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Frank Wellmer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Molecular regulation of Flower Development.
Current topics in developmental biology, 2018Co-Authors: Bennett Thomson, Frank WellmerAbstract:Over the past three decades, several hundred genes with important regulatory functions during reproductive Development in angiosperms have been identified. While we do not yet know, in most cases, how these genes and their products act, fundamental insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of Flowers have been obtained in recent years. These advances were made possible to a large extent by studying the functions of master regulators of Flower Development through a multitude of experimental approaches, ranging from basic genetic analysis to genome-wide surveys. Based on the results of this work, several models for the molecular control of Flower formation have been proposed, which have been tested and largely validated. These models have guided and informed research in the field, and facilitated recent efforts to delineate the composition and architecture of the gene regulatory networks underlying Flower Development. In this chapter, we aim to describe the current state of Flowering research with a focus on recent progress in the field. We also discuss open questions that we believe need to be addressed in the future to further our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that control floral morphogenesis and evolution.
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Patterns of gene expression during Arabidopsis Flower Development from the time of initiation to maturation
BMC genomics, 2015Co-Authors: Patrick T. Ryan, Emmanuelle Graciet, Diarmuid S. Ó’maoiléidigh, Hajk-georg Drost, Kamila Kwaśniewska, Alexander Gabel, Ivo Grosse, Marcel Quint, Frank WellmerAbstract:The formation of Flowers is one of the main model systems to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that control Developmental processes in plants. Although several studies have explored gene expression during Flower Development in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana on a genome-wide scale, a continuous series of expression data from the earliest floral stages until maturation has been lacking. Here, we used a floral induction system to close this information gap and to generate a reference dataset for stage-specific gene expression during Flower formation. Using a floral induction system, we collected floral buds at 14 different stages from the time of initiation until maturation. Using whole-genome microarray analysis, we identified 7,405 genes that exhibit rapid expression changes during Flower Development. These genes comprise many known floral regulators and we found that the expression profiles for these regulators match their known expression patterns, thus validating the dataset. We analyzed groups of co-expressed genes for over-represented cellular and Developmental functions through Gene Ontology analysis and found that they could be assigned specific patterns of activities, which are in agreement with the progression of Flower Development. Furthermore, by mapping binding sites of floral organ identity factors onto our dataset, we were able to identify gene groups that are likely predominantly under control of these transcriptional regulators. We further found that the distribution of paralogs among groups of co-expressed genes varies considerably, with genes expressed predominantly at early and intermediate stages of Flower Development showing the highest proportion of such genes. Our results highlight and describe the dynamic expression changes undergone by a large number of genes during Flower Development. They further provide a comprehensive reference dataset for temporal gene expression during Flower formation and we demonstrate that it can be used to integrate data from other genomics approaches such as genome-wide localization studies of transcription factor binding sites.
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a floral induction system for the study of early arabidopsis Flower Development
Methods of Molecular Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Diarmuid S Omaoileidigh, Frank WellmerAbstract:: Assessing the molecular changes that occur over the course of Flower Development is hampered by difficulties in isolating sufficient amounts of floral tissue at specific Developmental stages. This is especially problematic when investigating molecular events at very early stages of Arabidopsis Flower Development, as the floral buds are minute and are initiated sequentially such that a single Flower on an inflorescence is at a given Developmental stage. Moreover, young floral buds are hidden by older buds, which present an additional challenge for dissection. To circumvent these issues, a floral induction system that allows the simultaneous induction of a large number of Flowers on the inflorescence of a single plant was generated. To allow the plant community to avail of the full benefits of this system, we address some common problems that can be encountered when growing these plants and collecting floral buds for analysis.
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Genetic Control of Arabidopsis Flower Development
The Molecular Genetics of Floral Transition and Flower Development, 2014Co-Authors: Diarmuid S. Ó’maoiléidigh, Emmanuelle Graciet, Frank WellmerAbstract:Abstract The formation of Flowers in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is one of the main systems to study the genetic mechanisms underlying the growth and Development of angiosperms. Research conducted over the past 30 years led to the discovery of key regulatory genes for many of the processes that take place during Flower morphogenesis. Although it is currently not always known how the products of these genes function at the molecular level, recent work has led, in many cases, to substantial progress in our understanding of their activities. In fact, knowledge obtained with Arabidopsis is now so plentiful that it can be used as a basis for a comparative analysis of Flower Development to unravel the genetic mechanisms underlying Flower evolution and to explain the astounding variations in Flower architecture that can be found among the ∼250,000 extant angiosperm species. In this chapter, we summarise the main findings and concepts relating to Arabidopsis Flower Development. We describe how technological progress has led to big steps forward in our understanding of how Flowers are formed from a small number of undifferentiated stem cells, and we outline current gaps in our knowledge and discuss possible strategies that could be used to fill them in the future.
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Flower Development: Open Questions and Future Directions
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton N.J.), 2013Co-Authors: Frank Wellmer, Toshiro Ito, Brendan Davies, Veronica Gregis, John L. Bowman, Cristina Ferrándiz, Jennifer C. Fletcher, Robert G. Franks, Emmanuelle Graciet, Thomas JackAbstract:Almost three decades of genetic and molecular analyses have resulted in detailed insights into many of the processes that take place during Flower Development and in the identification of a large number of key regulatory genes that control these processes. Despite this impressive progress, many questions about how Flower Development is controlled in different angiosperm species remain unanswered. In this chapter, we discuss some of these open questions and the experimental strategies with which they could be addressed. Specifically, we focus on the areas of floral meristem Development and patterning, floral organ specification and differentiation, as well as on the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolutionary changes that have led to the astounding variations in Flower size and architecture among extant and extinct angiosperms.
Toshiro Ito - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Co-ordination of Flower Development Through Epigenetic Regulation in Two Model Species: Rice and Arabidopsis
Plant & cell physiology, 2015Co-Authors: Siyi Guo, Eng-seng Gan, Bo Sun, Liang-sheng Looi, Jiangbo Huang, Toshiro ItoAbstract:Angiosperms produce Flowers for reproduction. Flower Development is a multistep Developmental process, beginning with the initiation of the floral meristems, followed by floral meristem identity specification and maintenance, organ primordia initiation, floral organ identity specification, floral stem cell termination and finally floral organ maturation. During Flower Development, each of a large number of genes is expressed in a spatiotemporally regulated manner. Underlying these molecular and phenotypic events are various genetic and epigenetic pathways, consisting of diverse transcription factors, chromatin-remodeling factors and signaling molecules. Over the past 30 years, genetic, biochemical and genomic assays have revealed the underlying genetic frameworks that control Flower Development. Here, we will review the transcriptional regulation of Flower Development in two model species: Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa). We focus on epigenetic regulation that functions to co-ordinate transcription pathways in Flower Development.
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Misexpression approaches for the manipulation of Flower Development.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton N.J.), 2013Co-Authors: Eng-seng Gan, Toshiro ItoAbstract:The generation of dominant gain-of-function mutants through activation tagging is a forward genetic approach that complements the screening of loss-of-function mutants and that has been successfully applied to studying the mechanisms of Flower Development. In addition, the functions of genes of interest can be further analyzed through reverse genetics. A commonly used method is gene overexpression, where strong, often ectopic expression can result in an opposite phenotype to that caused by a loss-of-function mutation. When overexpression is detrimental, the misexpression of a gene using tissue-specific promoters can be useful to study spatial-specific function. As Flower Development is a multistep process, it can be advantageous to control gene expression, or its protein product activity, in a temporal and/or spatial manner. This has been made possible through several inducible promoter systems, as well as by constructing chimeric fusions between the ligand binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the protein of interest. Upon treatment with a steroid hormone at a specific time point, the fusion protein can enter the nucleus and activate downstream target genes. All these methods allow us to genetically manipulate gene expression during Flower Development. In this chapter, we describe methods to produce the expression constructs, method of screening, and more general applications of the techniques.
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Flower Development: Open Questions and Future Directions
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton N.J.), 2013Co-Authors: Frank Wellmer, Toshiro Ito, Brendan Davies, Veronica Gregis, John L. Bowman, Cristina Ferrándiz, Jennifer C. Fletcher, Robert G. Franks, Emmanuelle Graciet, Thomas JackAbstract:Almost three decades of genetic and molecular analyses have resulted in detailed insights into many of the processes that take place during Flower Development and in the identification of a large number of key regulatory genes that control these processes. Despite this impressive progress, many questions about how Flower Development is controlled in different angiosperm species remain unanswered. In this chapter, we discuss some of these open questions and the experimental strategies with which they could be addressed. Specifically, we focus on the areas of floral meristem Development and patterning, floral organ specification and differentiation, as well as on the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolutionary changes that have led to the astounding variations in Flower size and architecture among extant and extinct angiosperms.
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Coordination of Flower Development by homeotic master regulators
Current opinion in plant biology, 2010Co-Authors: Toshiro ItoAbstract:Floral homeotic genes encode transcription factors and act as master regulators of Flower Development. The homeotic protein complex is expressed in a specific whorl of the floral primordium and determines floral organ identity by the combinatorial action. Homeotic proteins continue to be expressed until late in Flower Development to coordinate growth and organogenesis. Recent genomic studies have shown that homeotic proteins bind thousands of target sites in the genome and regulate the expression of transcription factors, chromatin components and various proteins involved in hormone biosynthesis and signaling and other physiological activities. Further, homeotic proteins program chromatin to direct the Developmental coordination of stem cell maintenance and differentiation in shaping floral organs.
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Floral homeotic genes are targets of gibberellin signaling in Flower Development
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004Co-Authors: Toshiro Ito, Yuanxiang Zhao, Jinrong Peng, Prakash P. Kumar, Elliot M. MeyerowitzAbstract:Gibberellins (GAs) are a class of plant hormones involved in the regulation of Flower Development in Arabidopsis. The GA-deficient ga1-3 mutant shows retarded growth of all floral organs, especially abortive stamen Development that results in complete male ste- rility. Until now, it has not been clear how GA regulates the late-stage Development of floral organs after the establishment of their identities within floral meristems. Various combinations of null mutations of DELLA proteins can gradually rescue floral defects in ga1-3. In particular, the synergistic effect of rga-t2 and rgl2-1 can substantially restore Flower Development in ga1-3 .W e find that the transcript levels of floral homeotic genes APETALA3 (AP3), PISTILLATA (PI), and AGAMOUS (AG) are immediately up- regulated in young Flowers of ga1-3 upon GA treatment. Using a steroid-inducible activation of RGA, we further demonstrated that these floral homeotic genes are transcriptionally repressed by RGA activity in young Flowers whereas the expression of LEAFY (LFY) and APETALA1 (AP1) is not substantially affected. In addition, we observed the partial rescue of floral defects in ga1-3 by overex- pression of AG. Our results indicate that GA promotes the expres- sion of floral homeotic genes by antagonizing the effects of DELLA proteins, thereby allowing continued Flower Development.
Elliot M. Meyerowitz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genome-wide analysis of gene expression during early Arabidopsis Flower Development
PLoS Genetics, 2006Co-Authors: Frank Wellmer, Marcio Alves-ferreira, Annick Dubois, José Luis Riechmann, Elliot M. MeyerowitzAbstract:Detailed information about stage-specific changes in gene expression is crucial for the understanding of the gene regulatory networks underlying Development. Here, we describe the global gene expression dynamics during early Flower Development, a key process in the life cycle of a plant, during which floral patterning and the specification of floral organs is established. We used a novel floral induction system in Arabidopsis, which allows the isolation of a large number of synchronized floral buds, in conjunction with whole-genome microarray analysis to identify genes with differential expression at distinct stages of Flower Development. We found that the onset of Flower formation is characterized by a massive downregulation of genes in incipient floral primordia, which is followed by a predominance of gene activation during the differentiation of floral organs. Among the genes we identified as differentially expressed in the experiment, we detected a significant enrichment of closely related members of gene families. The expression profiles of these related genes were often highly correlated, indicating similar temporal expression patterns. Moreover, we found that the majority of these genes is specifically up-regulated during certain Developmental stages. Because co-expressed members of gene families in Arabidopsis frequently act in a redundant manner, these results suggest a high degree of functional redundancy during early Flower Development, but also that its extent may vary in a stage-specific manner.
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Floral homeotic genes are targets of gibberellin signaling in Flower Development
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004Co-Authors: Hao Yu, Yuanxiang Zhao, Jinrong Peng, Prakash P. Kumar, Elliot M. MeyerowitzAbstract:Gibberellins (GAs) are a class of plant hormones involved in the regulation of Flower Development in Arabidopsis. The GA-deficient ga1-3 mutant shows retarded growth of all floral organs, especially abortive stamen Development that results in complete male ste- rility. Until now, it has not been clear how GA regulates the late-stage Development of floral organs after the establishment of their identities within floral meristems. Various combinations of null mutations of DELLA proteins can gradually rescue floral defects in ga1-3. In particular, the synergistic effect of rga-t2 and rgl2-1 can substantially restore Flower Development in ga1-3 .W e find that the transcript levels of floral homeotic genes APETALA3 (AP3), PISTILLATA (PI), and AGAMOUS (AG) are immediately up- regulated in young Flowers of ga1-3 upon GA treatment. Using a steroid-inducible activation of RGA, we further demonstrated that these floral homeotic genes are transcriptionally repressed by RGA activity in young Flowers whereas the expression of LEAFY (LFY) and APETALA1 (AP1) is not substantially affected. In addition, we observed the partial rescue of floral defects in ga1-3 by overex- pression of AG. Our results indicate that GA promotes the expres- sion of floral homeotic genes by antagonizing the effects of DELLA proteins, thereby allowing continued Flower Development.
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Floral homeotic genes are targets of gibberellin signaling in Flower Development
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004Co-Authors: Toshiro Ito, Yuanxiang Zhao, Jinrong Peng, Prakash P. Kumar, Elliot M. MeyerowitzAbstract:Gibberellins (GAs) are a class of plant hormones involved in the regulation of Flower Development in Arabidopsis. The GA-deficient ga1-3 mutant shows retarded growth of all floral organs, especially abortive stamen Development that results in complete male ste- rility. Until now, it has not been clear how GA regulates the late-stage Development of floral organs after the establishment of their identities within floral meristems. Various combinations of null mutations of DELLA proteins can gradually rescue floral defects in ga1-3. In particular, the synergistic effect of rga-t2 and rgl2-1 can substantially restore Flower Development in ga1-3 .W e find that the transcript levels of floral homeotic genes APETALA3 (AP3), PISTILLATA (PI), and AGAMOUS (AG) are immediately up- regulated in young Flowers of ga1-3 upon GA treatment. Using a steroid-inducible activation of RGA, we further demonstrated that these floral homeotic genes are transcriptionally repressed by RGA activity in young Flowers whereas the expression of LEAFY (LFY) and APETALA1 (AP1) is not substantially affected. In addition, we observed the partial rescue of floral defects in ga1-3 by overex- pression of AG. Our results indicate that GA promotes the expres- sion of floral homeotic genes by antagonizing the effects of DELLA proteins, thereby allowing continued Flower Development.
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Molecular Control of Flower Development
Breeding For Ornamentals: Classical and Molecular Approaches, 2002Co-Authors: M. Vishnevetsky, Elliot M. MeyerowitzAbstract:The last decade has been an exciting period in plant molecular biology in general and in molecular studies of Flower Development in particular. The isolation of the first floral meristem identity and floral homeotic genes of Arabidopsis in the late 1980s—early ‘80s opened the way to in-depth studies of molecular aspects of floral Development (Bowman et al., 1989; Coen et al., 1990; Sommer et al., 1990; Yanofsky et al., 1990). These investigations have led to insights into inflorescence and Flower Development in higher eudicotyledonous Flowering plants, using mainly the predominant model of Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress). The abundance of mutants, a relatively small genome, and easy transformation procedures have made this small plant a primary tool of modern plant biology. Among the ornamentals, Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) and Petunia hybrida (petunia) are the best-characterized plants at the molecular level. As far as is known, Flower Development in these species follows genetic principles and mechanisms similar to those in Arabidopsis, although some differences exist in the details at the molecular level, and will be discussed later.
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Flower Development and evolution: new answers and new questions.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1994Co-Authors: Elliot M. MeyerowitzAbstract:Certain genes have a way of rewarding continued study, as can be seen from the long histories of discoveries that have resulted from work on mammalian hemoglobin genes, on the Escherichia coli lacZ gene, and on many others. A plant gene that may fit this mold is the homeotic Flower-Development gene AGAMOUS (AG). In the past few years, study of the genetics and molecular genetics of this Arabidopsis thaliana gene and of its orthologues in other plant species has led to a stream of discoveries that have revealed some of the mechanisms and some of the complexity of Flower Development. Two recent papers (1, 2), one in this issue, describe a new level of regulation of AG and raise new questions about the function and evolutionary history of this gene.
Xiangyang Kang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative microsporogenesis and Flower Development in eucalyptus urophylla e grandis
Journal of Forestry Research, 2016Co-Authors: Jun Yang, Peng-qiang Yao, Jun Lan, Zhen Huang, Xiangyang KangAbstract:Microsporogenesis and Flower Development in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis were examined using chromosome tableting to provide a method to predict the meiotic stages in this species. Although microsporogenesis was normal, cytokinesis during meiosis of pollen mother cells occurred simultaneously, with strong asynchronism observed in the two different lengths of stamens in a Flower bud. In a single Flower, the Developmental period of microsporogenesis in anthers on the longer stamens was always ahead of those on the shorter stamens. Flower Development was also asynchronous at different locations on a branch. Flower buds on the upper side of the branch were larger in diameter than those on the lower side. In addition, a correlation was observed between microsporogenesis Development and Flower bud diameter growth. The pachytene stage was first observed when the diameter of the Flower buds increased to 3.0 mm, and the majority of the meiotic stages were observed when bud diameters ranged from 3.5 to 5.0 mm. This study showed that the Developmental stages of microsporogenesis in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis could be distinguished readily, which may be applicable to future breeding studies.
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Comparative microsporogenesis and Flower Development in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis
Journal of Forestry Research, 2015Co-Authors: Jun Yang, Peng-qiang Yao, Jun Lan, Zhen Huang, Xiangyang KangAbstract:Microsporogenesis and Flower Development in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis were examined using chromosome tableting to provide a method to predict the meiotic stages in this species. Although microsporogenesis was normal, cytokinesis during meiosis of pollen mother cells occurred simultaneously, with strong asynchronism observed in the two different lengths of stamens in a Flower bud. In a single Flower, the Developmental period of microsporogenesis in anthers on the longer stamens was always ahead of those on the shorter stamens. Flower Development was also asynchronous at different locations on a branch. Flower buds on the upper side of the branch were larger in diameter than those on the lower side. In addition, a correlation was observed between microsporogenesis Development and Flower bud diameter growth. The pachytene stage was first observed when the diameter of the Flower buds increased to 3.0 mm, and the majority of the meiotic stages were observed when bud diameters ranged from 3.5 to 5.0 mm. This study showed that the Developmental stages of microsporogenesis in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis could be distinguished readily, which may be applicable to future breeding studies.
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microsporogenesis and Flower Development in eucalyptus urophylla e tereticornis
Breeding Science, 2015Co-Authors: Jun Yang, Xiangyang KangAbstract:We compared microsporogenesis and Flower Development in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. tereticornis. In this study, although microsporogenesis and cytokinesis occurred simultaneously during meiosis of pollen mother cells, we observed a strong asynchronism in different anthers from a Flower bud. The Developmental period of microsporogenesis in anthers originated from the long thrum before the short thrum. Flower Development was also asynchronous at different locations on a branch. The Flower buds grew on the lower side of the branch and showed greater increases in diameter. In addition, we observed a relationship between microsporogenesis Development and Flower bud diameter growth. Generally, when the pachytene stage was first observed in a small single Flower bud growing on top of a Flowering branch, the remaining microsporogenesis stages (from diplotene to tetrad) in the whole branch occurred over the next 5-9 days. Thus, the start of microsporogenesis in E. urophylla × E. tereticornis could be determined, which may be applicable to future breeding studies.
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Microsporogenesis and Flower Development in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. tereticornis.
Breeding Science, 2015Co-Authors: Jun Yang, Xiangyang KangAbstract:We compared microsporogenesis and Flower Development in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. tereticornis. In this study, although microsporogenesis and cytokinesis occurred simultaneously during meiosis of pollen mother cells, we observed a strong asynchronism in different anthers from a Flower bud. The Developmental period of microsporogenesis in anthers originated from the long thrum before the short thrum. Flower Development was also asynchronous at different locations on a branch. The Flower buds grew on the lower side of the branch and showed greater increases in diameter. In addition, we observed a relationship between microsporogenesis Development and Flower bud diameter growth. Generally, when the pachytene stage was first observed in a small single Flower bud growing on top of a Flowering branch, the remaining microsporogenesis stages (from diplotene to tetrad) in the whole branch occurred over the next 5-9 days. Thus, the start of microsporogenesis in E. urophylla × E. tereticornis could be determined, which may be applicable to future breeding studies.
Thomas Jack - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Flower Development: Open Questions and Future Directions
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton N.J.), 2013Co-Authors: Frank Wellmer, Toshiro Ito, Brendan Davies, Veronica Gregis, John L. Bowman, Cristina Ferrándiz, Jennifer C. Fletcher, Robert G. Franks, Emmanuelle Graciet, Thomas JackAbstract:Almost three decades of genetic and molecular analyses have resulted in detailed insights into many of the processes that take place during Flower Development and in the identification of a large number of key regulatory genes that control these processes. Despite this impressive progress, many questions about how Flower Development is controlled in different angiosperm species remain unanswered. In this chapter, we discuss some of these open questions and the experimental strategies with which they could be addressed. Specifically, we focus on the areas of floral meristem Development and patterning, floral organ specification and differentiation, as well as on the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolutionary changes that have led to the astounding variations in Flower size and architecture among extant and extinct angiosperms.
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Flower Development in Arabidopsis: there is more to it than learning your ABCs.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton N.J.), 2013Co-Authors: Nathanaël Prunet, Thomas JackAbstract:The field of Arabidopsis Flower Development began in the early 1980s with the initial description of several mutants including apetala1, apetala2, and agamous that altered floral organ identity (Koornneef and van der Veen, Theor Appl Genet 58:257-263, 1980; Koornneef et al., J Hered 74:265-272, 1983). By the end of the 1980s, these mutants were receiving more focused attention to determine precisely how they affected Flower Development (Komaki et al., Development 104:195-203, 1988; Bowman et al., Plant Cell 1:37-52, 1989). In the last quarter century, impressive progress has been made in characterizing the gene products and molecular mechanisms that control the key events in Flower Development. In this review, we briefly summarize the highlights of work from the past 25 years but focus on advances in the field in the last several years.
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Sculpting the Flower; the role of microRNAs in Flower Development.
Current topics in developmental biology, 2010Co-Authors: Anwesha Nag, Thomas JackAbstract:microRNAs (miRNAs) are small approximately 21-nucleotide RNAs that function posttranscriptionally to regulate gene activity. miRNAs function by binding to complementary sites in target genes causing mRNA degradation and/or translational repression of the target. Since the discovery of miRNAs in plants in 2002 much has been learned about the function of these small regulatory RNAs. miRNAs function broadly to control many aspects of plant biology and plant Development. This review focuses on the role of miRNAs in Flower Development. miRNAs function throughout Flower Development, from the earliest stages (floral induction) to very late stages (floral organ cell type specification). miRNAs such as miR156 and miR172 play a key role in vegetative phase change and in the vegetative to reproductive transition in both Arabidopsis and maize. miR172 in Arabidopsis and maize and miR169 in Petunia and Antirrhinum function to control floral organ identity fate during the early stages of Flower Development by regulating the spatial boundaries of expression of target genes. miR164, miR319, miR159, and miR167 function to specify particular cell types during later stages of Flower Development. Although much has been learned about the role of miRNAs in Flower Development in the last 8 years, many challenges remain to fully elucidate the function of these important regulatory molecules.
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Genes that control Flower Development in Arabidopsis
Seminars in Developmental Biology, 1993Co-Authors: Thomas Jack, Leslie E. Sieburth, Elliot M. MeyerowitzAbstract:Abstract Over the last several years, a number of mutations that disrupt Flower Development have been described in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus. These mutations define genes that affect Flower induction, meristem identity, and floral organ identity. Many of these regulatory genes have been cloned and found to contain a conserved protein-coding domain present in transcription factors from yeast and mammals. Transcripts from these genes are found in regions of the Flower that exhibit defects in the corresponding mutants. By examining the spatial expression patterns of these genes in various mutant backgrounds, the molecular interactions that control Flower Development are beginning to be elucidated.