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Michael Linden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • reliability and validity of the chinese version of the post traumatic Embitterment disorder self rating scale pted 21 among inpatients in general hospital
    Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 2021
    Co-Authors: Xiaoyan Wang, Michael Linden, Yuting Gao, Liangliang Tan, Yuqun Zhang, Ting Yang, Linhua Shi, Painan Chu, Yonggui Yuan
    Abstract:

    Embitterment and in some cases also post-traumatic Embitterment disorder (PTED) is a relevant problem in the general population an even more so in psychiatric patients. PTED screening should be an essential component of routine mental health management, which can be done by the 21-item Post-traumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale (C-PTED-21), which measures the intensity of reactive stimulus bound Embitterment. The PTED-21 German version was translated into Chinese and 200 non-psychiatric inpatients, reporting major negative life events, were recruited through convenience sampling to evaluate test performance. Ninety patients were selected for retest two weeks later to examine scale reliability. Factor analysis was used to assess construct validity and receiving operating characteristic curve analysis based on the "PTED standardized diagnostic interview" to assess diagnostic utility. Correlations with depression, somatic symptom, and anxiety scales were examined to assess aggregate validity. The C-PTED-21 demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.944) and good test-retest reliability (total score r = 0.783, individual item r value range, 0.635-0.889). Factor analysis revealed three common factors consistent with PTED core features. Total C-PTED-21 score was strongly correlated with the score on the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-9, r = 0.735). Mean PTED-21 score ≥ 1.6 points distinguished clinical PTED as defined by diagnostic interview with 97.6% sensitivity and 90.5% specificity (AUC = 0.988, 95%CI: 0.976-0.999). The results show that the C-PTED-21 can assess the severity of PTED with good reliability and validity.

  • querulant delusion and post traumatic Embitterment disorder
    International Review of Psychiatry, 2020
    Co-Authors: Michael Linden
    Abstract:

    Injustice, breach of trust, and humiliation are social stressors which can result in Embitterment, known to everybody and which has been described in the Bible (Cain and Abel) or by Aristotle in the Nicomachean Ethics. It has been discussed by several authors since the early days of psychiatric classification. In the textbook 'Psychiatry' by E. Kraepelin a full chapter is devoted to 'querulant delusion', named a reactive psychosis, which can be discriminated from endogenous psychosis or personality disorders. Core symptoms are Embitterment, negativism, helplessness, self blame, unspecific somatic symptoms, phobic avoidance of persons or situations related to the event, intrusions, phantasies of revenge and aggression. Another name is 'Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder' according to the leading emotion. This severe mental disorder has by and large been ignored over the years by health professionals. In ICD-11 the term Embitterment is mentioned for the first time in the category '6B43 adjustment disorder'. Embitterment can be measured with the 'Bern Embitterment Inventory (BVI)' and the 'Post-Traumatic Embitterment Self-rating Scale (PTED scale)'. Treatment must take into account the special features of Embitterment including often aggressive rejection of help. A promising treatment approach is, to refer to wisdom psychology and transfer this in 'wisdom psychotherapy'.

  • unemployment and Embitterment in contrast to general psychological distress
    Work-a Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation, 2019
    Co-Authors: Michael Linden, Max Rotter
    Abstract:

    Background One reaction to injustice or humiliation is Embitterment, a disabling emotion, which can hinder the pursuit of functional solutions for problems in life. Unemployment can be experienced differently, depending on the subjective appraisal of the cause, how a person came to being laid off, the consequences, and especially feelings of injustice. Objective The goal of this study is to explore the frequency and correlates of Embitterment in unemployed persons in contrast to general psychological distress. Methods Self rating on the Posttraumatic Embitterment Scale (PTED scale), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and a survey on the unemployment status of 102 randomly selected persons who were waiting in a German unemployment agency office. Results A score of ≥6 on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was found in 40.2% of the sample, indicating severe psychological distress. Unemployment was seen as a severe, or very severe burden by 56% of participants, and judged as unjust by 40% of participants. An elevated score above 2 on the Posttraumatic Embitterment Scale was found in 25.5% participants. Appraisal and duration of unemployment, feelings of injustice, and age were related to Embitterment, but not psychological distress. Conclusions Embitterment is a destructive emotion in reaction to unemployment, which can impair functional coping.

  • spectrum of Embitterment manifestations
    Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 2018
    Co-Authors: Michael Linden, Max Rotter
    Abstract:

    Objective Embitterment is seen in reaction to injustice, vilification, or humiliation. Similar to anxiety, it is known to everybody, but it can also occur in the context of mental disorders and even become an illness in itself. The goal of the present study is to describe the spectrum of the types, rate, intensity, and clinical context of Embitterment manifestations. Method The posttraumatic Embitterment disorder (PTED) self-rating scale was used to screen for reactive Embitterment in 1,479 psychosomatic inpatients. Of these, 489 patients showed increased scores and were interviewed with a standardized diagnostic interview investigating Embitterment and the life events that elicit it. Results Feelings of Embitterment, irrespective of intensity, were known to 86.5% of the sample and associated with impairment in daily life. Four different types of patients could be identified: (a) nonreactive Embitterment or Embitterment-prone personality (i.e., increased Embitterment without reports about specific negative life events), (b) complex Embitterment (i.e., increased Embitterment in the context of multiple negative life events), (c) PTED in reaction to a single traumatic event, and (d) secondary Embitterment (i.e., increased Embitterment in the context of other mental disorders). Conclusions Embitterment is part of the normal spectrum of emotions, but it is also relevant in mental disorders. Increased Embitterment can be part of other mental illnesses, such as personality disorders, but it also constitutes a state of illness in itself in the form of Embitterment-prone personality, PTED, or complex PTED. (PsycINFO Database Record

  • suicidal and aggressive ideation associated with feelings of Embitterment
    Psychopathology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Michael Linden, Isabel Noack
    Abstract:

    Background Mental disorders can be associated with suicidal or aggressive ideation and behavior, especially in the context of Embitterment. The aim of this study is to investigate the types, prevalence, and dangerousness of aggressive and suicidal ideations associated with Embitterment. Methods When therapists from the department of behavioral medicine detected signs of Embitterment, aggression, or suicidal thoughts in their patients, they routinely filled out a questionnaire on aggressive ideation, assessed the Embitterment, and contacted a senior psychiatrist. Additionally, patients answered an Embitterment scale. Results There were 127 patients (3.84% of all patients) with suicidal and/or aggressive ideation. They had an increased score of 2.93 (SD 0.74) on the Embitterment scale, associated with personal vilification (62.7%), breach of trust (30.2%), public humiliation (25.4%), death/loss (5.6%), or attacks by another person (14.3%). We found that 83.5% of the patients harbored aggressive ideations; in 94.1% of this group, these were directed against the person who had caused the problem, 88.3% wanted to inflict severe damage, 38.8% to harm another person, 31.5% showed suicidal ideation, and 3.2% had fantasies of murder-suicide. Only 34.3% of the patients reported spontaneously about their current aggressive ideation. The limitations of the study are that the data come from an inpatient sample and patients were identified according to clinical judgement. Conclusion Aggressive ideation is regularly associated with Embitterment. This deserves the attention of therapists for the prevention of aggressive acts.

Max Rotter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • unemployment and Embitterment in contrast to general psychological distress
    Work-a Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation, 2019
    Co-Authors: Michael Linden, Max Rotter
    Abstract:

    Background One reaction to injustice or humiliation is Embitterment, a disabling emotion, which can hinder the pursuit of functional solutions for problems in life. Unemployment can be experienced differently, depending on the subjective appraisal of the cause, how a person came to being laid off, the consequences, and especially feelings of injustice. Objective The goal of this study is to explore the frequency and correlates of Embitterment in unemployed persons in contrast to general psychological distress. Methods Self rating on the Posttraumatic Embitterment Scale (PTED scale), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and a survey on the unemployment status of 102 randomly selected persons who were waiting in a German unemployment agency office. Results A score of ≥6 on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was found in 40.2% of the sample, indicating severe psychological distress. Unemployment was seen as a severe, or very severe burden by 56% of participants, and judged as unjust by 40% of participants. An elevated score above 2 on the Posttraumatic Embitterment Scale was found in 25.5% participants. Appraisal and duration of unemployment, feelings of injustice, and age were related to Embitterment, but not psychological distress. Conclusions Embitterment is a destructive emotion in reaction to unemployment, which can impair functional coping.

  • spectrum of Embitterment manifestations
    Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 2018
    Co-Authors: Michael Linden, Max Rotter
    Abstract:

    Objective Embitterment is seen in reaction to injustice, vilification, or humiliation. Similar to anxiety, it is known to everybody, but it can also occur in the context of mental disorders and even become an illness in itself. The goal of the present study is to describe the spectrum of the types, rate, intensity, and clinical context of Embitterment manifestations. Method The posttraumatic Embitterment disorder (PTED) self-rating scale was used to screen for reactive Embitterment in 1,479 psychosomatic inpatients. Of these, 489 patients showed increased scores and were interviewed with a standardized diagnostic interview investigating Embitterment and the life events that elicit it. Results Feelings of Embitterment, irrespective of intensity, were known to 86.5% of the sample and associated with impairment in daily life. Four different types of patients could be identified: (a) nonreactive Embitterment or Embitterment-prone personality (i.e., increased Embitterment without reports about specific negative life events), (b) complex Embitterment (i.e., increased Embitterment in the context of multiple negative life events), (c) PTED in reaction to a single traumatic event, and (d) secondary Embitterment (i.e., increased Embitterment in the context of other mental disorders). Conclusions Embitterment is part of the normal spectrum of emotions, but it is also relevant in mental disorders. Increased Embitterment can be part of other mental illnesses, such as personality disorders, but it also constitutes a state of illness in itself in the form of Embitterment-prone personality, PTED, or complex PTED. (PsycINFO Database Record

  • Embitterment and personality disorder
    2011
    Co-Authors: Max Rotter
    Abstract:

    Justice is a central concern in humans and the experience of injustice can lead to strong “hot and burning” emotional reactions (Miller 2001; Ross and Miller 2001; Lerner and Lerner 1981; Bies and Moag 1986; Bies and Tripp 2002; Mikula 1986), including anger, hostility, shame or guilt (Harlos and Pinder 2000; see also Dalbert, Chap. 2.3, this volume). One specific emotional reaction to perceived injustice, degradation, devaluation or humiliation is bitterness. Bitterness is always associated with a burning sense of unfairness or injustice, a protesting feeling of having been wronged without cause. The feeling of bitterness is a prevalent and common phenomenon, and it is experienced as an unpleasant feeling justified by external reality (Alexander 1966). While the term bitterness describes a transient emotional arousal, the term Embitterment signifies a personal trait or a prolonged emotional condition (Grimm 2005). Preliminary epidemiological data show that about one half to one third of the general population remember feelings of Embitterment (Linden et al. 2009). Thus, bitterness is a widespread emotion, familiar to many human beings, and therefore part of the normal spectrum of emotions, similar to anxiety, depression, anger and many others (see Znoj, Chap. 2.1, this volume). Yet there are marked differences among individuals in regard to the occurrence, duration and intensity of bitterness and Embitterment they experience (Linden et al. 2009). Similar to anxiety, Embitterment can occur in increased intensity and duration and result in impairment. There are different forms and contexts in which Embitterment may arise. Best defined is posttraumatic Embitterment disorder (PTED; Linden 2003; Linden et al. 2007a; see Linden, Chap. 5.4, this volume), which is characterized by strong and persistent Embitterment in the wake of a single unjust and/or humiliating event. An important criterion of PTED is that prior to the onset of the illness no other mental disorder that could explain the present mental state should have been present. On the contrary, Linden et al. (2007) state that many patients with PTED were well adjusted personalities before the critical event and the onset of illness.

  • treatment of posttraumatic Embitterment disorder with cognitive behaviour therapy based on wisdom psychology and hedonia strategies
    Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 2011
    Co-Authors: Michael Linden, Kai Baumann, Barbara Lieberei, Constanze Lorenz, Max Rotter
    Abstract:

    Background: Posttraumatic Embitterment disorder (PTED) is a reaction to unjust or humiliating life events, including Embitterment and impairment of mood, somatoform complaints, reduction in drive, withdrawal from social contacts, and even suicide and murder suicide. Patients have been shown to be nonresponders to many treatments. This paper gives an outline of cognitive behaviour therapy based on wisdom psychology and reports first data on treatment effects. Method: In a first pilot study on psychotherapy for PTED, a cohort of 25 PTED inpatients was treated with routine multidimensional cognitive behaviour therapy. A second consecutive cohort of 28 patients was treated with PTED-specific cognitive behaviour therapy, which is based on wisdom psychology (wisdom psychotherapy) and another 29 patients with cognitive behaviour therapy based on wisdom psychology together with additional hedonia strategies (wisdom and hedonia psychotherapy). Treatment integrity was measured with special modules of the Behaviour Therapy Competency Checklist. The outcomes were measured in all 3 groups with the SCL-90 and a global clinical rating of patients and therapists on treatment outcome. Results: There were significant and clinically meaningful reductions in the SCL score after wisdom therapy, as compared to routine treatment. In clinical ratings by therapists and patients, both specific treatments were judged as more effective than treatment as usual. Additional hedonia strategies did not lead to better treatment effects. Conclusions: The results of this pilot study suggest that wisdom psychology offers an approach to treat PTED and justify further randomized controlled outcome studies.

  • the post traumatic Embitterment disorder self rating scale pted scale
    Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 2009
    Co-Authors: Michael Linden, Kai Baumann, Barbara Lieberei, Max Rotter
    Abstract:

    The present study introduces the Post-Traumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PTED Scale), which asks for prolonged and disabling Embitterment reactions in the aftermath of negative life events. The PTED Scale was administered to four independent samples of patients and normals. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were high. Factor analysis indicated a two-factor solution, accounting for 55.25% of the total variance. The PTED Scale discriminated significantly between patients who had been classified according to clinical judgement as suffering from pathological Embitterment. Correlations with related instruments demonstrated good convergent validity. Data obtained from a non-clinical sample indicated a prevalence of clinically relevant Embitterment in the general population of about 2.5%. The PTED Scale is a reliable and valid measure for Embitterment as an emotional reaction to a negative life event. Furthermore, results demonstrate that reactive Embitterment in connection to a negative life event is a prevalent phenomenon among clinical and non-clinical populations.

Beate Muschalla - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Embitterment as a specific mental health reaction during the coronavirus pandemic
    Psychopathology, 2021
    Co-Authors: Beate Muschalla, Clio Vollborn, Anke Sondhof
    Abstract:

    Introduction Embitterment can occur as a reaction to perceived injustice. During the pandemic and restrictions in daily living due to infection risk management, a range of many smaller or severe injustices have occurred. Objective The aim of this study is to investigate what characterizes persons with high Embitterment, mental illness, Embitterment and mental illness, and those without Embitterment or mental health problems. Methods We conducted an online survey including persons from the general population in November 2020 and December 2020, the phase during which a second lockdown took place, with closed shops, restaurants, cultural and activity sites. 3,208 participants (mean age 47 years) gave self-ratings on their present well-being, burdens experienced during the pandemic, Embitterment, wisdom, and resilience. Results Embitterment occurred among 16% of the sample, which is a high rate in comparison with 4% during pre-pandemic times. Embitterment was weakly correlated with unspecific mental well-being. There were more persons with Embitterment than those with Embitterment and a mental health problem. Persons with Embitterment reported less coronavirus-related anxiety than persons without Embitterment. However, embittered persons reported more social and economic burdens and more frequent experiences of losses (job loss and canceling of medical treatments). Embittered persons perceive their own wisdom competencies on a similar level as persons with mental health problems or persons without mental health problems. Conclusion Embitterment is a specific potentially alone-standing affective state, which is distinguishable from general mental health and coping capacities (here: wisdom). The economic and social consequences of pandemic management should be carefully recognized and prevented by policy.

  • exposure in sensu to a fictive unjust situation and perspective change does not result in reduced Embitterment an experimental study
    Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 2021
    Co-Authors: Beate Muschalla
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE Embitterment can occur as a reaction to unjust life events which damage the person's life values. It can lead to impairment of work ability and participation in life generally. Methods to reduce Embitterment have been developed and tested in clinical samples. Perspective-change is a core method which can be trained in order to get distance from a hurting event and reduce Embitterment. METHOD This experimental study investigates whether perspective-change can be used as a 1-shot mini-intervention to reduce subclinical Embitterment. People (N = 155) from the general population completed the experiment. They were first asked about their life values, whether they had experienced and were still affected by a hurting event, and their degree of Embitterment. Then a fictive unjust situation (downgrading at work) was presented, and the person was asked to project his or her thoughts into the described situation. Randomly, one half of the participants were given instructions for a perspective change in order to relativize the meaning of the hurting event. Degree of Embitterment was again assessed after exposure to the fictive situation. RESULTS Embitterment was not significantly reduced after in comparison to before the fictive situation. There were no differences between the group that received instructions for perspective-change and the group which did not. CONCLUSION An ultrashort intervention by means of exposure to a fictive unjust situation and perspective-change did not result in the reduction of individual Embitterment. Relevant reduction of individual Embitterment may require exposure to the own individual unjust event, and several or repeated trainings of perspective-change. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

  • what matters money values perceived negative life events explanative factors in Embitterment
    Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 2020
    Co-Authors: Beate Muschalla, Johann Von Kenne
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE Embitterment can occur as a reaction to unjust life events that damage the person's life values. It can be associated with severe impairment of the ability to work or participate in life generally. Socioeconomic status, general mental well-being, and number of perceived negative life events are all factors that may be related to Embitterment. A better understanding of this is necessary for diagnostics and intervention planning Method: This observational study investigates the role of socioeconomic status (net monthly income), perceived negative life events, and life values in relation to Embitterment perception. Two hundred eighty-one people from the general population and primary care offices completed a survey. RESULTS People with high levels of Embitterment reported more negative life events and had lower general well-being and lower income. However, they had similar values to those with a low perception of Embitterment. Age, well-being, and the number of perceived negative life events explained the degree of Embitterment more than values. The types of negative life events reported were similar in the different income groups; general blow of fates and injustice from a person who was privately important to them were reported most often. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should be aware of the potential influences of socioeconomic status and general well-being on Embitterment and potentially associated illness development. Although life values are important in the individual etiology of Embitterment disorders (PTED), there is no specific life value which is generally susceptible to Embitterment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

  • work disability in soldiers with posttraumatic stress disorder posttraumatic Embitterment disorder and not event related common mental disorders
    Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy, 2018
    Co-Authors: Beate Muschalla, Heinrich Rau, Gerd Willmund, Christine Knaevelsrud
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic mental disorders may occur with different affect qualities. Best known is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a conditioned anxiety reaction with intrusions. Another event-related mental disorder is posttraumatic Embitterment (PTED), characterized by affect of Embitterment and thoughts of revenge, occurring after an event deeply hurting basic beliefs. Knowing about associated disability is important for treatment and sociomedical decisions. This is the first study to explore work-disability in patients with PTSD, PTED, and not-event-related common mental disorder (CMD). METHOD In this observational study, 101 soldiers (85% men, 31 years, 50% experienced expedition abroad) with different mental disorders were investigated concerning common mental disorders (MINI) and accompanying work capacity impairment (Mini-ICF-APP). Interviews were conducted by a state-licensed psychotherapist with expertise in sociomedical description of (work) capacity impairment. Patients with PTSD, PTED, and other CMD were compared concerning their degrees and pattern of work capacity impairment. RESULTS PTSD patients (n = 23) were more strongly impaired in mobility as compared to patients with other CMD (n = 64) or PTED. Patients with PTED (n = 14) were more impaired in interactional capacities (contacts with others, group integration) as compared to patients with other CMD or PTSD. CONCLUSIONS PTSD patients need support to improve mobility in (work-relevant) traffic situations. Apart from this, they are not specifically more or less impaired than patients with other CMD. PTED patients should get attention concerning their interactional problems as these may disturb esprit de corps, which is an essential requirement for service in the armed forces. (PsycINFO Database Record

  • Embitterment and the workplace
    2011
    Co-Authors: Beate Muschalla, Michael Linden
    Abstract:

    The workplace is an area in life where people spend much, if not most, of their time. It is important in terms of making a living, but also for the self-definition of individuals. It is characterized by rules that must be respected and requirements that must be fulfilled and by the fact that employees have to integrate within complex social relations. While the workplace provides many rewards and positive experiences, it can also be the source of severe burdens, disappointments, conflicts, or even life-threatening experiences. Workplaces evince certain features which are unavoidably associated with stress, features which are also universal and almost constituting characteristics of workplaces as such. Examples of these are desires to achieve, hierarchies and sanctions, rivalries and bullying, group interactions and conflicts, aggression on the part of customers or other third parties, job insecurity and economic or status problems.

Rinie Geenen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Embitterment in patients with a rheumatic disease after a disability pension examination occurrence and potential determinants
    Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 2014
    Co-Authors: David Blom, Sander Thomaes, J W J Bijlsma, Rinie Geenen
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVES Health care and vocational professionals regularly encounter patients with rheumatic diseases who are embittered after a disability pension examination. People who are embittered typically feel victimised, experience resentment and injustice, resist help, and have difficulty coping. Our objective was to examine the occurrence of Embitterment in patients with rheumatic diseases after a disability pension examination and the association of Embitterment with its possible determinants helplessness and illness invalidation at work. METHODS The Illness Cognition Questionnaire (ICQ), Illness Invalidation Inventory (3*I), and Bern Embitterment Inventory were completed by patients who had 9 to 12 weeks earlier received the result of a disability pension examination. Diagnoses were fibromyalgia (n=103), rheumatoid arthritis (n=46), osteoarthritis (n=158), another rheumatic disease (n=62), and more than one rheumatic disease (n=187). Scores were compared to scores of reference groups. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS Eighteen to 27 percent of patients had high levels of Embitterment with no differences between diagnostic groups (p=0.71). Helplessness (p<0.001), the two invalidation dimensions discounting and lack of understanding (p<0.001), and the combination of helplessness with these invalidation dimensions (p<0.01), were predictive of more Embitterment. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that, after a disability pension examination, Embitterment is present in about one out of five patients with a rheumatic disease. This is problematic insofar as Embitterment limits well-being, functioning, and the potential to reintegrate to work. To the extent that helplessness and invalidation at work are causal determinants of Embitterment, interventions targeting these aspects may be key to reduce Embitterment.

  • a combination of illness invalidation from the work environment and helplessness is associated with Embitterment in patients with fm
    Rheumatology, 2012
    Co-Authors: David Blom, Henriët Van Middendorp, Sander Thomaes, Marianne B Kool, Mark A Lumley, Johannes W J Bijlsma, Rinie Geenen
    Abstract:

    Objectives. The aim of this study in employed people with FM was to test the hypothesis that Embitterment is a function of the joint experience of invalidation from the work environment and helplessness regarding one’s illness. Methods. Sixty-four full-time (36%) or part-time (64%) employed patients with FM (60 females, mean age 45 years) completed the Illness Invalidation Inventory (3*I) to assess work-related discounting and lack of understanding, the Illness Cognition Questionnaire (ICQ) to assess helplessness and the Bern Embitterment Inventory (BEI) to assess Embitterment. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed. Results. Sixteen percent of the participants experienced Embitterment levels in the clinical range. The interaction or combination of discounting and helplessness (P = 0.02) and the combination of lack of understanding and helplessness (P = 0.04) were associated with greater Embitterment. Conclusions. The construct of Embitterment has substantial face validity and may result from a combination of invalidation and helplessness. Whereas helplessness is a common target of cognitivebehavioural therapy, evidence-based interventions to redress invalidation and Embitterment are needed. It is possible, however, to target invalidation by educating people in the work environment about the consequences of FM and patients’ valid needs for work that is manageable, given each patient’s specific health-related limitations.

  • Anxious attachment may be a vulnerability factor for developing Embitterment
    Psychology and psychotherapy, 2011
    Co-Authors: David Blom, Henriët Van Middendorp, Rinie Geenen
    Abstract:

    By predisposing to ego-defensive strategies in social situations, a negative attachment history may promote Embitterment. The present study identified attachment anxiety - more than attachment avoidance - as a possible vulnerability factor for the development and maintenance of Embitterment. This factor should be considered in theories and in interventions of Embitterment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: * Interventions directed at Embitterment should take anxious attachment into account. * Embittered individuals with high levels of attachment anxiety should be provided a secure therapeutic environment in which defensive tendencies are no longer needed.

Andreas Maercker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Embitterment societal psychological and clinical perspectives
    Occupational Medicine, 2012
    Co-Authors: Michael Linden, Andreas Maercker
    Abstract:

    1. Psychology and neurobiology of Embitterment PTSD and beyond. The Embitterment reaction The psychology of Embitterment Psychology of hope and despair The belief in a just word Personality and Embitterment reactions Neurobiological Correlates of Social Exclusion and Social Pain Revenge Wisdom psychology 2. Context of Embitterment Partnership and Embitterment Bereavement and Embitterment Life Span development, old age and Embitterment Cancer and Embitterment Work and Embitterment The Asian perspective on "loosing one's face" War trauma, Displacement and Embitterment 3. Treatment of Embitterment Pharmacotherapeutic options in the treatment of reactive disorders and Embitterment Forgiveness therapy Wisdom psychotherapy 4. Legal, societal, and political dimensions of Embitterment and forgiveness Homicide-suicide and forensic aspects of injustice, humiliation and Embitterment Introduction: Embitterment and the German Reunification Forgiveness education in Northern Ireland Embitterment and Apartheid 5. Embitterment and the classification of mental disorders The differentiation between normal and pathological emmotion. Should Embitterment be listed in glossaries of psychopathological terms? Differentiation between "Reactive mental disorders" and adjustment problems because of personality (-disorders) Classification of reactive mental disorders in ICD and DSM Context factors and reactive disorders in the Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder

  • Embitterment societal psychological and clinical perspectives
    Embitterment: Societal psychological and clinical perspectives. Edited by: Linden Mikael; Maercker Andreas (2011). Wien: Springer., 2011
    Co-Authors: Michael Linden, Andreas Maercker
    Abstract:

    Embitterment is a distinct state of mood known to everybody. It can be seen in the context of exceptional though normal negative live events. It is an emotional reaction e.g. to humiliation, to being severely disappointed by others or to violations of basic values. Embitterment is accompanied by other emotions like hope- and helplessness, lowered mood and inhibition in drive, aggression towards oneself and others. It can end in suicide or even murder suicide. But despite the high prevalence rates, the detrimental effects on the individual and the forensic and societal importance Embitterment has so far not found appropriate scientific attention. In this book pioneers in Embitterment research summarize the current knowledge on Embitterment, its triggers, phenomenology and consequences. The work shall stimulate the international debate, contribute to a better understanding of Embitterment and appreciate the impact of exceptional but normal negative life events on psyhological well-being in its full extent.

  • 5 1 ptsd and beyond Embitterment and relevant concepts of nosology
    Maercker Andreas (2011). PTSD and beyond: embitterment and relevant concepts of nosology. In: Linden Mikael; Maercker Andreas. Embitterment. Wien: Spr, 2011
    Co-Authors: Andreas Maercker
    Abstract:

    This chapter aims to put the recent growing interest in Embitterment into a broader context of psychopathological or nosological concepts. It will mainly discuss these contexts and only touch on the clinical phenomenology of Embitterment. Afer describing how the growing interest in Embitterment corresponds paradigmatically to the “rise” of the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, we will report on current differentiations between psychiatric disorders on the basis of traumatic stress. Finally, the research-guided concept of stress response syndromes is introduced, which may allow to integrate Embitterment phenomena into a larger theoretical framework.

  • post traumatic Embitterment disorder critical evaluation of its stressor criterion and a proposed revised classification
    Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2010
    Co-Authors: Martin Dobricki, Andreas Maercker
    Abstract:

    Background: In 2003, the German psychiatrist Michael Linden proposed the new mental disorder concept of “post-traumatic Embitterment disorder (PTED)”. PTED is defined as the mental reaction to a critical event that is normal, but not everyday, such as conflict at work. The patient sees this event as unjust and as a violation of basic beliefs. The principal aspect of the reaction pattern is a prolonged feeling of Embitterment. Aim: In the present paper, the concept of PTED is systematically evaluated. Moreover, future developments in terms of diagnostic systems of mental disorders (ICD-11, DSM-V) are addressed. Results: The evaluation of critical points concerning PTED revealed that the question of whether PTED is a mental disorder of the post-traumatic type cannot be finally answered. It is not possible to specify an empirical criterion by means of which traumatic and non-traumatic life events can be differentiated. An empirical criterion for determining the traumatic nature of a given event depends on wh...