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Mary Marovich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Peter A. Newman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Development of an HIV Vaccine attitudes scale to predict HIV Vaccine acceptability among vulnerable populations: L.A. VOICES.
    Vaccine, 2014
    Co-Authors: Sung-jae Lee, Peter A. Newman, Naihua Duan, William E. Cunningham
    Abstract:

    a b s t r a c t Background: Decade-long delays in successful implementation of Hepatitis B Vaccines and ongoing obsta- cles in HPV Vaccine roll-out suggest the importance of an implementation science approach to prepare for the effective translation of future HIV Vaccines from clinical trials into routine practice. The objec- tive of this study was to test HIV Vaccine attitude items to develop reliable scales and to examine their association with HIV Vaccine acceptability. Methods: HIV Vaccine attitude items were assessed as part of the L.A. VOICES survey, a large-scale study conducted among underserved residents of Los Angeles, to identify factors that may influence HIV Vaccine acceptability. Participants (n = 1225) were randomly selected from public STD clinics, needle exchange sites and Latino community clinics using three-stage, venue-based time space sampling. Results: Exploratory factor analysis across 20 items revealed four distinct factors - mistrust, HIV Vaccine social concerns, risk compensation, and altruistic vaccination - with acceptable reliability coefficients for each subscale (Cronbach's ˛ range 0.61-0.84). We found no significant differences in reliability by gender or by Vaccine acceptability. Risk compensation (odds ratio (OR) = 1.49; 95% CI = (1.18, 1.89); p = 0.001) and altruistic vaccination (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = (1.14, 1.71); p = 0.001) were significantly and positively associated with HIV Vaccine acceptability. Conclusions: We identified four HIV Vaccine attitude scales with sound internal reliability parameters. In the aftermath of the first candidate Vaccine to demonstrate efficacy against HIV infection, these scales may be helpful in bridging expectable research-to-practice gaps in future HIV Vaccine dissemination among populations at risk. As HIV Vaccine trials progress in the United States and globally, these measures also may be useful as a tool to assess and facilitate effective responses to community concerns about HIV Vaccine trials and to target interventions to support recruitment and mitigate risk compensation. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • The Marginal Willingness-to-Pay for Attributes of a Hypothetical HIV Vaccine
    Vaccine, 2013
    Co-Authors: Michael P. Cameron, Peter A. Newman, Surachet Roungprakhon, Riccardo Scarpa
    Abstract:

    This paper estimates the marginal willingness-to-pay for attributes of a hypothetical HIV Vaccine using discrete choice modeling. We use primary data from 326 respondents from Bangkok and Chiang Mai, Thailand, in 2008-2009, selected using purposive, venue-based sampling across two strata. Participants completed a structured questionnaire and full rank discrete choice modelling task administered using computer-assisted personal interviewing. The choice experiment was used to rank eight hypothetical HIV Vaccine scenarios, with each scenario comprising seven attributes (including cost) each of which had two levels. The data were analyzed in two alternative specifications: (1) best-worst; and (2) full-rank, using logit likelihood functions estimated with custom routines in Gauss matrix programming language. Knowledge of the relative importance of determinants of HIV Vaccine acceptability is important to ensure the success of future vaccination programs. Future acceptability studies of hypothetical HIV Vaccines should use more finely-grained biomedical attributes, and could also improve the external validity of results by including more levels of the cost attribute.

  • A social Vaccine? Social and structural contexts of HIV Vaccine acceptability among most-at-risk populations in Thailand
    Global Public Health, 2012
    Co-Authors: Peter A. Newman, Surachet Roungprakhon, Suchon Tepjan, Rachael Walisser
    Abstract:

    Abstract A safe and efficacious preventive HIV Vaccine would be a tremendous asset for low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings, which bear the greatest global impact of AIDS. Nevertheless, substantial gaps between clinical trial efficacy and real-world effectiveness of already licensed Vaccines demonstrate that availability does not guarantee uptake. In order to advance an implementation science of HIV Vaccines centred on LMIC settings, we explored sociocultural and structural contexts of HIV Vaccine acceptability among most-at-risk populations in Thailand, the site of the largest HIV Vaccine trial ever conducted. Cross-cutting challenges for HIV Vaccine uptake – social stigma, discrimination in healthcare settings and out-of-pocket Vaccine cost – emerged in addition to population-specific barriers and opportunities. A ‘social Vaccine’ describes broad sociocultural and structural interventions – culturally relevant Vaccine promotion galvanised by communitarian norms, mitigating anti-gay, anti-injec...

  • HIV Vaccine acceptability: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    AIDS (London England), 2010
    Co-Authors: Peter A. Newman, Carmen H. Logie
    Abstract:

    Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the literature to examine HIV Vaccine acceptability and factors impacting acceptability of future HIV Vaccines. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of peer-reviewed articles that assessed HIV Vaccine acceptability. Methods: We used a comprehensive search strategy across multiple electronic databases to locate original quantitative or qualitative studies that examined rates or correlates of HIV Vaccine acceptability. We conducted meta-analysis on studies reporting correlates or predictors of HIV Vaccine acceptability. Results: Twenty studies (n=7576) reported HIV Vaccine acceptability ranging from 37.2 to 94.0 on a 100-point scale; weighted mean acceptability = 65.6 (SD=21.1). Eleven studies compared HIV Vaccine acceptability at high (80-95%) efficacy (mean = 73.8; SD = 9.2) versus moderate (50%) efficacy (mean = 40.4; SD=20.2). Among 13 studies (n=5023) included in meta-analysis, efficacy and non'risk group' membership had medium effect sizes, and pragmatic obstacles, cost, perceived susceptibility to HIV infection, side effects/safety concerns, fear of Vaccines, perceived Vaccine benefits, duration of protection, and ethnicity had small effect sizes on HIV Vaccine acceptability. Conclusion: Public health strategies to promote the benefits of partial efficacy HIV Vaccines and accurate HIV risk perceptions, and to dispel Vaccine fears, along with structural interventions to subsidize Vaccine costs and facilitate access, may increase future HIV Vaccine uptake and, in turn, the effectiveness of HIV Vaccines in controlling the epidemic.

  • Differences in HIV Vaccine acceptability between genders.
    AIDS care, 2008
    Co-Authors: Lisa Kakinami, Peter A. Newman, Sung-jae Lee, Naihua Duan
    Abstract:

    The development of safe and efficacious preventive HIV Vaccines offers the best long-term hope of controlling the AIDS pandemic. Nevertheless, suboptimal uptake of safe and efficacious Vaccines that already exist suggest that HIV Vaccine acceptability cannot be assumed, particularly among communities most vulnerable to HIV. The present study aimed to identify barriers and motivators to future HIV Vaccine acceptability among low socioeconomic, ethnically diverse men and women in Los Angeles County. Participants completed a cross-sectional survey assessing their attitudes and beliefs regarding future HIV Vaccines. Hypothetical HIV Vaccine scenarios were administered to determine HIV Vaccine acceptability. Two-sided t-tests were performed, stratified by gender, to examine the association between Vaccine acceptability and potential barriers and motivators. Barriers to HIV Vaccine acceptability differed between men and women. For women, barriers to HIV Vaccine acceptability were related to their intimate relationships (p

Punnee Pitisuttithum - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Naihua Duan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Development of an HIV Vaccine attitudes scale to predict HIV Vaccine acceptability among vulnerable populations: L.A. VOICES.
    Vaccine, 2014
    Co-Authors: Sung-jae Lee, Peter A. Newman, Naihua Duan, William E. Cunningham
    Abstract:

    a b s t r a c t Background: Decade-long delays in successful implementation of Hepatitis B Vaccines and ongoing obsta- cles in HPV Vaccine roll-out suggest the importance of an implementation science approach to prepare for the effective translation of future HIV Vaccines from clinical trials into routine practice. The objec- tive of this study was to test HIV Vaccine attitude items to develop reliable scales and to examine their association with HIV Vaccine acceptability. Methods: HIV Vaccine attitude items were assessed as part of the L.A. VOICES survey, a large-scale study conducted among underserved residents of Los Angeles, to identify factors that may influence HIV Vaccine acceptability. Participants (n = 1225) were randomly selected from public STD clinics, needle exchange sites and Latino community clinics using three-stage, venue-based time space sampling. Results: Exploratory factor analysis across 20 items revealed four distinct factors - mistrust, HIV Vaccine social concerns, risk compensation, and altruistic vaccination - with acceptable reliability coefficients for each subscale (Cronbach's ˛ range 0.61-0.84). We found no significant differences in reliability by gender or by Vaccine acceptability. Risk compensation (odds ratio (OR) = 1.49; 95% CI = (1.18, 1.89); p = 0.001) and altruistic vaccination (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = (1.14, 1.71); p = 0.001) were significantly and positively associated with HIV Vaccine acceptability. Conclusions: We identified four HIV Vaccine attitude scales with sound internal reliability parameters. In the aftermath of the first candidate Vaccine to demonstrate efficacy against HIV infection, these scales may be helpful in bridging expectable research-to-practice gaps in future HIV Vaccine dissemination among populations at risk. As HIV Vaccine trials progress in the United States and globally, these measures also may be useful as a tool to assess and facilitate effective responses to community concerns about HIV Vaccine trials and to target interventions to support recruitment and mitigate risk compensation. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • Differences in HIV Vaccine acceptability between genders.
    AIDS care, 2008
    Co-Authors: Lisa Kakinami, Peter A. Newman, Sung-jae Lee, Naihua Duan
    Abstract:

    The development of safe and efficacious preventive HIV Vaccines offers the best long-term hope of controlling the AIDS pandemic. Nevertheless, suboptimal uptake of safe and efficacious Vaccines that already exist suggest that HIV Vaccine acceptability cannot be assumed, particularly among communities most vulnerable to HIV. The present study aimed to identify barriers and motivators to future HIV Vaccine acceptability among low socioeconomic, ethnically diverse men and women in Los Angeles County. Participants completed a cross-sectional survey assessing their attitudes and beliefs regarding future HIV Vaccines. Hypothetical HIV Vaccine scenarios were administered to determine HIV Vaccine acceptability. Two-sided t-tests were performed, stratified by gender, to examine the association between Vaccine acceptability and potential barriers and motivators. Barriers to HIV Vaccine acceptability differed between men and women. For women, barriers to HIV Vaccine acceptability were related to their intimate relationships (p

  • What can HIV Vaccine trials teach us about future HIV Vaccine dissemination
    Vaccine, 2008
    Co-Authors: Peter A. Newman, Naihua Duan, Lisa Kakinami, Kathleen Johnston Roberts
    Abstract:

    This investigation explored commonalities and differences in barriers and motivators to HIV Vaccine trial participation and acceptability of future U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved HIV Vaccines in order to identify implications of clinical trials for future HIV Vaccine dissemination. Fifteen focus groups were conducted with 157 predominately ethnic minority and low income participants recruited using venue-based sampling in Los Angeles. Data were analyzed using narrative thematic analysis. Barriers and motivators in common across willingness to participate (WTP) in HIV Vaccine trials and future HIV Vaccine acceptability (e.g., concerns about Vaccine-induced infection, false-positives, side effects, efficacy, mistrust and stigma) suggest clinical trials present significant opportunities to develop and evaluate empirically based interventions to support future HIV Vaccine dissemination. Barriers specific to HIV Vaccine acceptability (e.g., concerns about duration of protection, cross-clade protection, cost and access) also indicate the need for formative research focused specifically on future dissemination. Protection motivation, common to WTP and acceptability, highlights the need to provide and evaluate prevention counseling and education in clinical trials, which may form the basis of evidence-informed preventive interventions to be launched in tandem with dissemination of partial efficacy HIV Vaccines.

  • A Small Dose of HIV? HIV Vaccine Mental Models and Risk Communication
    Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 2007
    Co-Authors: Peter A. Newman, Lisa Kakinami, Kathleen Johnston Roberts, Danielle S. Seiden, Naihua Duan
    Abstract:

    Existing knowledge and beliefs related to HIV Vaccines provide an important basis for the development of risk communication messages to support future HIV Vaccine dissemination. This study explored HIV Vaccine mental models among adults from segments of the population disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. Nine focus groups were conducted with participants (N = 99; median age = 33 years; 48% female; 22% African American, 44% Latino, and 28% white) recruited from needle exchange sites, public clinics, and gay community centers in Los Angeles. Data were analyzed using narrative thematic analysis and Ethnograph qualitative software. Mental models of HIV Vaccines included live virus, side effects, complete protection (100% efficacy, lifetime protection, reduced anxiety about HIV/AIDS), and "high-risk groups." HIV Vaccine risk communication to counter undue fears of Vaccine-induced infection and side effects and to mitigate exaggerated expectations of a "magic bullet" may be vital to the effectiveness of first-generation HIV Vaccines in controlling the AIDS epidemic.

  • HIV Vaccine trial participation among ethnic minority communities barriers motivators and implications for recruitment
    Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2006
    Co-Authors: Peter A. Newman, Naihua Duan, Kathleen Johnston Roberts, Ellen T. Rudy, Danielle Seiden, Dallas Swendeman, Svetlana Popova
    Abstract:

    Background: Underrepresentation of ethnic minority communities limits the generalizability of HIV Vaccine trial results. We explored perceived barriers and motivators regarding HIV Vaccine trial participation among low-socioeconomic ethnic minority respondents at risk for HIV Methods: Six focus group interviews were conducted using a semi structured interview guide. Participants (N = 58, mean age = 36 years. 37% female, and 56% Latino/a and 35% African American) were recruited using venue-based sampling in Los Angeles. Data were analyzed using narrative thematic analysis and Ethnograph qualitative software. Results: Perceived barriers to HIV Vaccine trial participation, in rank order, were (1) Vaccine-induced HIV infection, (2) physical side effects. (3) uncertainty about Vaccine efficacy, (4) uncertainty about other Vaccine characteristics, (5) mistrust, (6) low perceived HIV risk, (7) study demands, (8) stigma, and (9) Vaccine-induced HIV seropositivity. Motivators were (1) protection against HIV infection, (2) free insurance and/or medical care, (3) altruism, and (4) monetary incentives. Conclusions: Population-specific HIV Vaccine trial recruitment and implementation strategies should address trial risks from a family perspective, cultural gender norms, mistrust, low perceived HIV risk, the importance of African-American and Latino/a community participation in HIV Vaccine trials, and misconceptions about gaining protection against HIV infection. Increasing the cultural relevance of trial recruitment and implementation should facilitate the participation of Latinos/as and African Americans in HIV Vaccine trials.

Anthony S Fauci - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • toward an HIV Vaccine a scientific journey
    Science, 2015
    Co-Authors: Anthony S Fauci, Hilary D. Marston
    Abstract:

    In the face of a global pandemic, the search for an effective Vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains an urgent priority. From the first HIV Vaccine trials in the 1980s to the present, a tension has existed between the desire to move quickly to clinical trials to stem the spread of the epidemic and the view that research into HIV pathogenesis and host immunity were necessary predicates to and informative of Vaccine design. Those advocating the first strategy—an empirical (or inductive) approach—argued that in vitro and animal studies were poorly predictive of the human response to HIV infection and that the only way to gauge Vaccine efficacy was to test candidates in humans. Those advocating the second strategy—a theoretical (or deductive) approach—hoped to establish an understanding of the immune response to natural infection and to find ways to recapitulate and enhance that response through vaccination. Today, these approaches are coalescing into concomitant paths toward a safe and effective HIV Vaccine.

  • An HIV Vaccine--challenges and prospects.
    The New England Journal of Medicine, 2008
    Co-Authors: Margaret I. Johnston, Anthony S Fauci
    Abstract:

    An HIV Vaccine has thus far been elusive. Drs. Margaret Johnston and Anthony Fauci remain cautiously optimistic that a substantial increase in our understanding of HIV infection and disease will lead to creative ideas about how to design an effective HIV Vaccine. Dr. Anthony Fauci discusses the 30-year search for an HIV Vaccine, recent setbacks, and prospects for future success. Dr. Fauci is the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD.

  • An HIV Vaccine — Challenges and Prospects
    The New England journal of medicine, 2008
    Co-Authors: Margaret I. Johnston, Anthony S Fauci
    Abstract:

    An HIV Vaccine has thus far been elusive. Drs. Margaret Johnston and Anthony Fauci remain cautiously optimistic that a substantial increase in our understanding of HIV infection and disease will lead to creative ideas about how to design an effective HIV Vaccine. Dr. Anthony Fauci discusses the 30-year search for an HIV Vaccine, recent setbacks, and prospects for future success. Dr. Fauci is the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD.

  • HIV Vaccine research the way forward
    Science, 2008
    Co-Authors: Anthony S Fauci, Margaret I. Johnston, Carl W Dieffenbach, Dennis R Burton, Scott M Hammer, James A Hoxie, Malcolm A Martin, Julie Overbaugh, David I Watkins, Adel A F Mahmoud
    Abstract:

    The need to broaden research directed at answering fundamental questions in HIV Vaccine discovery through laboratory, nonhuman primate (NHP), and clinical research has recently been emphasized. In addition, the importance of attracting and retaining young researchers, developing better NHP models, and more closely linking NHP and clinical research is being stressed. In an era of a level budget for biomedical research at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), HIV/AIDS Vaccine research efforts will need to be carefully prioritized such that resources to energize HIV Vaccine discovery can be identified. This article summarizes progress and challenges in HIV Vaccine research, the priorities arising from a recent summit at NIAID, and the actions needed, some already under way, to address those priorities.

  • The need for a global HIV Vaccine enterprise. Policy forum.
    Science, 2003
    Co-Authors: Richard D. Klausner, Anthony S Fauci, Lawrence Corey, Gary J. Nabel, Helene D. Gayle
    Abstract:

    We propose a model that could achieve the goals of a more efficient and integrated HIV Vaccine research enterprise. We hope this Policy Forum helps open an international dialogue about options to achieve the goal of developing a safe and effective HIV Vaccine in the shortest time possible. (excerpt)