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Jukka Rintala - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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two stage anaerobic digestion of tomato cucumber common reed and Grass Silage in leach bed reactors and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors
Bioresource Technology, 2011Co-Authors: Padma Shanthi Jagadabhi, Prasad Kaparaju, Jukka RintalaAbstract:Abstract Anaerobic digestion of tomato, cucumber, common reed and Grass Silage was studied in four separate two-stage reactor configuration consisting of leach bed reactor (LBR) and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB). LBR studies showed that COD solubilization for cucumber and Grass Silage was higher (50%) than tomato (35%) and common reed (15%). Results also showed that 31–39% of initial TKN present in tomato and cucumber was solubilized in the leachates and 47–54% of the solubilized TKN was converted to NH4-N. The corresponding values for common reed and Grass Silage were 38–50% and 18–36%, respectively. Biomethanation of the leachates in UASB reactors resulted in methane yields of 0.03–0.14 m3 CH4 kg−1VSfed for the studied crop materials. Thus, high COD solubilization, high nitrogen mineralization and solubilization rates were feasible during anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic materials in a two-stage LBR–UASB reactor system.
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development of microbial populations in the anaerobic hydrolysis of Grass Silage for methane production
FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2010Co-Authors: Hong Wang, Annimari Lehtomaki, T M Lehtine, Mikko Vuorela, Annaleena Kerane, Anssi Lensu, Jukka RintalaAbstract:Six batch leach bed (LB) reactors, installed in parallel and connected to a common upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, were fed with Grass Silage and operated at 35 (±1) °C. The development and distribution of microorganisms, which firmly and loosely attached to solid materials, and presented in the leachate in the LB reactors, were investigated by 16S rRNA gene-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and clone library analyses. The phylotypes and their relative abundance changed in the respective bacterial community throughout the 49-day run and showed differences between the communities. Large numbers of phylotypes were detected from day 10 onwards. On day 17, the majority of phylotypes in the bacterial community firmly attached to solid residues affiliated to the classes Clostridia and Bacteroidetes . There were high numbers of the phylotypes in the leachate bacterial community. They were closely related to members of classes Clostridia, Bacteroidetes, Betaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria , and OP10 . The Clostridium -like species clearly dominated the bacterial community. Archaea were only found in the solid residues on day 17 and in the leachate on days 10 and 17. The majority of the Archaea fell within the hydrogenotrophic genus Methanobacterium . The organism assigned to the aceticlastic genus Methanosarcina was only present in the solid residues.
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effect of micro aeration and leachate replacement on cod solubilization and vfa production during mono digestion of Grass Silage in one stage leach bed reactors
Bioresource Technology, 2010Co-Authors: Padma Shanthi Jagadabhi, Prasad Kaparaju, Jukka RintalaAbstract:Abstract The effect of micro-aeration and leachate replacement with fresh water on chemical oxygen demand (COD) solubilization and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production during the mono-digestion of Grass-Silage in one-stage leach-bed reactors (LBRs) was investigated in four LBRs, L0 (control), L1, L2 and L3 in batch mode at 35 ± 1 °C for 57 days. Results showed that leachate replacement without pH adjustment (L3) resulted in 2.7 and 1.3 times more SCOD in the leachate compared to control (L0) or leachate replacement with initial pH adjustment (L1), respectively. Micro-aeration at flow rate of 1 L min−1 (2.5 L of air) in L2 resulted in 4-fold increase in VFA production (from 2.2 to 9 g L−1) without any significant increase in cumulative SCOD in the leachate. Increasing the air flow rate to 4 L min−1 (24 L of air) in L2 resulted in a decrease in SCOD extraction. Leachate replacement without pH adjustment (L3) resulted in higher (mean) specific SCOD production (0.51 g SCOD g−1 VSadded) than control (L0, 0.34 g SCOD g−1 VSadded), leachate replacement with initial pH adjustment (L1, 0.33 g SCOD g−1 VSadded) or micro-aeration (L2, 0.32 g SCOD g−1 VSadded). These results suggest that the challenge of hydrolysis during anaerobic digestion of particulate substrates like Grass-Silage can be improved by micro-aeration and leachate replacement methods with or without pH adjustment.
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microbial community structure in anaerobic co digestion of Grass Silage and cow manure in a laboratory continuously stirred tank reactor
Biodegradation, 2010Co-Authors: Hong Wang, Annimari Lehtomaki, Katariina E S Tolvane, Jaakko A Puhakka, Jukka RintalaAbstract:The impacts of feeding ratio and loading rate on the microbial community during co-digestion of Grass Silage with cow manure in an anaerobic laboratory continuously stirred tank reactor were investigated by 16S rRNA gene-based fingerprints. The microbial community remained stable when the reactor was fed with cow manure alone and with up to 20% of Grass Silage in feedstock at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 2 kg VS m−3 day−1. Large changes in the bacterial community were observed when the loading ratio of Grass was increased to 40%, while there was little change in the archaeal community. During the increase in OLR from 2 to 4 kg VS m−3 day−1 the bacterial community structure showed few differences, whereas Archaea was undetectable. Sequencing of the major DGGE bands indicated that the phylum Bacteriodetes predominated in the bacterial community. Two unclassified bacteria with high abundance survived throughout the operation of the reactor.
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one stage h2 and ch4 and two stage h2 ch4 production from Grass Silage and from solid and liquid fractions of naoh pre treated Grass Silage
Biomass & Bioenergy, 2009Co-Authors: Outi Pakarine, Hanne Tahti, Jukka RintalaAbstract:Abstract In the present study, mesophilic CH 4 production from Grass Silage in a one-stage process was compared with the combined thermophilic H 2 and mesophilic CH 4 production in a two-stage process. In addition, solid and liquid fractions separated from NaOH pre-treated Grass Silage were also used as substrates. Results showed that higher CH 4 yield was obtained from Grass Silage in a two-stage process (467 ml g −1 volatile solids (VS) original ) compared with a one-stage process (431 ml g −1 VS original ). Similarly, CH 4 yield from solid fraction increased from 252 to 413 ml g −1 VS original whereas CH 4 yield from liquid fraction decreased from 82 to 60 ml g −1 VS original in a two-stage compared to a one-stage process. NaOH pre-treatment increased combined H 2 yield by 15% (from 5.54 to 6.46 ml g −1 VS original ). In contrast, NaOH pre-treatment decreased the combined CH 4 yield by 23%. Compared to the energy value of CH 4 yield obtained, the energy value of H 2 yield remained low. According to this study, highest CH 4 yield (495 ml g −1 VS original ) could be obtained, if Grass Silage was first pre-treated with NaOH, and the separated solid fraction was digested in a two-stage (thermophilic H 2 and mesophilic CH 4 ) process while the liquid fraction could be treated directly in a one-stage CH 4 process.
Jerry D Murphy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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can acid pre treatment enhance biohydrogen and biomethane production from Grass Silage in single stage and two stage fermentation processes
Energy Conversion and Management, 2019Co-Authors: Che Deng, Ju Cheng, Jerry D MurphyAbstract:Abstract Grass Silage is an excellent feedstock for biofuel production, however, the recalcitrant cellulosic structure may limit its biodegradability. In this study, the effect of acid pre-treatment with mild thermal treatment conditions on biohydrogen and biomethane production from Grass Silage was assessed through single-stage (CH4) and two-stage (H2 + CH4) fermentation. Microstructural characterisation showed that pre-treatment significantly reduced the recalcitrance and enlarged the specific area of Grass Silage. The optimal pre-treatment with 2% H2SO4 at 135 °C for 15 min achieved a total reducing sugar yield of 333.79 mg/g volatile solid (VS) of Grass Silage. The pre-treated Silage led to a hydrogen yield of 68.26 ml/g VS in the first stage hydrogen fermentation, a 3-fold increase compared to untreated Silage. The production of volatile fatty acids accordingly increased by 29.2%. In the second stage anaerobic digestion, untreated Silage achieved the highest biomethane yield of 392.84 ml/g VS, with a corresponding highest total energy conversion efficiency of 83.5%. Due to a lower biomethane yield, the pre-treated Silage presented a decreased total energy efficiency of 68.4%. In comparison, single-stage anaerobic digestion showed lower energy conversion efficiencies of 49.7% and 54.2% for the pre-treated and untreated Silage, respectively. Despite the slight decrease in CH4 yield, the pre-treatment led to decreased energy consumption for the operation of anaerobic digestion processes due to the shorter digestion duration.
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investigation of effect of particle size and rumen fluid addition on specific methane yields of high lignocellulose Grass Silage
Bioresource Technology, 2015Co-Authors: David M Wall, Jerry D Murphy, P Okiely, Arbara Straccialini, Eoi Alle, P Nola, Christiane HerrmaAbstract:Abstract This work examines the digestion of advanced growth stage Grass Silage. Two variables were investigated: particle size (greater than 3 cm and less than 1 cm) and rumen fluid addition. Batch studies indicated particle size and rumen fluid addition had little effect on specific methane yields (SMYs). In continuous digestion of 3 cm Silage the SMY was 342 and 343 L CH 4 kg −1 VS, respectively, with and without rumen fluid addition. However, digester operation was significantly affected through Silage floating on the liquor surface and its entanglement in the mixing system. Digestion of 1 cm Silage with no rumen fluid addition struggled; volatile fatty acid concentrations rose and SMYs dropped. The best case was 1 cm Silage with rumen fluid addition, offering higher SMYs of 371 L CH 4 kg −1 VS and stable operation throughout. Thus, physical and biological treatments benefited continuous digestion of high fibre Grass Silage.
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optimisation of digester performance with increasing organic loading rate for mono and co digestion of Grass Silage and dairy slurry
Bioresource Technology, 2014Co-Authors: Eoin Allen, Barbara Straccialini, Padraig Okiely, David M Wall, Jerry D MurphyAbstract:Abstract This study investigated the feasibility of mono-digesting Grass Silage, dairy slurry and the co-digestion of the two substrates at a range of concentrations with a specific focus on digester performance while increasing organic loading rate (OLR). The results show that the higher the proportion of Grass Silage in the substrate mix the higher the specific methane yield (SMY) achieved. Optimum conditions were assessed for 100% Grass Silage at an OLR of 3.5 kg VS m−3 d−1 generating a SMY of 398 L CH4 kg−1 VS equating to a biomethane efficiency of 1.0. For co-digestion of Grass Silage with 20% dairy slurry the optimum condition was noted at an OLR of 4.0 kg VS m−3 d−1 generating a SMY of 349 L CH4 kg−1 VS and a biomethane efficiency of 1.01. Hydraulic retention times of less than 20 days proved to be a limiting factor in the operation of farm digesters.
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The effect of trace element addition to mono-digestion of Grass Silage at high organic loading rates.
Bioresource Technology, 2014Co-Authors: David M Wall, Eoin Allen, Barbara Straccialini, Padraig O'kiely, Jerry D MurphyAbstract:Abstract This study investigated the effect of trace element addition to mono-digestion of Grass Silage at high organic loading rates. Two continuous reactors were compared. The first mono-digested Grass Silage whilst the second operated in co-digestion, 80% Grass Silage with 20% dairy slurry (VS basis). The reactors were run for 65 weeks with a further 5 weeks taken for trace element supplementation for the mono-digestion of Grass Silage. The co-digestion reactor reported a higher biomethane efficiency (1.01) than mono-digestion (0.90) at an OLR of 4.0 kg VS m−3 d−1 prior to addition of trace elements. Addition of cobalt, iron and nickel, led to an increase in the SMY in mono-digestion of Grass Silage by 12% to 404 L CH4 kg−1 VS and attained a biomethane efficiency of 1.01.
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optimizing the thermophilic hydrolysis of Grass Silage in a two phase anaerobic digestion system
Bioresource Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Angela Orozco, Jerry D Murphy, Abdulsatta Nizami, Elaine GroomAbstract:Abstract Thermophilic hydrolysis of Grass Silage (GS) at 55 °C with organic loading rates (OLRs) of 6.5, 5, 2.5 and 1.0 kg VS m −3 days −1 and hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 6, 4 and 2 days were evaluated in 12 glass bioreactors side by side. The hydrolytic process was measured by variation in pH, volatile solids (VS), VS destruction, soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), hydrolysis and acidification yields. Biological methane potential (BMP) assays were carried out to measure the upper limit for methane production of Grass Silage with different hydrolytic pretreatments at mesophilic temperature (37 °C). The optimum methane yield of 368 L N CH 4 kg −1 VS was obtained at an OLR of 1 kg VS m −3 days −1 and a HRT of 4 days, showing an increase of 30% in the methane potential in comparison to non-hydrolysed GS.
Aila Vanhatalo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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different microalgae species as a substitutive protein feed for soya far bean meal in Grass Silage based dairy cow diets
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2019Co-Authors: Marjukka Elina Lammine, Seija Jaakkola, Anni Halmemiesbeauchetfilleau, Tuomo Kokkone, Aila VanhataloAbstract:Abstract This experiment was conducted to evaluate different microalgae species as protein supplements in the nutrition of lactating dairy cows in comparison to soya bean meal. Four multiparous lactating Finnish Ayrshire cows (112 days in milk) were used in a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square study. Cows were fed separately fixed amount of cereal-sugar beet pulp based concentrate (12.5 kg/d) and Grass Silage ad libitum. Experimental treatments consisted of four isonitrogenous protein supplements: soya bean meal (SOY), Spirulina platensis (SPI), Chlorella vulgaris (CHL) and a mixture of C. vulgaris and Nannochloropsis gaditana (1:1 on dry matter (DM) basis; CHL-NAN). The substitution of soya bean meal by microalgae did not affect the quantity of total DM intake (DMI), but changed the composition of DMI by decreasing the concentrate:forage ratio of the diet (P = 0.054) owing to the poorer palatability of microalgae. Intake of methionine was increased (P
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comparison of microalgae and rapeseed meal as supplementary protein in the Grass Silage based nutrition of dairy cows
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2017Co-Authors: Marjukka Elina Lammine, Seija Jaakkola, Anni Halmemiesbeauchetfilleau, Tuomo Kokkone, Ilkka Simpura, Aila VanhataloAbstract:Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate microalgae as a protein supplement in the nutrition of lactating dairy cows in relation to unsupplemented and rapeseed meal supplemented diets. In both experiments multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows were fed separately fixed amount of cereal-sugar beet pulp based concentrate (11 kg/d in Exp. 1 and 12 kg/d in Exp. 2), and Grass Silage ad libitum. In Exp. 1, six cows (212 days in milk; DIM) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square. Diets were supplemented isonitrogenously with rapeseed meal (pelleted rapeseed supplement, RSS), mixture of Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris microalgae (1:1 on dry matter (DM) basis; ALG) or a mixture of RSS and ALG (1:1 on crude protein (CP) basis; RSS-ALG). In Exp. 2, four intact cows and four rumen cannulated cows (190 DIM) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. Treatments consisted of basal diet without protein supplement (NEG) or supplemented similarly as in Exp. 1 with the exception of RSS-ALG and ALG containing only S. platensis. Protein supplementation increased fibre and N digestibility but did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) or milk yield. The substitution of rapeseed by microalgae did not affect total DMI or milk yield in neither of the experiments, but changed the quality of DMI in Exp.2 by linearly decreasing concentrate:forage ratio of the diet due to poorer palatability of microalgae. The efficiency of N utilisation (NUE) in milk production varied from moderate (Exp. 1) to high (Exp. 2), and in Exp. 2 was decreased by both protein supplementation and microalgae inclusion in the diet. Protein supplementation or microalgae inclusion in the diet did not affect ruminal pH or major volatile fatty acids in Exp. 2, but both increased ruminal NH 3 -N concentration. There was likely a shortage of N for rumen microbes on NEG in Exp. 2 as indicated by low milk urea N and increased microbial N flow on protein supplemented diets. In both experiments, only minor differences were observed in plasma metabolites when microalgae substituted rapeseed. Even though arterial histidine concentrations were high, arterial histidine and carnosine concentrations (Exp. 1 and 2) and milk protein yields (Exp. 2) decreased by microalgae inclusion suggesting that histidine supply may become suboptimal on microalgae supplemented diets. Experiments demonstrated the suitability of microalgae as protein supplement for dairy cows, however, the protein value of microalgae is likely slightly lower than that of rapeseed meal.
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effects of replacing rapeseed meal with fava bean at 2 concentrate crude protein levels on feed intake nutrient digestion and milk production in cows fed Grass Silage based diets
Journal of Dairy Science, 2016Co-Authors: Laura Puhakka, Seija Jaakkola, Tuomo Kokkone, Ilkka Simpura, Aila VanhataloAbstract:The objective of this study was to evaluate the production and physiological responses of dairy cows to the substitution of fava bean for rapeseed meal at 2 protein supplementation levels in Grass Silage-based diets. We used 6 primiparous and 6 multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows in a cyclic changeover trial with a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The experimental diets consisted of formic acid-treated timothy-meadow fescue Silage and 3 isonitrogenous concentrates containing either rapeseed meal, fava bean, or a 1:1 mixture of rapeseed meal and fava bean at low and high inclusion rates, resulting in concentrate crude protein (CP) levels of 15.4 and 19.0% in dry matter. Silage dry matter intake decreased linearly when rapeseed meal was replaced with fava bean, the negative effect being more distinct at the high CP level than the low (-2.3 vs. -0.9kg/d, respectively). Similarly, milk and milk protein yields decreased linearly with fava bean, the change tending to be greater at the high CP level than the low. Yield of milk fat was lower for fava bean compared with rapeseed meal, the difference showing no interaction with CP level. Especially at the high CP level, milk urea concentration was higher with fava bean compared with rapeseed meal indicating better utilization of protein from the rapeseed meal. The apparent total-tract organic matter digestibility did not differ between treatments at the low CP level, but digestibility was higher for fava bean than for rapeseed meal at the high CP level. Plasma concentrations of essential amino acids, including methionine and lysine, were lower for fava bean than for rapeseed meal. Compared with rapeseed meal, the use of fava bean in dairy cow diets as the sole protein supplement decreased Silage intake and milk production in highly digestible formic acid-treated Grass Silage-based diets.
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effects of feeding Grass or red clover Silage cut at two maturity stages in dairy cows 1 nitrogen metabolism and supply of amino acids
Journal of Dairy Science, 2009Co-Authors: Aila Vanhatalo, Kaisa Kuoppala, Seppo Ahvenjarvi, Marketta RinneAbstract:This study investigated the effects of plant species (red clover vs. timothy-meadow fescue) and forage maturity at primary harvest (early vs. late cut Silage) on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestion, and nitrogen metabolism including omasal canal AA flow and plasma AA concentration in lactating cows. Five dairy cows equipped with rumen cannulas were used in a study designed as a 5 x 5 Latin square with 21-d periods. The diets consisted of early-cut and late-cut Grass and red clover Silage, respectively, and a mixture of late-cut Grass and early-cut red clover Silages given ad libitum with 9 kg/d of a standard concentrate. Grass Silage dry matter intake tended to decrease but that of red clover Silages tended to increase with advancing maturity. Milk yields were unchanged among treatments, milk protein and fat concentrations being lower for red clover than for Grass Silage diets. Rumen fluid pH was unchanged but volatile fatty acid and ammonia concentrations were higher for red clover than for Grass Silage diets. Intake of N, and omasal canal flows of total nonammonia N (NAN), microbial NAN, and dietary NAN were higher for red clover than for Grass Silage diets but were not affected by forage maturity. However, microbial NAN flow and amount of N excreted in the feces decreased with advancing maturity for Grass diets but increased for red clover diets. Apparent ruminal N degradability of the diets was unchanged, but true ruminal N degradability decreased and efficiency of microbial synthesis increased with red clover diets compared with Grass Silage diets. Omasal canal flows of AA, except those for Met and Cys, were on average 20% higher for red clover than Grass Silage diets. Omasal canal digesta concentrations of Leu, Phe, branched-chain, and essential AA were higher but those of Met lower for red clover than for Grass Silage diets. Plasma AA concentrations, except for His (unchanged) and Met (lower), were higher for red clover than for Grass diets. However, none of these AA-related variables were affected by forage maturity. Total digestibility of N and excretion of N in the urine were higher for red clover than for Grass diets and decreased with advancing maturity. It was concluded that despite the higher total AA supply of cows fed red clover versus Grass Silage diets, further milk production responses on red clover diets were compromised by an inadequate supply of Met as evidenced by lower Met concentration in the AA profile of omasal digesta and plasma.
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effects of abomasal infusions of histidine glucose and leucine on milk production and plasma metabolites of dairy cows fed Grass Silage diets
Journal of Dairy Science, 2002Co-Authors: Pekka Huhtane, Aila Vanhatalo, Tuomo VarvikkoAbstract:Abstract Our previous study showed that His was the first-limiting amino acid (AA) for milk protein production in cows fed Grass Silage and cereal-based supplement. The aim of this study was to identify the second-limiting AA and determine whether glucose was limiting responses to His. Abomasal infusion of His (6.5 g/d), glucose (250 g/d), His (6.5 g/d) + glucose (250 g/d), His 6.5 g/d) + Leu (12 g/d) and His (6.5 g/d) + Leu (12 g/d) + glucose (250 g/d) on milk production and utilization of amino acids by mammary gland was in an incomplete 5 × 6 Latin square design with 14-d periods. The diet was based on restrictively fermented Grass Silage fed ad libitum and 8 kg/d of concentrate comprised of barley, oats, unmolassed sugar beet pulp, urea, and minerals. The infusions did not affect feed intake, diet digestibility, or rumen fermentation pattern. The molar proportion of propionate in rumen VFA was low (15.5%), suggesting that glucose supply from the basal diet could be limiting. Milk and milk protein yields were increased by His infusion. Infusion of His increased plasma His concentration from 19 to 52 μ M but decreased extraction efficiency of His. Infusion of glucose increased plasma glucose concentration, milk lactose concentration, and yield and tended to increase milk protein yield. Responses in milk protein yield to combined infusions of His and glucose were additive, suggesting that the utilization of the first-limiting AA His was limited by glucose supply. Infusion of Leu increased plasma Leu concentration but did not produce any further milk protein yield response compared with the infusions without Leu. It was concluded that the efficiency of utilization of the first-limiting AA His could be improved by increasing the supply of glucose, when the basal diet produces a rumen fermentation pattern low in propionate. Leu was not the second-limiting AA in cows fed Grass Silage-based diets.
P Okiely - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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investigation of effect of particle size and rumen fluid addition on specific methane yields of high lignocellulose Grass Silage
Bioresource Technology, 2015Co-Authors: David M Wall, Jerry D Murphy, P Okiely, Arbara Straccialini, Eoi Alle, P Nola, Christiane HerrmaAbstract:Abstract This work examines the digestion of advanced growth stage Grass Silage. Two variables were investigated: particle size (greater than 3 cm and less than 1 cm) and rumen fluid addition. Batch studies indicated particle size and rumen fluid addition had little effect on specific methane yields (SMYs). In continuous digestion of 3 cm Silage the SMY was 342 and 343 L CH 4 kg −1 VS, respectively, with and without rumen fluid addition. However, digester operation was significantly affected through Silage floating on the liquor surface and its entanglement in the mixing system. Digestion of 1 cm Silage with no rumen fluid addition struggled; volatile fatty acid concentrations rose and SMYs dropped. The best case was 1 cm Silage with rumen fluid addition, offering higher SMYs of 371 L CH 4 kg −1 VS and stable operation throughout. Thus, physical and biological treatments benefited continuous digestion of high fibre Grass Silage.
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rumen fermentation microbial protein synthesis and nutrient flow to the omasum in cattle offered corn Silage Grass Silage or whole crop wheat
Journal of Animal Science, 2009Co-Authors: D Owens, M Mcgee, T M Boland, P OkielyAbstract:: The objectives of this study were to determine the relative effect of feeding corn Silage (CS), fermented whole-crop wheat (FWCW), and urea-treated processed whole-crop wheat (UPWCW) compared with Grass Silage (GS), each supplemented with concentrates, on forage intake, ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, some plasma metabolites, and ruminal and total tract digestibility in cattle. Four ruminally fistulated steers with a mean BW of 509 kg (SD 6.3) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square-designed experiment with each period lasting 21 d. The omasal sampling technique in combination with a triple marker method was used to measure nutrient flows to the omasum with Co-EDTA, Yb acetate, and indigestible NDF as liquid, small particle, and large particle phase markers, respectively. Microbial N flow was assessed from purine base concentrations. Steers fed CS, FWCW, and UPWCW consumed 2.7, 2.4, and 2.6 kg/d more (P or = 0.06). Total tract NDF digestibility was less (P < 0.05) for UPWCW than the other forages, with GS being greatest and CS and FWCW being intermediate. Starch intake was less (P < 0.001) for GS than the other forages, but there was no effect of forage on omasal starch flow (P = 0.23) or ruminal digestibility (P = 0.88). Flow of non-NH(3)-N and microbial N was greater (P < 0.05) for CS, FWCW, and UPWCW than GS. Efficiency of microbial N synthesis was greater (P < 0.05) for FWCW than GS and CS, with UPWCW being intermediate. Plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were greatest with CS and least for GS (P < 0.001), whereas concentrations of plasma urea were least for CS and greatest for UPWCW (P < 0.001). In conclusion, feeding alternative forages to GS can significantly increase feed DMI and alter rumen fermentation and site of nutrient digestion when offered to cattle supplemented with 3 kg of concentrate daily.
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fungal contamination of big bale Grass Silage on irish farms predominant mould and yeast species and features of bales and Silage
Grass and Forage Science, 2008Co-Authors: P Okiely, Marti Obrie, P D Forristal, Hube T FulleAbstract:The extent of visible fungal growth and the identity of the predominant fungi causing spoilage of baled Grass Silage were recorded on 180 farms in Ireland. Fungal growth was evident on bales on 174 of the 180 farms visited and on 331 of the 360 bales examined. The mean proportion of surface area of bale, that was affected, was 0·06. Silage-making method, storage characteristics and geographical location were significantly associated with the level of fungal contamination on bales. Fungal contamination was higher (P < 0·001) in bales where the surrounding polythene stretch-film was visibly damaged compared with bales where the film appeared intact. A strong positive relationship was found between polythene film damage and dry-matter content of the Silage. The predominant fungus affecting the largest numbers of bales was Penicillium roqueforti. Other fungi frequently isolated included Schizophyllum commune, Pichia fermentans and Penicillium paneum. The distribution of individual fungi on bales was associated with geographical location, weather at harvest, and lactic and butyric acid concentrations of the Silage. Penicillium roqueforti and P. paneum were more common on bales harvested in dry weather and with higher concentrations of butyric and propionic acids in the Silage. Overall, a high incidence of visible fungal growth was recorded on bales throughout the country and the extent of colonization and fungal species occurring were not random.
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mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites produced in vitro by penicillium paneum frisvad and penicillium roqueforti thom isolated from baled Grass Silage in ireland
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006Co-Authors: Marti Obrie, P Okiely, P D Forristal, Hube T Fulle, Kristian Fog Nielse, Jens Christia FrisvadAbstract:Secondary metabolites produced by Penicillium paneum and Penicillium roqueforti from baled Grass Silage were analyzed. A total of 157 isolates were investigated, comprising 78 P. paneum and 79 P. roqueforti isolates randomly selected from more than 900 colonies cultured from bales. The findings mostly agreed with the literature, although some metabolites were not consistently produced by either fungus. Roquefortine C, marcfortine A, and andrastin A were consistently produced, whereas PR toxin and patulin were not. Five Silage samples were screened for fungal metabolites, with two visually moldy samples containing up to 20 mg/kg of roquefortine C, mycophenolic acid, and andrastin A along with minor quantities (0.1-5 mg/kg) of roquefortines A, B, and D, festuclavine, marcfortine A, and agroclavine. Three visually nonmoldy samples contained low amounts of mycophenolic acid and andrastin A. The ability of both molds to produce a diverse range of secondary metabolites in vitro and in Silage should be a concern to livestock producers.
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alteration of the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition of beef by substitution of Grass Silage with maize Silage
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2005Co-Authors: Ojlul Aha, F J Monaha, Aida P Moloney, P Okiely, C M Scrimgeou, Olaf SchmidAbstract:This study investigated the effect of substituting Grass Silage (C3 photosynthetic plant product) with maize Silage (C4 photosynthetic plant product) on the natural abundance carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope composition of bovine muscle tissue. Forty-five continental crossbred heifers were assigned to one of three diets consisting of 3 kg of a barley-based concentrate plus Grass Silage, maize Silage or an equal mixture (dry matter basis) of Grass Silage and maize Silage, fed ad libitum, for 167 days. Substitution resulted in less negative δ13C values (P < 0.001) in lipid-free muscle and in lipid, and also a lower δ15N (P < 0.001) in lipid-free muscle. Feeding of maize Silage was clearly reflected in the δ13C of muscle, with each 10% difference in the dietary C4 carbon intake resulting in a 0.9 to 1.0‰ shift of δ13C in lipid-free muscle and a 1.0 to 1.2‰ in lipid. Minimum detectable mean differences (95% confidence, power 0.80, n = 15) in this experiment were about 0.5‰ and 1.0‰ for δ13C of lipid-free muscle and lipid, respectively, and about 0.5‰ for δ15N of lipid-free muscle. The power analysis presented here is useful for estimating minimum isotopic differences that can be detected between any two groups of beef samples with a given number of replicates. It is concluded that carbon stable isotope ratio analysis of meat can be used to quantify C3/C4 dietary constituents in beef production. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aida P Moloney - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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quality indices and sensory attributes of beef from steers offered Grass Silage and a concentrate supplemented with dried citrus pulp
Meat Science, 2020Co-Authors: Aida P Moloney, M Mcgee, Saheed A Salami, M N Ogrady, Giuseppe Luciano, A Priolo, Joseph P KerryAbstract:Abstract This study investigated the quality composition, oxidative stability and sensory attributes of beef (longissimus thoracis, LT) from steers offered Grass Silage and a concentrate supplement in which barley was replaced by 40% and 80% (as-fed basis) of dried citrus pulp (DCP). Dietary treatment did not influence the antioxidant status (α-tocopherol and total phenolic contents) and activities of LT (radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power and iron chelating activity). Feeding DCP significantly increased the proportion of conjugated linoleic acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in beef. Lipid and colour stability of fresh beef patties stored in modified atmosphere packs (MAP) were unaffected by dietary treatment but feeding 40% DCP reduced (P
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fatty acid volatile and sensory characteristics of beef as affected by Grass Silage or pasture in the bovine diet
Food Chemistry, 2017Co-Authors: G Mezgebo, F J Monaha, E G Oriorda, M Mcgee, Ia Richardso, Nigel P Unto, Aida P MoloneyAbstract:Fatty acids, volatile compounds and sensory attributes of beef from bulls fed concentrates to slaughter (C), Grass Silage for 120days (GS) followed by C (GSC), or GS followed by 100days at pasture and then C (GSPC), and slaughtered at 3 target carcass weights, were determined. Total intramuscular fat (IMF) was lower for GSPC than for GSC and C. C18:3n-3 concentration and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) to saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio were higher and C18:2n-6 and monounsaturated fatty acid concentrations and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio lower for GSPC than C. C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1c9 increased with carcass weight when expressed quantitatively, but not when expressed proportionately. Hexanal concentration was higher and 2-methyl-1-butanol and toluene lower for C and GSC than for GSPC. Overall liking was negatively correlated with C20:5n-3 and PUFA/SFA ratio, but differences in sensory attributes (tenderness, flavour liking, overall liking) were most strongly correlated with IMF.
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alteration of the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition of beef by substitution of Grass Silage with maize Silage
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2005Co-Authors: Ojlul Aha, F J Monaha, Aida P Moloney, P Okiely, C M Scrimgeou, Olaf SchmidAbstract:This study investigated the effect of substituting Grass Silage (C3 photosynthetic plant product) with maize Silage (C4 photosynthetic plant product) on the natural abundance carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope composition of bovine muscle tissue. Forty-five continental crossbred heifers were assigned to one of three diets consisting of 3 kg of a barley-based concentrate plus Grass Silage, maize Silage or an equal mixture (dry matter basis) of Grass Silage and maize Silage, fed ad libitum, for 167 days. Substitution resulted in less negative δ13C values (P < 0.001) in lipid-free muscle and in lipid, and also a lower δ15N (P < 0.001) in lipid-free muscle. Feeding of maize Silage was clearly reflected in the δ13C of muscle, with each 10% difference in the dietary C4 carbon intake resulting in a 0.9 to 1.0‰ shift of δ13C in lipid-free muscle and a 1.0 to 1.2‰ in lipid. Minimum detectable mean differences (95% confidence, power 0.80, n = 15) in this experiment were about 0.5‰ and 1.0‰ for δ13C of lipid-free muscle and lipid, respectively, and about 0.5‰ for δ15N of lipid-free muscle. The power analysis presented here is useful for estimating minimum isotopic differences that can be detected between any two groups of beef samples with a given number of replicates. It is concluded that carbon stable isotope ratio analysis of meat can be used to quantify C3/C4 dietary constituents in beef production. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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fatty acid composition including conjugated linoleic acid of intramuscular fat from steers offered grazed Grass Grass Silage or concentrate based diets
Journal of Animal Science, 2000Co-Authors: P French, F J Monaha, E G Oriorda, P J Caffrey, Catherine Stanto, F Lawless, Aida P MoloneyAbstract:The effects of grazed Grass, Grass Silage, or concentrates on fatty acid composition and conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11-18:2; CLA) concentrations of i.m. fat of steers fed to achieve similar carcass growth rates were investigated. Fifty steers were divided into 10 blocks based on body weight and assigned at random from within blocks to one of five dietary treatments. The experimental rations offered daily for 85 d preceding slaughter were 1) Grass Silage for ad libitum intake plus 4 kg of concentrate, 2) 8 kg of concentrate plus 1 kg of hay, 3) 6 kg of grazed Grass DM plus 5 kg of concentrate, 4) 12 kg of grazed Grass DM plus 2.5 kg concentrate, or 5) 22 kg of grazed Grass DM. The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in i.m. fat was higher (P < .05) for steers offered ration 5 than for those given any other ration. Decreasing the proportion of concentrate in the diet, which effectively increased Grass intake, caused a linear decrease in the concentration of i.m. saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P < .01) and in the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (P < .001) and a linear increase in the PUFA:SFA ratio (P < .01) and the conjugated linoleic acid concentration (P < .001). The data indicate that i.m. fatty acid composition of beef can be improved from a human health perspective by inclusion of Grass in the diet.
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meat quality of steers finished on autumn Grass Grass Silage or concentrate based diets
Meat Science, 2000Co-Authors: P French, F J Monaha, E G Oriorda, P J Caffrey, M Vidal, M T Mooney, D J Troy, Aida P MoloneyAbstract:The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of varying the proportions of autumn Grass and concentrates and Grass Silage and concentrates on the quality of meat from cattle with similar rates of carcass growth. Fifty continental crossbred steers were assigned to five treatments. The experimental diets offered were (1) Grass Silage ad libitum plus 4 kg concentrate (SC), (2) 1 kg hay plus 8 kg concentrate (CO), (3) 6 kg Grass dry matter (DM) plus 5 kg concentrate (CG), (4) 12 kg Grass DM plus 2.5 kg concentrate (GC) and (5) 22 kg Grass DM (GO). The experiment lasted 85 days after which all animals were slaughtered. The right side m. longissmus dorsi was excised from all animals 24 h post slaughter for assessment of meat quality. Treatments SC and CO resulted in animals with whiter (P<0.05) subcutaneous and kidney/channel fat than all other treatments. There was an interaction (P<0.05) between ageing time and treatment with treatment GC having higher (P<0.05) tenderness, texture and acceptability values after 2 days ageing, but not after 7 or 14 days ageing. It is concluded that supplementing Grass with low levels of concentrate produced the most tender and acceptable meat at 2 days post mortem, but that further ageing eliminated all treatment effects on eating quality of beef.
