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Philip Darbyshire - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nursing Heroism in the 21st century
BMC nursing, 2011Co-Authors: Philip DarbyshireAbstract:Background: The Vivian Bullwinkel Oration honours the life and work of an extraordinary nurse. Given her story and that of her World War II colleagues, the topic of nursing Heroism in the 21 st century could not be more germane. Discussion: Is Heroism a legitimate part of nursing, or are nurses simply ‘just doing their job’ even when facing extreme personal danger? In this paper I explore the place and relevance of Heroism in contemporary nursing. I propose that nursing Heroism deserves a broader appreciation and that within the term lie many hidden, ‘unsung’ or ‘unrecorded’ Heroisms. I also challenge the critiques of Heroism that would condemn it as part of a ‘militarisation’ of nursing. Finally, I argue that nursing needs to be more open in celebrating our heroes and the transformative power of nursing achievements. Summary: The language of Heroism may sound quaint by 21 st Century standards but nursing Heroism is alive and well in the best of our contemporary nursing ethos and practice.
Alice H. Eagly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Is His Heroism Hailed and Hers Hidden? Women, Men, and The Social Construction of Heroism:
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2008Co-Authors: Lindsay E. Rankin, Alice H. EaglyAbstract:Two studies examined how the social construction of Heroism affects the representation of women and men as heroes. In the first study, community participants defined Heroism or identified heroes. A...
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Comparing the Heroism of women and men.
The American psychologist, 2005Co-Authors: Alice H. Eagly, Selwyn W. BeckerAbstract:This article presents comments on "Definitions and Omissions of Heroism" by Jeffery W. Martens which is a comment on the original article "The Heroism of Women and Men" by Selwyn W. Becker and Alice H. Eagly. Becker and Eagly welcome the opportunity to discuss the questions about defining Heroism that Martens raised in his comment on their article. One of his questions is whether our operational definition of Heroism is consistent with our conceptual definition. Conceptually, we defined Heroism as voluntarily risking physical injury or death in the service of one or more other people. Operationally, we examined archival data from real-life situations in which people voluntarily assumed such risks in the service of others. To reach our goal of comparing heroic behavior in women and men, we obtained archival data only from settings populated by both sexes. The second reason that we eliminated Heroism in paid occupational roles is that our specific purpose of studying whether women as well as men behave heroically made it illogical to include these roles. The authors also state they did not study heroes who pursued ideas and causes because it was difficult to study both sexes equally within prominent leadership roles. They also discuss stereotypes, social constructs of Heroism as well as future research that would further our knowledge. Language: en
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The Heroism of women and men.
The American psychologist, 2004Co-Authors: Selwyn W. Becker, Alice H. EaglyAbstract:Heroism consists of actions undertaken to help others, despite the possibility that they may result in the helper's death or injury. The authors examine Heroism by women and men in 2 extremely dangerous settings: the emergency situations in which Carnegie medalists rescued others and the holocaust in which some non-Jews risked their lives to rescue Jews. The authors also consider 3 risky but less dangerous prosocial actions: living kidney donations, volunteering for the Peace Corps, and volunteering for Doctors of the World. Although the Carnegie medalists were disproportionately men, the other actions yielded representations of women that were at least equal to and in most cases higher than those of men. These findings have important implications for the psychology of Heroism and of gender.
Wei Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Total Heroism: Reinterpreting Sartre's Morts sans sépulture (The Victors) for the Chinese Stage
Theatre Research International, 2019Co-Authors: Wei ZhangAbstract:Zha Mingzhe's 1997 production of Sartre's Morts sans sépulture takes bold creative license in the form of retooled dialogues; hard-edged stage design; moody, ironic music; and the brutal acoustic ‘facsimile’ of torture to reimagine the play for Chinese audiences. Zha's production is neither an exuberant celebration of ‘Heroism’ as the term is conventionally understood, nor a parable-like play given to ‘philosophizing’ the core tenets of Sartre's existentialism. Rather, it is a full-scale, in-your-face presentation of ‘total Heroism’: Heroism that is flawed, falling far short of the kind of Heroism idealized in the annals or mythologies of the so-called ‘red classics’, but it is Heroism nonetheless. It is an interrogation, in the fullest sense of the term, of the ‘essence’ of being tested in the crucible of ferocious tortures, and a ‘cruel’ antidote much needed to shock the numbed nerves of the body politic.
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Total Heroism: Reinterpreting Sartre's Morts sans sépulture ( The Victors ) for the Chinese Stage
Theatre Research International, 2019Co-Authors: Wei ZhangAbstract:Zha Mingzhe's 1997 production of Sartre's Morts sans sepulture takes bold creative license in the form of retooled dialogues; hard-edged stage design; moody, ironic music; and the brutal acoustic ‘facsimile’ of torture to reimagine the play for Chinese audiences. Zha's production is neither an exuberant celebration of ‘Heroism’ as the term is conventionally understood, nor a parable-like play given to ‘philosophizing’ the core tenets of Sartre's existentialism. Rather, it is a full-scale, in-your-face presentation of ‘total Heroism’: Heroism that is flawed, falling far short of the kind of Heroism idealized in the annals or mythologies of the so-called ‘red classics’, but it is Heroism nonetheless. It is an interrogation, in the fullest sense of the term, of the ‘essence’ of being tested in the crucible of ferocious tortures, and a ‘cruel’ antidote much needed to shock the numbed nerves of the body politic.
John Orbell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ancestral War and the Evolutionary Origins of Heroism
The Journal of Politics, 2007Co-Authors: Oleg Smirnov, Holly Arrow, Douglas J. Kennett, John OrbellAbstract:Primatological and archeological evidence along with anthropological accounts of hunter-gatherer societies indicate that lethal between-group violence may have been sufficiently frequent during our ancestral past to have shaped our evolved behavioral repertoire. Two simulations explore the possibility that Heroism (risking one's life fighting for the group) evolved as a specialized form of altruism in response to war. We show that war selects strongly for Heroism but only weakly for a domain-general altruistic propensity that promotes both Heroism and other privately costly, group-benefiting behaviors. A complementary analytical model shows that domain-specific Heroism should evolve more readily when groups are small and mortality in defeated groups is high, features that are plausibly characteristic of our collective ancestral past.
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'Heroism' in Warfare
2006Co-Authors: Oleg Smirnov, Holly Arrow, Doug Kennet, John OrbellAbstract:The willingness of people to risk their lives fighting on behalf of their nation (which we call Heroism) is a background assumption in the study of war, thus of international relations, but also an evolutionary puzzle. We use two computer simulations to explore the possibility that Heroism could have evolved as a domain specific form of altruism, selected through humans’ ancient past as a consequence of warfare. In the first, “altruism” is modeled as a generalized disposition that promotes both Heroism and other, non-military, forms of group-benefiting behaviors—which we call communitarianism. In the second, Heroism and communitarianism are modeled as domain specific dispositions free to evolve independently. Warfare promotes weak selection on generalized altruism, somewhat stronger selection on communitarianism, and substantial selection on Heroism. Heroism evolves more readily when groups are small and relatively equal in size. However, the level of evolved Heroism is unaffected by whether war is rare or common. An analytic model indicates that Heroism should evolve to higher levels when the rate of casualties in defeated groups is high. Our results suggest why special purpose modes of altruism might evolve more readily than a generalized propensity for altruistic behavior. When Homer asks in the Iliad “What god drove them to fight with such a fury?” he was posing a question that remains problematic three thousand years later: What makes soldiers willing to fight at great personal risk for their polis, their tribe, their ethnic group, or their country? There is no doubt that soldiers often do fight in this manner. In spectacular cases, of course, they have invited almost certain death by, for example, throwing themselves on grenades in order to save their comrades, but the history of warfare is, in large part, the history of ordinary men (and, in recent times, women) who willingly confronted the risk of death when fighting for their tribe, country, or other group. In the present paper we call this behavior “Heroism.” Heroism is well recognized as a potential human behavior, but the existence of Heroism is most commonly treated as a background assumption in examining the nature of war. In this paper we address what we see as the central puzzle of Heroism: How could it have evolved? Most studies that address the puzzle of why people are willing to fight on behalf of a group have focused on “proximate” answers—emotional, cognitive or other mechanisms that prompt such behavior in the here and now. Thus, for example, loyalties to small groups of 1 Stories about such behavior are not apocryphal. According to Holmes (1985, p. 300), “Of the eight medals won by Marines on Peleliu in 1944, six were awarded to men who covered grenades with their bodies to save their comrades....” And, quoting a history of the US Marine Corps by Robert Moskin: “Five black Marines earned the Medal of Honor in Vietnam. All five were killed shielding their fellow Marines from exploding enemy grenades.” Not all who did this were actually killed; Holmes reports that two winners of the Medal of Honor in Korea survived having thrown themselves on grenades. Yet the risk of death from such action is, clearly, very high.
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‘Heroism’ in Warfare As a Functionally Specific Form of Altruism.
2006Co-Authors: Oleg Smirnov, Holly Arrow, John OrbellAbstract:We use two simulations to explore the possibility that Heroism (risking one’s life fighting for the group) evolved as a specialized form of altruism, selected as a result of warfare through humans’ ancient past. In the first simulation, altruism as a general disposition promotes all forms of altruistic behavior, including Heroism. In the second, Heroism and communitarianism (altruistic actions beyond warfare) are separate, domain-specific dispositions. Warfare selects weakly for altruism, more strongly for communitarianism, and substantially for Heroism. Heroism evolves more readily when groups are small and mortality in defeated groups is high—features plausibly characteristic of humans’ ancestral past.
Josef Oborný - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hermeneutics of (sport) Heroism
Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 2015Co-Authors: Ondřej Štaud, Josef ObornýAbstract:Staud, O., & Oborný, J. (2015). Hermeneutics of (sport) Heroism J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 9(Proc1), pp.S320S329. The work is based on an interpretation of Heroism and its specific forms in comparison with the possible Heroism of sports. The first part discusses the definition of Heroism and then we acquaint with selected concepts of Heroism (Campbell's conception, interpretation of literary myths, Christian Heroism, Carlyle’s interpretation of Heroism and Boorstin’s "Graphical Revolution"). The second part follows in critical perspectives of the possibility of sports Heroism (Zdebska, Jirasek, Robertson, Sheler, and Hyland). In the results appear the syntheses of these two parts, which appraise the possibilities of the athletes as heroes. We notice mainly the fact that the potential sports hero is missing many aspects of classical heroes. In addition of that, most of mentioned Critics claim that sporting events is out of real world and it is a sort of theater with no real ties to the world. Key words: HEROES, SPORT HEROES, INTERPRETATIONS