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C L L Gowda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • pre breeding for diversification of primary gene pool and Genetic Enhancement of grain legumes
    Frontiers in Plant Science, 2013
    Co-Authors: S Sharma, H D Upadhyaya, Rajeev K Varshney, C L L Gowda
    Abstract:

    The narrow Genetic base of cultivars coupled with low utilization of Genetic resources are the major factors limiting grain legume production and productivity globally. Exploitation of new and diverse sources of variation is needed for the Genetic Enhancement of grain legumes. Wild relatives with enhanced levels of resistance/tolerance to multiple stresses provide important sources of Genetic diversity for crop improvement. However, their exploitation for cultivar improvement is limited by cross-incompatibility barriers and linkage drags. Pre-breeding provides a unique opportunity, through the introgression of desirable genes from wild germplasm into Genetic backgrounds readily used by the breeders with minimum linkage drag, to overcome this. Pre-breeding activities using promising landraces, wild relatives, and popular cultivars have been initiated at ICRISAT to develop new genepools in chickpea, pigeonpea, and groundnut with a high frequency of useful genes, wider adaptability, and a broad Genetic base. The availability of molecular markers will greatly assist in reducing linkage drags and increasing the efficiency of introgression in pre-breeding programs.

  • Sorghum Genetic Enhancement: Research Process, Dissemination and Impacts
    2004
    Co-Authors: M C S Bantilan, C L L Gowda, B V S Reddy, A B Obilana, R E Evenson
    Abstract:

    This volume covers 32 years of sorghum research across ICRISAT in partnership wi th NARS in Asia, Africa and Latin America and gives insights on the many facets of the research process, dissemination and impacts. The volume was completed through close collaboration among biological, natural and social scientists. The chapters document the f low of ICRISAT sorghum germplasm across regions and the Genetic Enhancement research process in partnership wi t h NARS. It elaborates on ICRISAT's contribution to NARS breeding programs through capacity building and the supply of useful germplasm, breeding materials, hybrid parents and cultivars. It assesses the impacts of ICRISAT-NARS partnerships in Genetic Enhancement research on sorghum. The contents include an introduction to the crop, trends in global sorghum production; conservation, utilization and distribution of sorghum germplasm; research-for-development targets; research processes and strategies in Asia, Africa and Latin America, its outputs and contributions to public and private sector institutions; applications of new tools, regional breeding and market-oriented needs of sorghum. Wi th the ultimate aim of increasing sorghum production worldwide, ICRISAT has readily made available its germplasm to NARS of developing and developed countries. Since NARS evaluation and selection of materials has led to the incorporation of ICRISAT germplasm into varieties released and grown in farmers' field, this book assessed the value of the germplasm to NARS and the seed sector. A systematic documentation and analysis of the use of ICRISAT germplasm is undertaken for understanding the role of its germplasm products in varietal development worldwide. Mechanisms to increase the efficiency of Genetic Enhancement research are explored through a better understanding of past activities and their impact on the development of new cultivars by ICRISAT and its partners. This facilitates exploitation of the wor ld germplasm base and helps identify means of achieving greater utility. Several chapters dealt wi th research partnerships and technology exchange, adoption of improved cultivars and lessons learned f rom adoption studies as wel l as critical factors influencing the uptake process. Important dimensions of the impacts of sorghum research are highlighted. Research benefits were measured in terms of increase in yields, reduction in per uni t cost of production, increase in stability in sorghum yield and improved food security. The nature, extent and determinants of sorghum research spillover effects across continents and agro-ecological zones were also examined and quantified. The concluding chapter presents future directions for partnership and a research strategy for sorghum research-for-development, suggesting new and innovative partnerships among all players (ICRISAT, NARS, public- and private-seed sectors and NGOs ) . This book serves as a valuable resource and wi l l be of significant interest to those working in plant breeding, crop science and agricultural economics.

D. Thomas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Opportunities for improvement of nutritive value in sorghum and pearl millet residues in South Asia through Genetic Enhancement
    Field Crops Research, 2003
    Co-Authors: E. Zerbini, D. Thomas
    Abstract:

    Abstract Cereal crop residues are important feed resources for ruminants in developing countries. However, they are poor in nutritive value because digestible energy, crude protein and mineral contents are all low. Techniques to improve the feeding value of crop residues by chemical or biological means have not been adopted widely by small farmers in developing countries. Genetic Enhancement may provide an alternative and practical strategy for improvement of nutritive value in cereal straws and stovers. This paper reviews the opportunities for the improvement of nutritive value by plant breeding, with particular reference to dual-purpose cultivars of sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) and pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) in South Asia.

Pulluru Sanjana Reddy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Recent Advances in Sorghum Genetic Enhancement Research at ICRISAT
    American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2011
    Co-Authors: A. Ashok Kumar, Belum Venkata Subba Reddy, Hari Chand Sharma, Charles Thomas Hash, Pinnamaneni Srinivasa Rao, Bhavanasi Ramaiah, Pulluru Sanjana Reddy
    Abstract:

    Sorghum is one of the most important cereal crops widely grown for food, feed, fodder/forage, and fuel in the semi-arid tropics of Asia, Africa, the Americas and Australia. The global sorghum areas remained static as the increased area in Africa compensated the area loss in Asia. In spite of rapid decline in sorghum area in Asia due to competition from other remunerative crops, sorghum grain production levels have not declined at the same rate owing to adoption of high yielding hybrids. Though impressive gains have been made in improving productivity levels, biotic and abiotic challenges such as shoot fly, stem borer, grain molds, and terminal drought stress continue to haunt the sorghum growers across the world. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the respec-tive national programs are working on Genetic Enhancement of sorghum for high yield; shoot fly, and grain mold resis-tance, and sweet stalk traits. In addition, research focus at ICRISAT also includes adaptation to postrainy season, ter-minal drought tolerance, and increasing micronutrient contents (Fe and Zn) in grain. Genetic and cytoplasmic diversi-fication of hybrid parents and varieties for key traits are critical for sustaining the productivity gains. The grain and stover quality requirements of different market segments needs special attention in sorghum improvement research to enhance its market value. This paper analyses the progress made in sorghum improvement research at ICRISAT in partnership with national programs in recent years and the way forward.

  • Crop Adaptation to Climate Change - Sorghum Genetic Enhancement for climate change adaptation.
    Crop Adaptation to Climate Change, 2011
    Co-Authors: Belum Venkata Subba Reddy, A. Ashok Kumar, Sampangiramireddy Ramesh, Pulluru Sanjana Reddy
    Abstract:

    Sorghum is an important cereal crop widely grown for food, feed, fodder/forage, and fuel in the semi-arid tropics of Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Australia. Though impressive gains have been made in increasing sorghum productivity levels, biotic and abiotic challenges such as grain molds, shoot fly and terminal drought stress continue to haunt sorghum growers globally. Global warming and climate change could affect grain and stover yields in crops, more so in tropical Africa and Asia threatening food supplies and nutritional security. Climate change potentially modifies the length of the growing period across regions, but this can be mitigated by the re-targeting and re-deployment of improved germplasm. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and partners are working on sorghum Genetic Enhancement to increase grain yield; tolerance to drought and heat, grain mold and shoot fly resistance, and grain micronutrient density (Fe and Zn) to face the newer challenges in sorghum production. On a whole, the negative impacts of climate change can be largely mitigated through greater adoption of improved crop, soil and water management innovations by farmers and better targeted crop improvement programs more explicitly focused on adaptation to climate change.

  • Recent Advances in Sorghum Genetic Enhancement Research at ICRISAT
    American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2011
    Co-Authors: Are Ashok Kumar, Belum Venkata Subba Reddy, Hari Chand Sharma, Charles Thomas Hash, Pinnamaneni Srinivasa Rao, Bhavanasi Ramaiah, Pulluru Sanjana Reddy
    Abstract:

    Sorghum is one of the most important cereal crops widely grown for food, feed, fodder/forage, and fuel in the semi-arid tropics of Asia, Africa, the Americas and Australia. The global sorghum areas remained static as the increased area in Africa compensated the area loss in Asia. Inspite of rapid decline in sorghum area in Asia due to competition from other remunerative crops, sorghum grain production levels have not declined at the same rate owing to adoption of high yielding hybrids. Though impressive gains have been made in improving productivity levels, biotic and abiotic challenges such as shoot fly, stem borer, grain molds, and terminal drought stress continue to haunt the sorghum growers across the world. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the respec-tive national programs are working on Genetic Enhancement of sorghum for high yield; shoot fly, and grain mold resis-tance, and sweet stalk traits. In addition, research focus at ICRISAT also includes adaptation to postrainy season, ter-minal drought tolerance, and increasing micronutrient contents (Fe and Zn) in grain. Genetic and cytoplasmic diversi-fication of hybrid parents and varieties for key traitsis critical for sustaining the productivity gains. The grain and stover quality requirements of different market segments needs special attention in sorghum improvement research to enhance its market value. This paper analyses the progress made in sorghum improvement research at ICRISAT in partnership with national programs in recent years and the way forward

Maxwell J. Mehlman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Genetic Enhancement in sport: just another form of doping?
    Recent patents on DNA & gene sequences, 2012
    Co-Authors: Maxwell J. Mehlman
    Abstract:

    Patented Genetic technologies such as the ACTN3 Genetic test are adding a new dimension to the types of performance Enhancement available to elite athletes. Organized sports organizations and governments are seeking to prevent athletes' use of biomedical Enhancements. This paper discusses how these interdiction efforts will affect the use and availability of Genetic technologies that can enhance athletic performance. The paper provides a working definition of Enhancement, and in light of that definition and the concerns of the sports community, reviews Genetic Enhancement as a result of varied technologies, including, Genetic testing to identify innate athletic ability, performance-enhancing drugs developed with Genetic science and technology, pharmacoGenetics, Enhancement through reproductive technologies, somatic gene transfer, and germ line gene transfer.

  • Genetic Enhancement: plan now to act later.
    Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal, 2005
    Co-Authors: Maxwell J. Mehlman
    Abstract:

    All three main articles in the issues of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal endorse the view that Genetic Enhancement should be permitted, including human germ-line Genetic Enhancement. However, unregulated, wealth-based access to Genetic Enhancement in general, and germ-line Enhancement in particular, would create intolerable risks for society. Although there are a number of practical problems raised by proposals to regulate or restrict access to Genetic Enhancement, which will make it difficult if not impossible to muster support for any effective restrictions until we begin to experience the societal problems that Genetic Enhancement will create, it is important to consider now what restrictions would be appropriate, how they would be imposed, and what changes would be needed in existing laws and institutions to facilitate them. Without this type of groundwork, there is no way society will be in a position to act in time.

  • Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal and Policy Issues in Biotechnology - Human Enhancement Uses of Biotechnology, Law, Genetic Enhancement, and the Regulation of Acquired Genetic Advantages
    Encyclopedia of Ethical Legal and Policy Issues in Biotechnology, 2002
    Co-Authors: Maxwell J. Mehlman
    Abstract:

    Introduction Special Nature of Genetic Enhancements Threat to Equality from Genetic Enhancement Promoting Genetic Equality Enhancement Licensing Establishing an Enhancement Lottery Regulating Germ Line Enhancement Unfairness Preventing the Loss of Societal Benefit from the Transaction Difficulty of Detecting Enhancement Distinguishing Between Enhancement and Effort NonEnhancement Advantages Intrusiveness Transaction Costs Leveling the Genetic Playing Field Keywords: biotechnology; law

  • Any DNA to declare? Regulating offshore access to Genetic Enhancement.
    American journal of law & medicine, 2002
    Co-Authors: Maxwell J. Mehlman, Kirsten M. Rabe
    Abstract:

    I. INTRODUCTION Imagine a world in which parents can Genetically enhance their child's height so that he becomes a professional basketball player. Or imagine a law school student preparing for the bar who takes out an extra loan to Genetically enhance his intelligence. What if going to your physician for a routine physical included the option of Genetically enhancing any trait you desired? And what if such a practice was expensive and, therefore, only available to the privileged members of society? Is this desirable or should the U.S. government ban Genetic Enhancement? What if the government bans it and citizens travel abroad to receive Genetic Enhancement treatments? Can the U.S. government do anything to prevent access to illegal Genetic Enhancement abroad? Genetic technologies such as cloning, gene therapy and Genetic Enhancement (GE)1 raise a host of social concerns that might prompt the U.S. government to restrict either research in these areas or patient access to the available technologies.2 In fact, the government has already attempted to regulate biotechnology in a number of ways. Under the Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act of 1992, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed a model program for the certification of embryo laboratories.3 In response to a concern about human embryo research, likely stemming from pro-life protests, President Clinton banned the use of federal funds for any experiment creating human embryos solely for research purposes.4 Three years later in 1997, the President also banned the use of federal funds for any research in furtherance of human cloning.5 More recently, President Bush banned the creation of new stem cells for research.6 In addition to federal statutes and mandates restricting "distasteful" biotechnological experiments, there have also been attempts by states to prohibit a wide range of biotechnologies such as pre-implantation Genetic screening, embryo cryopreservation and donation, human embryo research, cell line development and cloning.7 Federal and state regulations often follow either scientific breakthroughs or news of an adverse outcome in a scientific study involving biotechnology. For example, since the 1999 death of Jesse Gellsinger, an eighteen-year-old gene therapy patient, notices in the Federal Register have announced plans to regulate human gene therapy.8 Recently, scientists at Advanced Cell Technology announced that they had scientifically engineered the world's first cloned human embryo from differentiated adult cells.9 While the House of Representatives passed a bill in August 2001 banning the creation of cloned human embryos, the Senate has yet to pass a cloning bill. 10 The scientific community is already reacting to the government's prohibitions on biotechnology and restrictions on funding. Some researchers have obtained private funding to avoid governmental control and others have left the United States to pursue their research in foreign countries. In January 2001, Panayiotis Zavos, an American infertility specialist and his Italian partner, Severino Antinori-famous for helping a sixty-two-year-old woman give birth via in vitro fertilization (IVF)announced that they were forming a consortium to produce the first human clone.11 Three months later the pair announced that they would begin their human cloning operation in an undisclosed Mediterranean country in October 2001.12 This announcement brings to the forefront an issue that has been looming over government leaders whenever they restrict biotechnologies such as cloning. Can the United States prevent human cloning, GE or other biotechnological procedures that are performed or sought by its citizens abroad? Specifically, can the United States restrict Genetic Enhancement abroad? This Article begins by briefly addressing in Part II why GE should receive special consideration from a theoretical perspective in light of the many other biotechnologies that have raised concern. …

  • How will we regulate Genetic Enhancement
    Wake Forest law review, 1999
    Co-Authors: Maxwell J. Mehlman
    Abstract:

    Genetic Enhancement technologies present difficult and novel regulatory issues, including the problem of measuring and comparing risks and benefits and dealing with the impact of these technologies on social values. This Article describes and evaluates the potential approaches that may be taken to regulate these technologies. The author concludes that a variety of approaches will be necessary, involving self-regulation, government restrictions on access and use, licensing, and a national lottery.

Abeel A Mangi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.