The Experts below are selected from a list of 255 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Paul J Midtlyng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
vaccination against Furunculosis
Furunculosis#R##N#Multidisciplinary Fish Disease Research, 2014Co-Authors: Paul J MidtlyngAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on vaccination as a preventive measure against the disease. It discusses some of the milestones of Furunculosis vaccine research. Dr D. Cecil B. Duff was the first author to report a clinical trial on Furunculosis vaccination. Dr Winslow Whitney Smith reported the successful induction of antibacterial antibodies in carp, trout, and even turtles after injection of an A. salmonicida bacterin. The success of inactivated bacterins used in mammals inspired scientists to test this approach for the prevention of diseases in fish. The efficacy, long-term antibody response, and protection from parenteral vaccination were demonstrated. The strong adjuvant effect of mineral oil emulsions—with or without immunostimulating bacteria, the so-called Freund's complete (FCA) and Freund's incomplete (FIA) adjuvant systems—were discovered during the Second World War. This technique for enhancing the immune response was rapidly adopted into vaccine development. With the aid of these adjuvants, George E. Krantz, Jack M. Reddecliff, and Caroll E. Heist were the first scientists to demonstrate the efficacy of intraperitoneal (i.p.) vaccination in salmonids. Avirulent or low virulent strains, both live and inactivated, were later confirmed to induce both humoral immune response and protection in brook trout. W.D. Klontz investigated the role of soluble toxins as potential vaccine antigens. Rocco C. Cipriano investigated the immunogenic properties of virulent and avirulent strains of A. salmonicida. The Wildlife vaccines that were named “ASB” (A. salmonicida bacterin), “ASB-VAB-2” ( A. salmonicida- Vibrio anguiUarum bacterin), and “ASB-ERB” (A. salmonicida-enteric redmouth bacterin) are the first commercial vaccines used against Furunculosis.
-
comparision of a serological potency assay for Furunculosis vaccines aeromonas salmonicida subsp salmonicida to intraperitoneal challenge in atlantic salmon salmo salar l
Biologicals, 2014Co-Authors: Anne Berit Romstad, Liv Jorun Reitan, Paul J Midtlyng, Kjersti Gravningen, Vibeke Emilsen, Oystein EvensenAbstract:Abstract Batch potency testing of salmonid vaccines is mainly performed by in vivo challenge, which requires a lot of animals and causes severe pain. Due to the animal welfare concerns associated with in vivo immunization challenge tests, methods which could refine, reduce or replace (3Rs) these tests are needed. The aim of this study was to assess the use of serological assay (immunization & antibody estimation with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for batch potency testing of oil adjuvanted, inactivated commercial Furunculosis vaccines. In total ten vaccines were included in the study: two commercial multi-component vaccines and two experimental single-component Furunculosis vaccines with 5% and 20% antigen content (relative to the commercial vaccine), from two manufacturers. In addition two experimental single component vaccines based on A-layer positive and A-layer negative Aeromonas salmonicida respectively were included. Challenge and blood sampling were conducted 9 weeks post vaccination. There was a correlation between antibody response against A. salmonicida as measured by ELISA and protection in i.p. challenge. This study shows that the ELISA assay can be used for testing different vaccine formulations and can potentially replace in vivo challenge tests for batch potency testing of Furunculosis vaccines.
-
development of an antibody elisa for potency testing of Furunculosis aeromonas salmonicida subsp salmonicida vaccines in atlantic salmon salmo salar l
Biologicals, 2012Co-Authors: Anne Berit Romstad, Liv Jorun Reitan, Paul J Midtlyng, Kjersti Gravningen, Oystein EvensenAbstract:Abstract The study was conducted in Atlantic salmon to establish the initial and basic scientific documentation for an alternative batch potency test for salmon furuculosis vaccines. We assessed the antibody response development for Aeromonas salmonicida vaccines at different immunisation temperatures (3, 12 and 18 °C), by an enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks post vaccination, and the correlation between antibody response and protection in cohabitation challenge experiments performed 6 and 12 weeks post vaccination. Fish immunised with a vaccine containing full antigen dose had a significant increase in antibody response after 252 day degrees and the measured values correlated well with protection after 500 day degrees. Fish vaccinated with a reduced antigen dose showed a significant lower antibody response than fish vaccinated with the full dose vaccine at all samplings, and showed a similar low relative percent survival (RPS) in the challenges. The results from this study indicate that an antibody ELISA can discriminate between vaccines of different antigen content and the method may replace challenge tests in batch potency testing of Furunculosis vaccines in Atlantic salmon. An immunisation temperature of 12 °C and sampling after 6–9 weeks, seemed to be the most appropriate time for using antibody responses to confirm batch potency.
-
protection immune responses and side effects in atlantic salmon salmo salarl vaccinated against Furunculosis by different procedures
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 1996Co-Authors: Paul J Midtlyng, Liv Jorun Reitan, Atle Lillehaug, Anne RamstadAbstract:Abstract In an experimental trial lasting approximately 6 months, 10 different vaccination regimes against Furunculosis were studied in Atlantic salmon pre-smolts. Single and repeated administration of vaccine by the intraperitoneal (i.p.), immersion or oral route, and revaccination by combinations of these methods, were tested. In challenge assays initiated 8 and 16 weeks after vaccination, fish injected once with a trivalent vaccine, and fish injected twice with a monovalent vaccine, both containing aluminium phosphate as adjuvant, were moderately protected. Non-injection vaccination protocols consistently failed to protect the fish. Compared with unvaccinated fish, protected groups showed elevated antibody responses to Aeromonas salmonicida antigens throughout the study. Increased in vitro proliferation of head kidney leucocytes from i.p. vaccinated fish was found 16 weeks after vaccination. The use of a polyvalent vaccine preparation, and revaccination by injection or the oral route improved both immune responses and survival, compared to a single inoculation of monovalent vaccine. In all groups subjected to i.p. administration of vaccine, minor to moderate intraperitoneal lesions were found. In conclusion, i.p. administration of adjuvanted vaccine, preferably in a polyvalent formulation, is the optimal method of inducing anti-Furunculosis immunity in Atlantic salmon, and is apparently necessary for an effective immunoprophylaxis of salmonid fish against Furunculosis.
-
A field study on intraperitoneal vaccination of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) against Furunculosis
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 1996Co-Authors: Paul J MidtlyngAbstract:Abstract Protection and side-effects after intraperitoneal (i.p.) vaccination of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) against Furunculosis were studied in a field trial. Pre-smolts held in fresh water and salmon growers held in sea water were immunised with different monovalent Furunculosis vaccines. In both cohorts, disease attack rates and cumulative mortalities after field challenge were significantly lower in populations given a mineral oil adjuvanted vaccine compared to other vaccination groups included in the study, demonstrating that tentatively pathogen-free as well as Furunculosis carrier populations can be protected by vaccination. Injection-site lesions of significance for the commercial quality of harvested salmon were observed, being more severe in fish given the mineral oil adjuvanted vaccine. In spite of the side-effects, i.p. vaccination with mineral oil adjuvanted vaccine is strongly recommended for effective Furunculosis prophylaxis in commercial farming of Atlantic salmon.
Hans Magnus Gjøen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
genetic variation in susceptibility of atlantic salmon salmo salar l to Furunculosis bkd and cold water vibriosis
Aquaculture Research, 1995Co-Authors: Trygve Gjedrem, Hans Magnus GjøenAbstract:Genetic variation in susceptibility of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to Furunculosis, bacterial kidney disease (BKD) and cold water vibriosis was studied by challenge testing one-year-old fingerlings. Fish from 81 full-sib families within 32 sire progeny groups were infected with Aeromonas salmonicida, Renibacterium salmoninarum and Vibrio salmonicida. Estimated heritabilities were relatively low, being highest for BKD (h2= 0.23) and lowest for cold water vibriosis (h2= 0.13). Genetic correlations between the ability to survive the diseases were all positive, but the magnitude of the genetic correlation between Furunculosis and BKD may be biased upwards because some of the dead BKD fish were also infected with Furunculosis. The application of selection to develop resistant populations of Atlantic salmon is advocated. Challenge testing seems to be a feasible method, with relatively low costs and easy management. The future response to selection will depend on the relationships between results from a challenge test and mortalities under farming conditions and between disease resistance and other traits in the breeding goal.
-
Plasma protein levels as potential marker traits for resistance to Furunculosis
Journal of Fish Diseases, 1993Co-Authors: Ragnar Salte, Hans Magnus Gjøen, K. Norberg, Trygve GjedremAbstract:. The feasibility of including individual records on correlated traits in a family selection programme which aims to increase resistance to Furunculosis in Atlantic salmon was studied; markers were selected because of their potential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Fibrinogen and α2-antiplasmin both show genetic variation; both are correlated with survival after challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida, the correlation being 0·44 and 0·37 (P < 0·05), respectively, and it is possible to measure both on a large scale at low costs. Contrary to α2-antiplasmin, fibrinogen was negatively correlated with survival due to Furunculosis within the 10 most resistant families and within the 10 most susceptible families in contrast to an overall positive correlation. This inconsistency could be attributable to the presence of different allelic phases in different families, and of major linked loci influencing survival and fibrinogen levels. Thus, only α2-antiplasmin fulfils the requirements for a marker trait for resistance to the disease suitable for individual selection at the population level, whereas the use of fibrinogen would be restricted to within family selection. The full statistical model explained 51% of the variation in resistance to Furunculosis, and α2-antiplasmin contributed 15% to this variation when considered as a separate entity. Thus, the additional gain from including individual records on α2-antiplasmin in a family selection programme could be significant.
-
Genetic variation in susceptibility of Atlantic salmon to Furunculosis
Aquaculture, 1991Co-Authors: Trygve Gjedrem, Ragnar Salte, Hans Magnus GjøenAbstract:The purpose of this experiment was to study the magnitude of genetic variation in mortality due to experimental Furunculosis; Furunculosis is the most serious salmon disease in Norway at present. Fifty fulisib- and 25 paternal halfsib groups of Atlantic salmon, in total 5000 fish, were infected with Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida at Vikan AkvaVet, Namsos. Infection was by means of cohabitation, and all fish were marked and kept in the same tank during the experiment. The death rate averaged 68% with large variation between family groups. Heritability of mortality was high, h2 = 0.48 ± 0.17 for the sire component and h2 = 0.32 ± 0.10 for the dam component estimates. It is concluded that resistance to Furunculosis can be effectively improved by selective breeding.
Trygve Gjedrem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
genetic variation in susceptibility of atlantic salmon salmo salar l to Furunculosis bkd and cold water vibriosis
Aquaculture Research, 1995Co-Authors: Trygve Gjedrem, Hans Magnus GjøenAbstract:Genetic variation in susceptibility of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to Furunculosis, bacterial kidney disease (BKD) and cold water vibriosis was studied by challenge testing one-year-old fingerlings. Fish from 81 full-sib families within 32 sire progeny groups were infected with Aeromonas salmonicida, Renibacterium salmoninarum and Vibrio salmonicida. Estimated heritabilities were relatively low, being highest for BKD (h2= 0.23) and lowest for cold water vibriosis (h2= 0.13). Genetic correlations between the ability to survive the diseases were all positive, but the magnitude of the genetic correlation between Furunculosis and BKD may be biased upwards because some of the dead BKD fish were also infected with Furunculosis. The application of selection to develop resistant populations of Atlantic salmon is advocated. Challenge testing seems to be a feasible method, with relatively low costs and easy management. The future response to selection will depend on the relationships between results from a challenge test and mortalities under farming conditions and between disease resistance and other traits in the breeding goal.
-
Plasma protein levels as potential marker traits for resistance to Furunculosis
Journal of Fish Diseases, 1993Co-Authors: Ragnar Salte, Hans Magnus Gjøen, K. Norberg, Trygve GjedremAbstract:. The feasibility of including individual records on correlated traits in a family selection programme which aims to increase resistance to Furunculosis in Atlantic salmon was studied; markers were selected because of their potential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Fibrinogen and α2-antiplasmin both show genetic variation; both are correlated with survival after challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida, the correlation being 0·44 and 0·37 (P < 0·05), respectively, and it is possible to measure both on a large scale at low costs. Contrary to α2-antiplasmin, fibrinogen was negatively correlated with survival due to Furunculosis within the 10 most resistant families and within the 10 most susceptible families in contrast to an overall positive correlation. This inconsistency could be attributable to the presence of different allelic phases in different families, and of major linked loci influencing survival and fibrinogen levels. Thus, only α2-antiplasmin fulfils the requirements for a marker trait for resistance to the disease suitable for individual selection at the population level, whereas the use of fibrinogen would be restricted to within family selection. The full statistical model explained 51% of the variation in resistance to Furunculosis, and α2-antiplasmin contributed 15% to this variation when considered as a separate entity. Thus, the additional gain from including individual records on α2-antiplasmin in a family selection programme could be significant.
-
Genetic variation in susceptibility of Atlantic salmon to Furunculosis
Aquaculture, 1991Co-Authors: Trygve Gjedrem, Ragnar Salte, Hans Magnus GjøenAbstract:The purpose of this experiment was to study the magnitude of genetic variation in mortality due to experimental Furunculosis; Furunculosis is the most serious salmon disease in Norway at present. Fifty fulisib- and 25 paternal halfsib groups of Atlantic salmon, in total 5000 fish, were infected with Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida at Vikan AkvaVet, Namsos. Infection was by means of cohabitation, and all fish were marked and kept in the same tank during the experiment. The death rate averaged 68% with large variation between family groups. Heritability of mortality was high, h2 = 0.48 ± 0.17 for the sire component and h2 = 0.32 ± 0.10 for the dam component estimates. It is concluded that resistance to Furunculosis can be effectively improved by selective breeding.
Atle Lillehaug - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
protection immune responses and side effects in atlantic salmon salmo salarl vaccinated against Furunculosis by different procedures
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 1996Co-Authors: Paul J Midtlyng, Liv Jorun Reitan, Atle Lillehaug, Anne RamstadAbstract:Abstract In an experimental trial lasting approximately 6 months, 10 different vaccination regimes against Furunculosis were studied in Atlantic salmon pre-smolts. Single and repeated administration of vaccine by the intraperitoneal (i.p.), immersion or oral route, and revaccination by combinations of these methods, were tested. In challenge assays initiated 8 and 16 weeks after vaccination, fish injected once with a trivalent vaccine, and fish injected twice with a monovalent vaccine, both containing aluminium phosphate as adjuvant, were moderately protected. Non-injection vaccination protocols consistently failed to protect the fish. Compared with unvaccinated fish, protected groups showed elevated antibody responses to Aeromonas salmonicida antigens throughout the study. Increased in vitro proliferation of head kidney leucocytes from i.p. vaccinated fish was found 16 weeks after vaccination. The use of a polyvalent vaccine preparation, and revaccination by injection or the oral route improved both immune responses and survival, compared to a single inoculation of monovalent vaccine. In all groups subjected to i.p. administration of vaccine, minor to moderate intraperitoneal lesions were found. In conclusion, i.p. administration of adjuvanted vaccine, preferably in a polyvalent formulation, is the optimal method of inducing anti-Furunculosis immunity in Atlantic salmon, and is apparently necessary for an effective immunoprophylaxis of salmonid fish against Furunculosis.
-
Field testing of adjuvanted Furunculosis vaccines in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Journal of Fish Diseases, 1992Co-Authors: Atle Lillehaug, T. Lunder, T. T. PoppeAbstract:. Two different commercial vaccines against Furunculosis, caused by Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, were tested in Atlantic salmon on seven fish farms. Both vaccines were based on formalin-inaclivated bacterins containing aluminium salts as adjuvants. The fish were vaccinated by intraperitoneal injection in the spring approximately one month prior to transfer to sea water, and they were challenged by natural outbreaks of Furunculosis. During the first year, six of the farms experienced disease outbreaks. The overall mortality was 7·14% in vaccinated fish and 21·7% in unvaccinated controls, giving a relative percentage survival (RPS) of 67%. In the seventh farm, outbreaks of Furunculosis more than one year after vaccination revealed that there was still a trend towards lower mortality in vaccinated fish, though the mean RPS fell to 22%. The use of adjuvants in the vaccines resulted in local lesions in the abdominal cavity of vaccinated fish. However, the severity of the lesions declined gradually, and they did not influence fish quality at the time of slaughtering. Vaccination also had a moderately adverse impact on fish weight gain in most cases.
B.k. Gudmundsdottir - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Vaccination against atypical Furunculosis and winter ulcer disease of fish.
Vaccine, 2007Co-Authors: B.k. Gudmundsdottir, Bryndis BjornsdottirAbstract:Atypical Furunculosis is a problem in farming of salmonids and various other fish species caused by a heterogeneous group of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida strains. Winter ulcer is a disease of salmonids and cod caused by Moritella viscosa, but a number of fish species are susceptible to the infection. Vaccines are available against atypical Furunculosis of salmonids, but their efficacy is dependent on the characteristics of the infective strain. Vaccines for non-salmonid fish are currently not commercially available. Furunculosis vaccines for salmon can induce cross protection against some atypical A. salmonicida infections and only in some fish species. Polyvalent injection vaccines based on inactivated bacterial cells are available against winter ulcer disease of salmonids. Outbreaks of winter ulcer disease in vaccinated salmon are, however, continuously reported.
-
Evaluation of cross protection by vaccines against atypical and typical Furunculosis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Journal of Fish Diseases, 1997Co-Authors: B.k. Gudmundsdottir, S GudmundsdóttirAbstract:In Iceland, farmed salmonids are vaccinated against A. salmonicida ssp. achromogenes (Asa), which causes atypical Furunculosis and is endemic in local waters. Classical Furunculosis, caused by A. salmonicida ssp. salmonicida (Ass), was not diagnosed in this country until June 1995. In the present study, protection in experimental challenges against atypical and classical Furunculosis in Atlantic salmon vaccinated with an autogenous Asa bacterin (Iceland Biojec.OO, IBOO), a commercial Furunculosis vaccine (Biojec.1500), or a mixture of both vaccines was compared. The results showed that both vaccines gave protection against an injection challenge with Asa. However, better protection was obtained with the IBOO (homologous) vaccine. Infection of Asa by cohabitation could not be established in fresh water. Fish vaccinated with Biojec.1500 or with both vaccines simultaneously were equally well protected against Ass in a cohabitation challenge. On the other hand, no protection against classical Furunculosis was achieved in fish vaccinated by IBOO alone.
