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Leonard H. Epstein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Food Reinforcement and habituation to Food are processes related to initiation and cessation of eating
Physiology & Behavior, 2021Co-Authors: Leonard H. Epstein, Katelyn A CarrAbstract:Abstract An individual bout of eating involves cues to start eating, as well as cues to terminate eating. One process that determines initiation of eating is Food Reinforcement. Foods with high reinforcing value are also likely to be consumed in greater quantities. Research suggests both cross-sectional and prospective relationships between Food Reinforcement and obesity, Food Reinforcement is positively related to energy intake, and energy intake mediates the relationship between Food Reinforcement and obesity. A process related to cessation of eating is habituation. Habituation is a general behavioral process that describes a reduction in physiological or affective response to a stimulus, or a reduction in the behavioral responding to obtain a stimulus. Repeated exposure to the same Food during a meal can result in habituation to that Food and a reduction in consumption. Habituation is also cross-sectionally and prospectively related to body weight, as people who habituate slower consume more in a meal and are more overweight. Research from our laboratory has shown that these two processes independently influence eating, as they can account for almost 60% of the variance in ad libitum intake. In addition, habituation phenotypes show reliable relationships with reinforcing value, such that people who habituate faster also find Food less reinforcing. Developing a better understanding of cues to start and stop eating is fundamental to understanding how to modify eating behavior. An overview of research on Food Reinforcement, habituation and Food intake for people with a range of weight status and without eating disorders is provided, and ideas about integrating these two processes that are related to initiation and termination of a bout of eating are discussed.
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Food and non Food Reinforcement among pregnant women
Appetite, 2018Co-Authors: Kai Ling Kong, Leonard H. Epstein, Katelyn A Carr, Rocco A Paluch, Julie Phillips, Katherine S GerardAbstract:Abstract Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) in pregnancy may be driven in part by greater motivation to eat, and studying the relative reinforcing value of Food versus non-Food commodities may provide insight into factors important for excessive GWG. This study was a cross-sectional examination of the relationship between women meeting the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines for GWG and the relative reinforcing value of Food vs. non-Food commodities during pregnancy. Two-hundred and thirty-three pregnant women (1st trimester, n = 44; 2nd trimester, n = 105; 3rd trimester, n = 84), aged 18–40, were recruited via a crowdsourcing platform and completed an online survey. Relative Food Reinforcement (RRVFood), relative non-Food activity Reinforcement (RRVactive) and relative non-Food cognitively enriching activity Reinforcement (RRVcognitive) were measured by a questionnaire at the point of contact. Self-reports of gestational age and weight gain during pregnancy were collected. The relationship between Food and non-Food Reinforcement was assessed based on IOM classifications for weight gain during pregnancy. After adjustment for women's education level and parity, higher RRVFood (p = 0.036) and lower RRVcognitive (p = 0.040) responses were associated with greater GWG. Food reinforcing ratio (FRR) analysis was then conducted to systematically examine the effect of non-Food behaviors on GWG when Food Reinforcement was accounted for. Women who gained below the IOM weight gain guidelines had significantly higher FRRcognitive than those gaining above (p = 0.013), indicating cognitively enriching activities may better compete with Food among pregnant women. Interventions that help to increase the reinforcing value of cognitively enriching activities may be a new avenue to regulate eating to minimize GWG.
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Reinforcing value and hypothetical behavioral economic demand for Food and their relation to BMI.
Eating Behaviors, 2018Co-Authors: Leonard H. Epstein, Jennifer L. Temple, Katelyn A Carr, Rocco A Paluch, Warren K Bickel, James MackillopAbstract:Abstract Food is a primary reinforcer, and Food Reinforcement is related to obesity. The reinforcing value of Food can be measured by establishing how hard someone will work to get Food on progressive-ratio schedules. An alternative way to measure Food Reinforcement is a hypothetical purchase task which creates behavioral economic demand curves. This paper studies whether reinforcing value and hypothetical behavioral demand approaches are assessing the same or unique aspects of Food Reinforcement for low (LED) and high (HED) energy density Foods using a combination of analytic approaches in females of varying BMI. Results showed absolute reinforcing value for LED and HED Foods and relative reinforcing value were related to demand intensity (r's = 0.20–0.30, p's
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binary components of Food Reinforcement amplitude and persistence
Appetite, 2018Co-Authors: Leonard H. Epstein, James Mackillop, Rocco A Paluch, Jeffrey S Stein, Warren K BickelAbstract:Abstract Background Demand curves provide an index of how reinforcing a Food is. Research examining the latent structure of alcohol and tobacco Reinforcement identified two underlying components of Reinforcement, amplitude and persistence. No research has assessed latent structure of Food Reinforcement and how these factors are related to BMI. Subjects and methods Participants were 297 adults from two studies that completed Food purchasing tasks to assess the following measures of relative reinforcing efficacy (RRE) of Food: intensity (Q 0 ): purchases made when the Food was free or of very minimal price, O max : maximum expenditure (purchases*price), P max : price point where maximum expenditure was observed, breakpoint: first price where 0 purchases are made, and demand elasticity (α): quantitative non-linear relationship between purchasing and price. Principal components analysis was used to examine the factor structure of RRE for Food across samples and types of Food. Results Both studies revealed two factor solutions, with P max , O max, breakpoint and α loading on factor 1 (persistence) and intensity (Q 0 ) loading on factor 2 (amplitude) across both high and low energy dense Foods. Persistence reflects an aggregate measure of price sensitivity and amplitude reflects the preferred volume of consumption (how long vs. how much). The two factors accounted for between 91.7 and 95.4% of the variance in Food Reinforcement. Intensity for high energy dense Foods predicted BMI for both studies ( r = 0.18 and r = 0.22, p 's Conclusions The latent factor structure was similar across two significantly different independent samples and across low and high energy dense snack Foods. In addition, the amplitude of the demand curve, but not persistence, was related to BMI. These results suggest specific aspects of Food Reinforcement that can be targeted to alter Food intake.
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repeatability of the infant Food Reinforcement paradigm implications of individual and developmental differences
Appetite, 2018Co-Authors: Kai Ling Kong, Rocco A Paluch, Stephanie Anzmanfrasca, Rina D Eiden, Corrin L Stier, Jessica Mendez, Emily Slominski, Gowthami Gengatharan, Leonard H. EpsteinAbstract:Abstract The relative reinforcing value of Food versus engagement in other behaviors may be related to the development of obesity, and interventions to reduce FRR may prevent the development of obesity. Our laboratory recently developed a paradigm to measure the reinforcing value of Food versus an alternative behavior (i.e., playing with bubbles) in infants using a computerized laboratory task, during which infants press a button to earn reinforcers following a progressive ratio schedule of Reinforcement. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the short-term (within 2 weeks) repeatability of this measure, specifically the outcome of infant Food reinforcing ratio (FRR), or how hard infants will work for Food relative to the alternative. The secondary aim was to examine whether infant age and temperament dimensions related to novelty responsiveness (high intensity pleasure and approach) moderated the repeatability of FRR. Thirty-seven infants aged 9–18 months completed this study. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no differences between time 1 and time 2 in responding for Food (F = 0.463, p = 0.501), bubbles (F = 1.793, p = 0.189), or overall FRR (F = 0.797, p = 0.378). Regression models showed the association between BUB P max at time 1 and time 2 were moderated by infant age ( p = 0.04), with greater repeatability in older infants. Linear regression models also demonstrated that the infant temperamental dimension of high intensity pleasure significantly predicted BUB P max at time 1 (β = 2.89, p = 0.01), but not at time 2. Overall, our findings support the repeatability of this measure for Food portion of the Reinforcement task, but demonstrated that the measure of non-Food portion of the task required modification, in particular among children younger than 13 months old.
Katelyn A Carr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Food Reinforcement and habituation to Food are processes related to initiation and cessation of eating
Physiology & Behavior, 2021Co-Authors: Leonard H. Epstein, Katelyn A CarrAbstract:Abstract An individual bout of eating involves cues to start eating, as well as cues to terminate eating. One process that determines initiation of eating is Food Reinforcement. Foods with high reinforcing value are also likely to be consumed in greater quantities. Research suggests both cross-sectional and prospective relationships between Food Reinforcement and obesity, Food Reinforcement is positively related to energy intake, and energy intake mediates the relationship between Food Reinforcement and obesity. A process related to cessation of eating is habituation. Habituation is a general behavioral process that describes a reduction in physiological or affective response to a stimulus, or a reduction in the behavioral responding to obtain a stimulus. Repeated exposure to the same Food during a meal can result in habituation to that Food and a reduction in consumption. Habituation is also cross-sectionally and prospectively related to body weight, as people who habituate slower consume more in a meal and are more overweight. Research from our laboratory has shown that these two processes independently influence eating, as they can account for almost 60% of the variance in ad libitum intake. In addition, habituation phenotypes show reliable relationships with reinforcing value, such that people who habituate faster also find Food less reinforcing. Developing a better understanding of cues to start and stop eating is fundamental to understanding how to modify eating behavior. An overview of research on Food Reinforcement, habituation and Food intake for people with a range of weight status and without eating disorders is provided, and ideas about integrating these two processes that are related to initiation and termination of a bout of eating are discussed.
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Food and non Food Reinforcement among pregnant women
Appetite, 2018Co-Authors: Kai Ling Kong, Leonard H. Epstein, Katelyn A Carr, Rocco A Paluch, Julie Phillips, Katherine S GerardAbstract:Abstract Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) in pregnancy may be driven in part by greater motivation to eat, and studying the relative reinforcing value of Food versus non-Food commodities may provide insight into factors important for excessive GWG. This study was a cross-sectional examination of the relationship between women meeting the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines for GWG and the relative reinforcing value of Food vs. non-Food commodities during pregnancy. Two-hundred and thirty-three pregnant women (1st trimester, n = 44; 2nd trimester, n = 105; 3rd trimester, n = 84), aged 18–40, were recruited via a crowdsourcing platform and completed an online survey. Relative Food Reinforcement (RRVFood), relative non-Food activity Reinforcement (RRVactive) and relative non-Food cognitively enriching activity Reinforcement (RRVcognitive) were measured by a questionnaire at the point of contact. Self-reports of gestational age and weight gain during pregnancy were collected. The relationship between Food and non-Food Reinforcement was assessed based on IOM classifications for weight gain during pregnancy. After adjustment for women's education level and parity, higher RRVFood (p = 0.036) and lower RRVcognitive (p = 0.040) responses were associated with greater GWG. Food reinforcing ratio (FRR) analysis was then conducted to systematically examine the effect of non-Food behaviors on GWG when Food Reinforcement was accounted for. Women who gained below the IOM weight gain guidelines had significantly higher FRRcognitive than those gaining above (p = 0.013), indicating cognitively enriching activities may better compete with Food among pregnant women. Interventions that help to increase the reinforcing value of cognitively enriching activities may be a new avenue to regulate eating to minimize GWG.
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Reinforcing value and hypothetical behavioral economic demand for Food and their relation to BMI.
Eating Behaviors, 2018Co-Authors: Leonard H. Epstein, Jennifer L. Temple, Katelyn A Carr, Rocco A Paluch, Warren K Bickel, James MackillopAbstract:Abstract Food is a primary reinforcer, and Food Reinforcement is related to obesity. The reinforcing value of Food can be measured by establishing how hard someone will work to get Food on progressive-ratio schedules. An alternative way to measure Food Reinforcement is a hypothetical purchase task which creates behavioral economic demand curves. This paper studies whether reinforcing value and hypothetical behavioral demand approaches are assessing the same or unique aspects of Food Reinforcement for low (LED) and high (HED) energy density Foods using a combination of analytic approaches in females of varying BMI. Results showed absolute reinforcing value for LED and HED Foods and relative reinforcing value were related to demand intensity (r's = 0.20–0.30, p's
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influence of sedentary social and physical alternatives on Food Reinforcement
Health Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Katelyn A Carr, Leonard H. EpsteinAbstract:Objective This study examined the potential for nonFood alternative activities to compete with the reinforcing value of Food. Participants rated the frequency and pleasantness of engaging in a variety of activities and made hypothetical choices between Food and 4 types of alternatives; cognitive-enriching (reading, listening to music), social (attending a party or event), sedentary (watching TV), and physically active (running, biking). Method Two-hundred seventy-six adults completed an online survey using a crowdsourcing platform. Results Adults with higher BMI reported engaging in fewer activities within the cognitive-enriching, social, and physically active categories. When examining how well each alternative activity type was able to compete with Food, sedentary alternatives were associated with the highest Food Reinforcement, or were least able to compete with Food reinforcers, as compared with cognitive-enriching, social, and physical. Social activities were associated with the lowest Food Reinforcement, or the best able to compete with Food reinforcers. Conclusion These results suggest that increasing the frequency and range of nonFood alternative activities may be important to obesity. This study also suggests that the class of social activities may have the biggest impact on reducing Food Reinforcement, and the class of sedentary may have the smallest effect on Food Reinforcement. These tools have relevance to clinical interventions that capitalize on increasing access to behaviors that can reduce the motivation to eat in clinical interventions for obesity. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Taste and Food Reinforcement in non-overweight youth.
Appetite, 2015Co-Authors: Leonard H. Epstein, Katelyn A Carr, Rocco A Paluch, Jennifer L. Scheid, Eden Gebre, Alexis O'brien, Jennifer L. TempleAbstract:Food Reinforcement is related to increased energy intake, cross-sectionally related to obesity and prospectively related to weight gain in children, adolescents and adults. There is very limited research on how different characteristics of Food are related to Food Reinforcement, and none on how Foods from different taste categories (sweet, savory, salty) are related to Food Reinforcement. We tested differences in Food Reinforcement for favorite Foods in these categories and used a reinforcing value questionnaire to assess how Food Reinforcement was related to energy intake in 198 non-overweight 8- to 12-year-old children. Results showed stronger Food Reinforcement for sweet Foods in comparison to savory or salty Foods. In multiple regression models, controlling for child sex, minority status and age, average reinforcing value was related to total energy and fat intake, and reinforcing value of savory Foods was related to total energy and fat intake. Factor analysis showed one factor, the motivation to eat, rather than separate factors based on different taste categories. Liking ratings were unrelated to total energy intake. These results suggest that while there are differences in the reinforcing value of Food by taste groups, there are no strong differences in the relationship between reinforcing value of Food by taste groups and energy or macronutrient intake.
Jonathan L. Katz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dopamine D2-Like Receptors and Behavioral Economics of Food Reinforcement
Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015Co-Authors: Paul L. Soto, Takato Hiranita, Steven R. Hursh, David K. Grandy, Ming Xu, Jonathan L. KatzAbstract:Previous studies suggest dopamine (DA) D2-like receptor involvement in the reinforcing effects of Food. To determine contributions of the three D2-like receptor subtypes, knockout (KO) mice completely lacking DA D2, D3, or D4 receptors (D2R, D3R, or D4R KO mice) and their wild-type (WT) littermates were exposed to a series of fixed-ratio (FR) Food-Reinforcement schedules in two contexts: an open economy with additional Food provided outside the experimental setting and a closed economy with all Food earned within the experimental setting. A behavioral economic model was used to quantify reinforcer effectiveness with Food pellets obtained as a function of price (FR schedule value) plotted to assess elasticity of demand. Under both economies, as price increased, Food pellets obtained decreased more rapidly (ie, Food demand was more elastic) in DA D2R KO mice compared with WT littermates. Extinction of responding was studied in two contexts: by eliminating Food deliveries and by delivering Food independently of responding. A hyperbolic model quantified rates of extinction. Extinction in DA D2R KO mice occurred less rapidly compared with WT mice in both contexts. Elasticity of Food demand was higher in DA D4R KO than WT mice in the open, but not closed, economy. Extinction of responding in DA D4R KO mice was not different from that in WT littermates in either context. No differences in elasticity of Food demand or extinction rate were obtained in D3R KO mice and WT littermates. These results indicate that the D2R is the primary DA D2-like receptor subtype mediating the reinforcing effectiveness of Food.
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behavioral economics of Food Reinforcement and the effects of prefeeding extinction and eticlopride in dopamine d2 receptor mutant mice
Psychopharmacology, 2011Co-Authors: Paul L. Soto, Steven R. Hursh, David K. Grandy, Jonathan L. KatzAbstract:Several studies have investigated the reinforcing effects of Food in genetically engineered mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors (DA D2Rs); however, behavioral economic analyses quantifying Reinforcement have not been conducted. The role of DA D2Rs in Food Reinforcement was examined by comparing responding under various fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of Reinforcement, and effects of extinction, satiation, and the DA D2R antagonist eticlopride, in mice with and without genetic deletions of the receptor. Response rates of DA D2R knockout (KO) mice were generally lower than those of littermate wild-type (WT) and heterozygous (HET) mice. The demand curve (consumption vs. FR value) for KO mice decreased more steeply than that of HET or WT mice, suggesting that reinforcing effectiveness is decreased with DA D2R deletion. Prefeeding decreased, whereas extinction increased overall response rates as a proportion of baseline, with no significant genotype differences. Both (+)- and (−)-eticlopride dose-dependently decreased responding in all genotypes with (−)-eticlopride more potent than (+)-eticlopride in all but KO mice. The enantiomers were equipotent in KO mice, and similar in potency to (+)-eticlopride in WT and HET mice. That prefeeding and extinction did not vary across genotypes indicates a lack of involvement of DA D2Rs in these processes. Differences between (−)-eticlopride effects and extinction indicate that DA D2R blockade does not mimic extinction. The maintenance of responding in KO mice indicates that the DA D2R is not necessary for Reinforcement. However, the economic analysis indicates that the DA D2R contributes substantially to the effectiveness of Food Reinforcement.
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behavioral economics of Food Reinforcement and the effects of prefeeding extinction and eticlopride in dopamine d2 receptor mutant mice
Psychopharmacology, 2011Co-Authors: Paul L. Soto, Steven R. Hursh, David K. Grandy, Jonathan L. KatzAbstract:Rationale Several studies have investigated the reinforcing effects of Food in genetically engineered mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors (DA D2Rs); however, behavioral economic analyses quantifying Reinforcement have not been conducted.
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Decreases in cocaine self-administration with dual inhibition of the dopamine transporter and σ receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 339
2011Co-Authors: Takato Hiranita, Paul L. Soto, Theresa Kopajtic, Jianjing Cao, Stephen J Kohut, Amy H. Newman, Gianluigi T, Jonathan L. KatzAbstract:Sigma receptor (R) antagonists attenuate many behavioral ef-fects of cocaine but typically not its reinforcing effects in self-administration procedures. However, the R antagonist rimcazole and its N-propylphenyl analogs, [3-(cis-3,5-dimethyl-4-[3-phenylpropyl]-1-piperazinyl)-propyl]diphenylamine hydrochloride (SH 3-24) and 9-[3-(cis-3,5-dimethyl-4-[3-phenylpropyl]-1-piperazinyl)-propyl]carbazole hydrobromide (SH 3-28), dose-dependently decreased the maximal rates of cocaine self-administration without affecting comparable responding maintained by Food Reinforcement. In contrast, a variety of R antagonists [N-phenethylpiperidine oxalate (AC927), N-[2-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylamine di
Kelly D Fletcher - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reducing relative Food Reinforcement in infants by an enriched music experience
Obesity, 2016Co-Authors: Kai Ling Kong, Kelly D Fletcher, Rocco A Paluch, Denise M. Feda, Rina D Eiden, Corrin L Stier, Elizabeth M Woodworth, Leonard H. EpsteinAbstract:Objective The reinforcing value of Food may be established early in life. Research shows that infant weight status is related to the relative reinforcing value of Food versus non-Food alternatives (Food reinforcing ratio, FRR). The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the effects of a 6-week music enhancement program (Music Together®, n = 14) versus an active play date control group (n = 13) on the FRR in 9- to 16-month-old infants who were high in relative Food Reinforcement. Methods Participating parents and infants attended six weekly 45-min group classes. Parents in the music group and the play date group were encouraged to listen to the Music Together program CD or play with the play date group's toy with their infants at home, respectively. Results Intent-to-treat analysis showed a decrease in FRR for infants in the music group (mean ± SD: −0.13 ± 0.13) in comparison to a slight increase in the control group (0.04 ± 0.11) (F[1, 24] = 11.86, P = 0.002). Conclusions These findings provide evidence that relative reinforcing value of Food can be reduced by promoting alternative reinforcers at an early age.
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fto polymorphisms moderate the association of Food Reinforcement with energy intake
Physiology & Behavior, 2014Co-Authors: Jennifer L. Scheid, Kelly D Fletcher, Katelyn A Carr, Myles S Faith, Robbert J Salis, Richard W Erbe, Henry Lin, Lara Sucheston, Prashant Singh, David B AllisonAbstract:Food Reinforcement (RRVFood) is related to increased energy intake, cross-sectionally related to obesity, and prospectively related to weight gain. The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is related to elevated body mass index and increased energy intake. The primary purpose of the current study was to determine whether any of 68 FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or a FTO risk score moderate the association between Food Reinforcement and energy or macronutrient intake. Energy and macronutrient intake was measured using a laboratory ad libitum snack Food consumption task in 237 adults of varying BMI. Controlling for BMI, the relative reinforcing value of reading (RRVreading) and proportion of African ancestry, RRVFood predicted 14.2% of the variance in energy intake, as well as predicted carbohydrate, fat, protein and sugar intake. In individual analyses, six FTO SNPs (rs12921970, rs9936768, rs12446047, rs7199716, rs8049933 and rs11076022, spanning approximately 251kbp) moderated the relationship between RRVFood and energy intake to predict an additional 4.9-7.4% of variance in energy intake. We created an FTO risk score based on 5 FTO SNPs (rs9939609, rs8050136, rs3751812, rs1421085, and rs1121980) that are related to BMI in multiple studies. The FTO risk score did not increase variance accounted for beyond individual FTO SNPs. rs12921970 and rs12446047 served as moderators of the relationship between RRVFood and carbohydrate, fat, protein, and sugar intake. This study shows for the first time that the relationship between RRVFood and energy intake is moderated by FTO SNPs. Research is needed to understand how these processes interact to predict energy and macronutrient intake.
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Food Reinforcement dietary disinhibition and weight gain in nonobese adults
Obesity, 2014Co-Authors: Katelyn A Carr, Kelly D Fletcher, Leonard H. EpsteinAbstract:Objective Food Reinforcement is cross-sectionally related to BMI and energy intake in adults, and prospectively predicts weight gain in children, but there has not been any research studying Food Reinforcement as a predictor of adult weight gain. Design and Methods This study examined whether the relative reinforcing value of Food versus sedentary activities, as measured on a progressive ratio schedule, predicts 12-month weight gain in a sample of 115 nonobese (BMI < 30) adults. Dietary disinhibition and dietary restraint were also examined as potential moderators of this relationship. Results In a hierarchical regression controlling for baseline age and weight, dietary hunger, income, sex, and minority status, Food Reinforcement and predicted weight gain (P = 0.01) significantly increased the variance from 6.3% to 11.7% (P = 0.01). Dietary disinhibition moderated this relationship (P = 0.02) and increased the variance an additional 4.7% (P = 0.02), such that individuals with high Food Reinforcement had greater weight gain if they were also high in disinhibition. Conclusions These results suggest that Food Reinforcement is a significant contributor to weight change over time, and Food Reinforcement may have the biggest effect on those who are most responsive to Food cues.
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Food Reinforcement partially mediates the effect of socioeconomic status on body mass index
Obesity, 2013Co-Authors: Henry Lin, Kelly D Fletcher, Katelyn A Carr, Leonard H. EpsteinAbstract:Objective Low socioeconomic status (low SES), as defined by income or educational attainment, has been associated with obesity in industrialized nations. Low SES persons have limited resources and may experience Food insecurity that increases Food Reinforcement. Food Reinforcement has been positively related to energy intake and weight status, and increased Food Reinforcement may explain the higher prevalence of obesity among low SES individuals who have restricted access to low-energy-dense Foods and nonFood reinforcers. Design and Methods Annual household income, highest education level completed and Food Reinforcement in 166 adults of varying body mass index (BMI, kg m−2) was measured. Results Multivariate linear regression analyses controlling for age, sex, minority status, session hunger, and the reinforcing value of nonFood alternatives showed that household income was related to Food Reinforcement (P = 0.048) and BMI (P = 0.019), and that Food Reinforcement was related to BMI (P = 0.0017). Path analyses revealed a significant indirect effect of household income on BMI through Food Reinforcement, suggesting that the relationship between lower household income and greater BMI was mediated in part by increased Food Reinforcement. A similar pattern of results was observed when education level was used as the proxy for SES. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that deprivation and restricted Food choice associated with low SES enhance Food Reinforcement, increasing the risk for obesity.
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two functional serotonin polymorphisms moderate the effect of Food Reinforcement on bmi
Behavioral Neuroscience, 2013Co-Authors: Katelyn A Carr, Kelly D Fletcher, Myles S Faith, Robbert J Salis, Richard W Erbe, Henry Lin, Lara Sucheston, Prashant Singh, David B Allison, Eric SticeAbstract:Food Reinforcement, or the motivation to eat, has been associated with increased energy intake, greater body weight, and prospective weight gain. Much of the previous research on the reinforcing value of Food has focused on the role of dopamine, but it may be worthwhile to examine genetic polymorphisms in the serotonin and opioid systems as these neurotransmitters have been shown to be related to Reinforcement processes and to influence energy intake. We examined the relationship among 44 candidate genetic polymorphisms in the dopamine, serotonin, and opioid systems, as well as Food Reinforcement and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of 245 individuals. Polymorphisms in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA-LPR) and serotonin receptor 2A genes (rs6314) moderated the effect of Food Reinforcement on BMI, accounting for an additional 5-10% variance and revealed a potential role of the single nucleotide polymorphism, rs6314, in the serotonin 2A receptor as a differential susceptibility factor for obesity. Differential susceptibility describes a factor that can confer either risk or protection depending on a second variable, such that rs6314 is predictive of both high and low BMI based on the level of Food Reinforcement, while the diathesis stress or dual-gain model only influences one end of the outcome measure. The interaction with MAOA-LPR better fits the diathesis stress model, with the 3.5R/4R allele conferring protection for individuals low in Food Reinforcement. These results provide new insight into genes theoretically involved in obesity, and support the hypothesis that genetics moderate the association between Food Reinforcement and BMI.
Paul L. Soto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dopamine D2-Like Receptors and Behavioral Economics of Food Reinforcement
Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015Co-Authors: Paul L. Soto, Takato Hiranita, Steven R. Hursh, David K. Grandy, Ming Xu, Jonathan L. KatzAbstract:Previous studies suggest dopamine (DA) D2-like receptor involvement in the reinforcing effects of Food. To determine contributions of the three D2-like receptor subtypes, knockout (KO) mice completely lacking DA D2, D3, or D4 receptors (D2R, D3R, or D4R KO mice) and their wild-type (WT) littermates were exposed to a series of fixed-ratio (FR) Food-Reinforcement schedules in two contexts: an open economy with additional Food provided outside the experimental setting and a closed economy with all Food earned within the experimental setting. A behavioral economic model was used to quantify reinforcer effectiveness with Food pellets obtained as a function of price (FR schedule value) plotted to assess elasticity of demand. Under both economies, as price increased, Food pellets obtained decreased more rapidly (ie, Food demand was more elastic) in DA D2R KO mice compared with WT littermates. Extinction of responding was studied in two contexts: by eliminating Food deliveries and by delivering Food independently of responding. A hyperbolic model quantified rates of extinction. Extinction in DA D2R KO mice occurred less rapidly compared with WT mice in both contexts. Elasticity of Food demand was higher in DA D4R KO than WT mice in the open, but not closed, economy. Extinction of responding in DA D4R KO mice was not different from that in WT littermates in either context. No differences in elasticity of Food demand or extinction rate were obtained in D3R KO mice and WT littermates. These results indicate that the D2R is the primary DA D2-like receptor subtype mediating the reinforcing effectiveness of Food.
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behavioral economics of Food Reinforcement and the effects of prefeeding extinction and eticlopride in dopamine d2 receptor mutant mice
Psychopharmacology, 2011Co-Authors: Paul L. Soto, Steven R. Hursh, David K. Grandy, Jonathan L. KatzAbstract:Several studies have investigated the reinforcing effects of Food in genetically engineered mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors (DA D2Rs); however, behavioral economic analyses quantifying Reinforcement have not been conducted. The role of DA D2Rs in Food Reinforcement was examined by comparing responding under various fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of Reinforcement, and effects of extinction, satiation, and the DA D2R antagonist eticlopride, in mice with and without genetic deletions of the receptor. Response rates of DA D2R knockout (KO) mice were generally lower than those of littermate wild-type (WT) and heterozygous (HET) mice. The demand curve (consumption vs. FR value) for KO mice decreased more steeply than that of HET or WT mice, suggesting that reinforcing effectiveness is decreased with DA D2R deletion. Prefeeding decreased, whereas extinction increased overall response rates as a proportion of baseline, with no significant genotype differences. Both (+)- and (−)-eticlopride dose-dependently decreased responding in all genotypes with (−)-eticlopride more potent than (+)-eticlopride in all but KO mice. The enantiomers were equipotent in KO mice, and similar in potency to (+)-eticlopride in WT and HET mice. That prefeeding and extinction did not vary across genotypes indicates a lack of involvement of DA D2Rs in these processes. Differences between (−)-eticlopride effects and extinction indicate that DA D2R blockade does not mimic extinction. The maintenance of responding in KO mice indicates that the DA D2R is not necessary for Reinforcement. However, the economic analysis indicates that the DA D2R contributes substantially to the effectiveness of Food Reinforcement.
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behavioral economics of Food Reinforcement and the effects of prefeeding extinction and eticlopride in dopamine d2 receptor mutant mice
Psychopharmacology, 2011Co-Authors: Paul L. Soto, Steven R. Hursh, David K. Grandy, Jonathan L. KatzAbstract:Rationale Several studies have investigated the reinforcing effects of Food in genetically engineered mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors (DA D2Rs); however, behavioral economic analyses quantifying Reinforcement have not been conducted.
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Decreases in cocaine self-administration with dual inhibition of the dopamine transporter and σ receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 339
2011Co-Authors: Takato Hiranita, Paul L. Soto, Theresa Kopajtic, Jianjing Cao, Stephen J Kohut, Amy H. Newman, Gianluigi T, Jonathan L. KatzAbstract:Sigma receptor (R) antagonists attenuate many behavioral ef-fects of cocaine but typically not its reinforcing effects in self-administration procedures. However, the R antagonist rimcazole and its N-propylphenyl analogs, [3-(cis-3,5-dimethyl-4-[3-phenylpropyl]-1-piperazinyl)-propyl]diphenylamine hydrochloride (SH 3-24) and 9-[3-(cis-3,5-dimethyl-4-[3-phenylpropyl]-1-piperazinyl)-propyl]carbazole hydrobromide (SH 3-28), dose-dependently decreased the maximal rates of cocaine self-administration without affecting comparable responding maintained by Food Reinforcement. In contrast, a variety of R antagonists [N-phenethylpiperidine oxalate (AC927), N-[2-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylamine di