The Experts below are selected from a list of 36588 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Yoav Gilad - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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seasonal variation in human Gut Microbiome composition
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Emily R. Davenport, Katelyn Michelini, Luis B Barreiro, Orna Mizrahiman, Carole Ober, Yoav GiladAbstract:The composition of the human Gut Microbiome is influenced by many environmental factors. Diet is thought to be one of the most important determinants, though we have limited understanding of the extent to which dietary fluctuations alter variation in the Gut Microbiome between individuals. In this study, we examined variation in Gut Microbiome composition between winter and summer over the course of one year in 60 members of a founder population, the Hutterites. Because of their communal lifestyle, Hutterite diets are similar across individuals and remarkably stable throughout the year, with the exception that fresh produce is primarily served during the summer and autumn months. Our data indicate that despite overall Gut Microbiome stability within individuals over time, there are consistent and significant population-wide shifts in Microbiome composition across seasons. We found seasonal differences in both (i) the abundance of particular taxa (false discovery rate <0.05), including highly abundant phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and (ii) overall Gut Microbiome diversity (by Shannon diversity; P = 0.001). It is likely that the dietary fluctuations between seasons with respect to produce availability explain, at least in part, these differences in Microbiome composition. For example, high levels of produce containing complex carbohydrates consumed during the summer months might explain increased abundance of Bacteroidetes, which contain complex carbohydrate digesters, and decreased levels of Actinobacteria, which have been negatively correlated to fiber content in food questionnaires. Our observations demonstrate the plastic nature of the human Gut Microbiome in response to variation in diet.
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Seasonal variation in human Gut Microbiome composition
PLoS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Emily R. Davenport, Orna Mizrahi-man, Katelyn Michelini, Christopher Ober, Luis B Barreiro, Yoav GiladAbstract:The composition of the human Gut Microbiome is influenced by many environmental factors. Diet is thought to be one of the most important determinants, though we have limited understanding of the extent to which dietary fluctuations alter variation in the Gut Microbiome between individuals. In this study, we examined variation in Gut Microbiome composition between winter and summer over the course of one year in 60 members of a founder population, the Hutterites. Because of their communal lifestyle, Hutterite diets are similar across individuals and remarkably stable throughout the year, with the exception that fresh produce is primarily served during the summer and autumn months. Our data indicate that despite overall Gut Microbiome stability within individuals over time, there are consistent and significant population-wide shifts in Microbiome composition across seasons. We found seasonal differences in both (i) the abundance of particular taxa (false discovery rate
Gerard Dijkstra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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proton pump inhibitors affect the Gut Microbiome
Gut, 2016Co-Authors: Floris Imhann, Arnau Vich Vila, Hermie J. M. Harmsen, Marc Jan Bonder, Zlatan Mujagic, Lisa Vork, Ettje F Tigchelaar, Soesma A Jankipersadsing, Maria Carmen Cenit, Gerard DijkstraAbstract:Background and aims Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the top 10 most widely used drugs in the world. PPI use has been associated with an increased risk of enteric infections, most notably Clostridium difficile. The Gut Microbiome plays an important role in enteric infections, by resisting or promoting colonisation by pathogens. In this study, we investigated the influence of PPI use on the Gut Microbiome. Methods The Gut Microbiome composition of 1815 individuals, spanning three cohorts, was assessed by tag sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The difference in microbiota composition in PPI users versus non-users was analysed separately in each cohort, followed by a meta-analysis. Results 211 of the participants were using PPIs at the moment of stool sampling. PPI use is associated with a significant decrease in Shannon9s diversity and with changes in 20% of the bacterial taxa (false discovery rate Rothia (p=9.8×10 −38 ). In PPI users we observed a significant increase in bacteria: genera Enterococcus , Streptococcus , Staphylococcus and the potentially pathogenic species Escherichia coli . Conclusions The differences between PPI users and non-users observed in this study are consistently associated with changes towards a less healthy Gut Microbiome. These differences are in line with known changes that predispose to C. difficile infections and can potentially explain the increased risk of enteric infections in PPI users. On a population level, the effects of PPI are more prominent than the effects of antibiotics or other commonly used drugs.
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proton pump inhibitors affect the Gut Microbiome
Gut, 2016Co-Authors: Floris Imha, Arnau Vich Vila, Zlatan Mujagic, Lisa Vork, Soesma A Jankipersadsing, Marc Ja Onde, Ettje F Tigchelaa, Maria Carme Ceni, Hermie J M Harmse, Gerard DijkstraAbstract:BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the top 10 most widely used drugs in the world. PPI use has been associated with an increased risk of enteric infections, most notably Clostridium difficile. The Gut Microbiome plays an important role in enteric infections, by resisting or promoting colonisation by pathogens. In this study, we investigated the influence of PPI use on the Gut Microbiome. METHODS: The Gut Microbiome composition of 1815 individuals, spanning three cohorts, was assessed by tag sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The difference in microbiota composition in PPI users versus non-users was analysed separately in each cohort, followed by a meta-analysis. RESULTS: 211 of the participants were using PPIs at the moment of stool sampling. PPI use is associated with a significant decrease in Shannon's diversity and with changes in 20% of the bacterial taxa (false discovery rate <0.05). Multiple oral bacteria were over-represented in the faecal Microbiome of PPI-users, including the genus Rothia (p=9.8×10(-38)). In PPI users we observed a significant increase in bacteria: genera Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and the potentially pathogenic species Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS: The differences between PPI users and non-users observed in this study are consistently associated with changes towards a less healthy Gut Microbiome. These differences are in line with known changes that predispose to C. difficile infections and can potentially explain the increased risk of enteric infections in PPI users. On a population level, the effects of PPI are more prominent than the effects of antibiotics or other commonly used drugs.
Rob Knight - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Gut Microbiome of nonhuman primates: Lessons in ecology and evolution.
American journal of primatology, 2018Co-Authors: Jonathan B. Clayton, Rob Knight, Andres Gomez, Ran Blekhman, Katherine R. Amato, Dan Knights, Dominic A. Travis, Steven R. Leigh, Rebecca M. Stumpf, Tiffany M. WolfAbstract:The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract is home to trillions of bacteria that play a substantial role in host metabolism and immunity. While progress has been made in understanding the role that microbial communities play in human health and disease, much less attention has been given to host-associated Microbiomes in nonhuman primates (NHPs). Here we review past and current research exploring the Gut Microbiome of NHPs. First, we summarize methods for characterization of the NHP Gut Microbiome. Then we discuss variation in Gut Microbiome composition and function across different NHP taxa. Finally, we highlight how studying the Gut Microbiome offers new insights into primate nutrition, physiology, and immune system function, as well as enhances our understanding of primate ecology and evolution. Microbiome approaches are useful tools for studying relevant issues in primate ecology. Further study of the Gut Microbiome of NHPs will offer new insight into primate ecology and evolution as well as human health.
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Dietary effects on human Gut Microbiome diversity.
The British journal of nutrition, 2014Co-Authors: Rob KnightAbstract:The human Gut harbours diverse and abundant microbes, forming a complex ecological system that interacts with host and environmental factors. In this article, we summarise recent advances in Microbiome studies across both Western and non-Western populations, either in cross-sectional or longitudinal surveys, and over various age groups, revealing a considerable diversity and variability in the human Gut Microbiome. Of all the exogenous factors affecting Gut Microbiome, a long-term diet appears to have the largest effect to date. Recent research on the effects of dietary interventions has shown that the Gut Microbiome can change dramatically with diet; however, the Gut Microbiome is generally resilient, and short-term dietary intervention is not typically successful in treating obesity and malnutrition. Understanding the dynamics of the Gut Microbiome under different conditions will help us diagnose and treat many diseases that are now known to be associated with microbial communities.
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human genetics shape the Gut Microbiome
Cell, 2014Co-Authors: Julia K Goodrich, Rob Knight, Jillian L Waters, Angela C Poole, Jessica L Sutter, Omry Koren, Ran Blekhman, Michelle Beaumont, Will Van TreurenAbstract:Summary Host genetics and the Gut Microbiome can both influence metabolic phenotypes. However, whether host genetic variation shapes the Gut Microbiome and interacts with it to affect host phenotype is unclear. Here, we compared microbiotas across >1,000 fecal samples obtained from the TwinsUK population, including 416 twin pairs. We identified many microbial taxa whose abundances were influenced by host genetics. The most heritable taxon, the family Christensenellaceae, formed a co-occurrence network with other heritable Bacteria and with methanogenic Archaea. Furthermore, Christensenellaceae and its partners were enriched in individuals with low body mass index (BMI). An obese-associated Microbiome was amended with Christensenella minuta , a cultured member of the Christensenellaceae, and transplanted to germ-free mice. C. minuta amendment reduced weight gain and altered the Microbiome of recipient mice. Our findings indicate that host genetics influence the composition of the human Gut Microbiome and can do so in ways that impact host metabolism.
Emily R. Davenport - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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seasonal variation in human Gut Microbiome composition
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Emily R. Davenport, Katelyn Michelini, Luis B Barreiro, Orna Mizrahiman, Carole Ober, Yoav GiladAbstract:The composition of the human Gut Microbiome is influenced by many environmental factors. Diet is thought to be one of the most important determinants, though we have limited understanding of the extent to which dietary fluctuations alter variation in the Gut Microbiome between individuals. In this study, we examined variation in Gut Microbiome composition between winter and summer over the course of one year in 60 members of a founder population, the Hutterites. Because of their communal lifestyle, Hutterite diets are similar across individuals and remarkably stable throughout the year, with the exception that fresh produce is primarily served during the summer and autumn months. Our data indicate that despite overall Gut Microbiome stability within individuals over time, there are consistent and significant population-wide shifts in Microbiome composition across seasons. We found seasonal differences in both (i) the abundance of particular taxa (false discovery rate <0.05), including highly abundant phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and (ii) overall Gut Microbiome diversity (by Shannon diversity; P = 0.001). It is likely that the dietary fluctuations between seasons with respect to produce availability explain, at least in part, these differences in Microbiome composition. For example, high levels of produce containing complex carbohydrates consumed during the summer months might explain increased abundance of Bacteroidetes, which contain complex carbohydrate digesters, and decreased levels of Actinobacteria, which have been negatively correlated to fiber content in food questionnaires. Our observations demonstrate the plastic nature of the human Gut Microbiome in response to variation in diet.
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Seasonal variation in human Gut Microbiome composition
PLoS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Emily R. Davenport, Orna Mizrahi-man, Katelyn Michelini, Christopher Ober, Luis B Barreiro, Yoav GiladAbstract:The composition of the human Gut Microbiome is influenced by many environmental factors. Diet is thought to be one of the most important determinants, though we have limited understanding of the extent to which dietary fluctuations alter variation in the Gut Microbiome between individuals. In this study, we examined variation in Gut Microbiome composition between winter and summer over the course of one year in 60 members of a founder population, the Hutterites. Because of their communal lifestyle, Hutterite diets are similar across individuals and remarkably stable throughout the year, with the exception that fresh produce is primarily served during the summer and autumn months. Our data indicate that despite overall Gut Microbiome stability within individuals over time, there are consistent and significant population-wide shifts in Microbiome composition across seasons. We found seasonal differences in both (i) the abundance of particular taxa (false discovery rate
Lloyd H. Kasper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Gut Microbiome and Multiple Sclerosis
Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 2018Co-Authors: Javier Ochoa-repáraz, Trevor O. Kirby, Lloyd H. KasperAbstract:The Microbiome can be defined as the sum of the microbial and host's genome. Recent information regarding this complex organ suggests that in animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), the composition of the Gut Microbiome can be altered, giving rise to both the effector and regulatory phases of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination. Experimental findings during the past decade in animal models of MS have provided clear evidence for the significant role of Gut microbes in both the effector and regulatory phase of this condition. There is mounting evidence in preliminary human studies suggesting that a dysbiotic MS Gut Microbiome could affect disease progression. We propose considering the Gut Microbiome as a key organ for the regulation of tolerance mechanisms and speculate that the Gut Microbiome is the major environmental risk factor for CNS demyelinating disease. Accordingly, we hypothesize that intervention of the Gut Microbiome could result in safer novel therapeutic strategies to treat MS.
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The Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis
Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 2015Co-Authors: Daniel W. Mielcarz, Lloyd H. KasperAbstract:The Gut Microbiome is made up of a wide range of (chiefly) bacterial species that colonize the small and large intestine. The human Gut Microbiome contains a subset of thousands of bacterial species, with up to 10^14 total bacteria. Studies examining this bacterial content have shown wide variations in which species are present between individuals. The Gut Microbiome has been shown to have profound effects on the development and maintenance of immune system in both animal models and in humans. A growing body of evidence has implicated the human Gut Microbiome in a range of disorders, including obesity, inflammatory bowel diseases, and cardiovascular disease. Animal studies present compelling evidence that the Gut Microbiome plays a significant role in the progression of demyelinating disease, and that modulation of the Microbiome can lead to either exacerbation or amelioration of symptoms. Differences in diet, vitamin D insufficiency, smoking, and alcohol use have all been implicated as risk factors in MS, and all have the ability to affect the composition of the Gut microbiota. Preliminary clinical trials aimed at modulating the Gut microbiota in MS patients are underway and may prove to be a promising and lower-risk treatment option in the future.