using the contact toxicity test did not result in death within 48 hours.

  • the toxicokinetic behavior of chlorobenzenes in earthworms Eisenia andrei experiments in water
    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 1993
    Co-Authors: A.c. Belfroid, Willem Seinen, A Vanwezel, M Sikkenk, K Vangestel, Joop L. M. Hermens
    Abstract:

    Abstract The toxicokinetic behavior of five chlorobenzenes in earthworms (Eisenia andrei ) was studied. Because exposure in soil is difficult to control, worms were kept in water. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were studied in a static test system. The results show that a steady-state concentration in worms is reached within 5 days. BCF values increased with increasing octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW). To determine elimination rate constants (k2). worms were exposed to a mixture of chlorobenzenes for 6 days followed by a depuration period of 2l days. The data of the elimination process are described by one-compartment first order kinetics. Hexachlorobenzene was not eliminated within the observed period. Bioconcentration factors increase and elimination rate constants (k2 values) decrease with increasing log KOW. The resulting BCF and k2 values are comparable with those found in fish studies.