The Experts below are selected from a list of 2007 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Gerd Bohner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Predicting Sexual Harassment From Hostile Sexism and Short-Term Mating Orientation: Relative Strength of Predictors Depends on Situational Priming of Power Versus Sex.
Violence against women, 2016Co-Authors: Charlotte Diehl, Jonas Rees, Gerd BohnerAbstract:Previous research has shown that short-term mating orientation (STMO) and Hostile Sexism (HS) selectively predict different types of sexual harassment. In a priming experiment, we studied the situational malleability of those effects. Male participants could repeatedly send sexist jokes (gender harassment), harassing remarks (unwanted sexual attention), or nonharassing messages to a (computer-simulated) female target. Before entering the laboratory, participants were unobtrusively primed with the concepts of either sexuality or power. As hypothesized, sexuality priming strengthened the link between STMO and unwanted sexual attention, whereas power priming strengthened the link between HS and gender harassment. Practical implications are discussed.
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“She Deserved It” Effects of Sexism Norms, Type of Violence, and Victim’s Pre-Assault Behavior on Blame Attributions Toward Female Victims and Approval of the Aggressor’s Behavior
Violence against women, 2014Co-Authors: Sabrina Koepke, Friederike Anne Eyssel, Gerd BohnerAbstract:Effects of ambivalent Sexism, Sexism norms, victim behavior, and type of violence on male students' reactions to male violence against women in intimate relationships were examined. Participants judged a scenario depicting an act of sexual or non-sexual violence against a female partner who had either shown overtly sexual or non-sexual behavior toward another man. Generally, high (vs. low) Hostile Sexism, high (vs. low) Hostile Sexism norm feedback, and victim's overtly sexual (vs. non-sexual) behavior led to stronger victim blame and perceived approval of the aggressor's behavior. The victim of non-sexual violence was blamed more than the rape victim, particularly if she had behaved in an overtly sexual manner.
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Flirting with disaster: short-term mating orientation and Hostile Sexism predict different types of sexual harassment.
Aggressive behavior, 2012Co-Authors: Charlotte Diehl, Jonas Rees, Gerd BohnerAbstract:We combine evolutionary and sociocultural accounts of sexual harassment, proposing that sexuality-related and hostility-related motives lead to different types of harassment. Specifically, men's short-term mating orientation (STMO) was hypothesized to predict only unwanted sexual attention but not gender harassment, whereas men's Hostile Sexism (HS) was hypothesized to predict both unwanted sexual attention and gender harassment. As part of an alleged computer-chat task, 100 male students could send sexualized personal remarks (representing unwanted sexual attention), sexist jokes (representing gender harassment), or nonharassing material to an attractive female target. Independently, participants' STMO, HS, and sexual harassment myth acceptance (SHMA) were assessed. Correlational and path analyses revealed that STMO specifically predicted unwanted sexual attention, whereas HS predicted both unwanted sexual attention and gender harassment. Furthermore, SHMA fully mediated the effect of HS on gender harassment, but did not mediate effects of STMO or HS on unwanted sexual attention. Results are discussed in relation to motivational explanations for sexual harassment and antiharassment interventions.
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Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: the role of benevolent and Hostile Sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity.
Journal of personality and social psychology, 2003Co-Authors: Dominic Abrams, Barbara M. Masser, G. Tendayi Viki, Gerd BohnerAbstract:In Studies 1 and 2, after reading an acquaintance-rape but not a stranger-rape scenario, higher benevolent sexist but not Hostile sexist participants blamed the victim significantly more. In Study 2, higher Hostile sexist but not benevolent sexist male participants showed significantly greater proclivity to commit acquaintance (but not stranger) rape. Studies 3 and 4 supported the hypothesis that the effects of benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism are mediated by different perceptions of the victim, as behaving inappropriately and as really wanting sex with the rapist. These findings show that benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism underpin different assumptions about women that generate sexist reactions toward rape victims.
I-ching Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Endorsement of sexist ideology in Taiwan and the United States: Social dominance orientation, right‐wing authoritarianism, and deferential family norms
International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie, 2012Co-Authors: I-ching LeeAbstract:Despite close relationships between men and women in daily lives, gender inequality is ubiquitous and often supported by sexist ideology. The understanding of potential bases of sexist ideology is thus important. According to Duckitt's dual-process model (2001), different worldviews may explain different types of sexist ideology. Individuals who hold a “competitive world” worldview tend to endorse group-based dominance. This lends itself to the endorsement of Hostile Sexism, because Hostile Sexism is an obvious form of male dominance. Conversely, individuals who hold a “dangerous world” worldview tend to adhere to social cohesion, collective security, and social traditions. This lends itself to the endorsement of benevolent Sexism, because benevolent Sexism values women who conform to gender norms. As predicted by Duckitt's model, research has shown that social dominance orientation, a general orientation towards the endorsement of group-based dominance, is closely associated with Hostile Sexism. Furtherm...
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Social Relationships and Sexism in the United States and Taiwan
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2007Co-Authors: I-ching Lee, Felicia PrattoAbstract:This research examines the cultural origins of Sexism and how it is enacted within cultures. The harmonious tenor of Taiwanese collectivism and the competitive individualism of American culture are hypothesized to afford benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism, respectively. Whereas Hostile Sexism was expected to affect Americans' bias in favor of men more than benevolent Sexism, benevolent Sexism should affect Taiwanese bias favoring men more than Hostile Sexism. Deferential family norms and support for hierarchical intergroup relationships (social dominance orientation) were hypothesized to increase support of Sexism in both cultures. Two studies within each culture confirmed the aforementioned hypotheses. The cultural roots of legitimizing ideologies and the cultural origins of different forms of Sexism are discussed.
Jesús San Martín - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Influence of Ideological Variables in the Denial of Violence Against Women: The Role of Sexism and Social Dominance Orientation in the Spanish Context.
International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020Co-Authors: Jesús M. Canto, Macarena Vallejo-martín, Fabiola Perles, Jesús San MartínAbstract:Violence against women in heterosexual intimate relationships is a major social problem with serious physical and psychological consequences for the victims. There is a line of research that seeks to analyze how ideological variables and contextual variables influence the way in which this type of violence is perceived. This study analyzed the relationship between Hostile Sexism, benevolent Sexism and social dominance in the acceptance of the myths about violence against women in intimate relationships. A total of 215 Spanish university students (125 women and 90 men) participated in the research. The results indicate that Hostile Sexism and social dominance orientation act as factors that influence the acceptance of such myths in men. Benevolent Sexism did not act in this way. The data reconfirm the importance of Hostile Sexism and social dominance orientation in the perception of violence against women, in this case, that which is committed by their partners (or ex-partners) in the area of intimate relationships.
Chris G. Sibley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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breast is best but where Hostile Sexism underlies men s opposition to breastfeeding in public
Journal of Social Issues, 2020Co-Authors: Yanshu Huang, Chris G. Sibley, Danny OsborneAbstract:Breastfeeding in public remains controversial in many Western nations. Prior work reveals that restrictive gender role attitudes and hostility toward women's empowerment contribute to the policing of women's bodies, especially when it comes to breastfeeding in public. Using a national sample of New Zealand adults (N = 16,789), we investigated the relationships of Hostile and benevolent Sexism with attitudes toward breastfeeding in public, as well as the potential moderating effects of gender. Results revealed that, although benevolent Sexism only positively correlated with opposition to public breastfeeding for women, Hostile Sexism correlated positively with opposition to public breastfeeding among both women and men. These results suggest that opposition to breastfeeding in public is primarily rooted in Hostile attitudes toward women who are perceived as violating traditional gender roles. Accordingly, social and health policies including information campaigns that reduce Hostilely sexist stigmas of breastfeeding in public could help promote women's breastfeeding autonomy.
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benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism across the ages
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2018Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Petar Milojev, Yanshu Huang, Chris G. SibleyAbstract:Ambivalent Sexism theory states that prejudice toward women comprises two interrelated ideologies. Endorsement of Hostile Sexism—aggressive and competitive attitudes toward women—is linked with end...
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Benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism Across the Ages
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Petar Milojev, Yanshu Huang, Chris G. SibleyAbstract:Ambivalent Sexism theory states that prejudice toward women comprises two interrelated ideologies. Endorsement of Hostile Sexism—aggressive and competitive attitudes toward women—is linked with endorsement of benevolent Sexism—paternalistic and patronizing attitudes toward women. We conduct the first systematic tests of how endorsement of Sexism differs across age and across time, using six waves of a nationally representative panel sample of New Zealand adults ( N = 10,398). Results indicated U-shaped trajectories for men’s endorsement of Hostile Sexism, women’s Hostile Sexism, and women’s benevolent Sexism across the life span. However, over time, endorsement of these sexist attitudes tended to decrease for most ages. In contrast, men’s benevolent Sexism followed a positive linear trajectory across age and tended not to change over time. These results provide novel evidence of how ambivalent Sexism differs across age and highlight that benevolent Sexism is particularly tenacious.
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benevolent and Hostile Sexism and preferences for romantic partners
Personality and Individual Differences, 2009Co-Authors: Lucy K Travaglia, Nickola C. Overall, Chris G. SibleyAbstract:Abstract This research investigated the associations between sexist attitudes and preferences for romantic partners both cross-sectionally ( N = 347 women, 130 men) and longitudinally over a nine-month period ( N = 174 women). Women placed greater importance on status/resources partner characteristics, particularly when they were high in Benevolent Sexism (ideation of women who conform to traditional gender roles). Longitudinal analyses also revealed that, for women, Benevolent Sexism predicted increases in status/resources preferences over time. Men, in contrast, placed greater importance on attractiveness/vitality characteristics, particularly when they were high in Hostile Sexism (hostility toward women who oppose traditional roles). These findings indicate that sexist ideologies promote preferences for romantic partners who possess qualities congruent with traditional gender roles.
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Differentiating Hostile and Benevolent Sexist Attitudes Toward Positive and Negative Sexual Female Subtypes
Sex Roles, 2004Co-Authors: Chris G. Sibley, Marc S. WilsonAbstract:Expressions of Hostile and benevolent Sexism toward a female character whose behavior was consistent with either a positive (i.e., chaste) or negative (i.e., promiscuous) sexual female subtype were examined. Consistent with the theory that benevolent and Hostile Sexism form complementary ideologies that serve to maintain and legitimize gender-based social hierarchies, men expressed increased Hostile, but decreased benevolent,Sexism toward a female character who fit a negative subtype, whereas they expressed increased benevolent, but decreased Hostile, Sexism toward a female character who fit a positive subtype that was consistent with traditional gender roles. Furthermore, men’s sexual self-schema moderated expressions of Hostile Sexism across subtypes, whichsuggests that men who think of themselves in sexual terms (i.e., those who are sexuallyschematic) may be predisposed to (a) interpret information about women in sexual terms and categorize women into positive or negative sexual female subtypes on the basis of limited information, which leads to (b) increased Hostile sexist attributions when womenare perceived as fitting a negative sexual subtype. These findings emphasize the role of both social dominance motives and the more subtle sociocognitive processes underlyinggender stereotyping in the expression of ambivalent Sexism.
Matthew D. Hammond - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Men’s Hostile Sexism and Biased Perceptions of Partners’ Support: Underestimating Dependability Rather Than Overestimating Challenges to Dominance:
Personality & social psychology bulletin, 2020Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Nickola C. OverallAbstract:Hostile Sexism expresses derogation of women’s competence and emphasizes that women will exploit men’s relational dependence. Men who endorse Hostile Sexism perceive their female partners more nega...
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men s Hostile Sexism and biased perceptions of partners support underestimating dependability rather than overestimating challenges to dominance
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2020Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Nickola C. OverallAbstract:Hostile Sexism expresses derogation of women’s competence and emphasizes that women will exploit men’s relational dependence. Men who endorse Hostile Sexism perceive their female partners more nega...
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Personal Ties and Prejudice: A Meta-Analysis of Romantic Attachment and Ambivalent Sexism.
Personality & social psychology bulletin, 2018Co-Authors: Molly I Fisher, Matthew D. HammondAbstract:We examine how relational needs underlie Sexism by conducting a meta-analysis ( k = 22; N = 4,860) on the links between adults' romantic attachment and endorsement of ambivalent Sexism. Results across two random-effects meta-analytic methods supported that men's and women's attachment anxiety predicted stronger endorsement of both benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism. Simultaneously, men's attachment avoidance predicted lower endorsement of benevolent Sexism, and for men in relationships (vs. single men), stronger endorsement of Hostile Sexism. Thus, the way that people fulfil their relational goals lead people to adopt particular attitudes about gender, supporting that relationships are one key source of people's adoption of Sexism. These results bridge attachment theory and ambivalent Sexism theory by illustrating how individual differences in the amplification or suppression of needs for relational security fuel adoption of beliefs that function to maintain gender inequality across the world.
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benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism across the ages
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2018Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Petar Milojev, Yanshu Huang, Chris G. SibleyAbstract:Ambivalent Sexism theory states that prejudice toward women comprises two interrelated ideologies. Endorsement of Hostile Sexism—aggressive and competitive attitudes toward women—is linked with end...
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Benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism Across the Ages
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Petar Milojev, Yanshu Huang, Chris G. SibleyAbstract:Ambivalent Sexism theory states that prejudice toward women comprises two interrelated ideologies. Endorsement of Hostile Sexism—aggressive and competitive attitudes toward women—is linked with endorsement of benevolent Sexism—paternalistic and patronizing attitudes toward women. We conduct the first systematic tests of how endorsement of Sexism differs across age and across time, using six waves of a nationally representative panel sample of New Zealand adults ( N = 10,398). Results indicated U-shaped trajectories for men’s endorsement of Hostile Sexism, women’s Hostile Sexism, and women’s benevolent Sexism across the life span. However, over time, endorsement of these sexist attitudes tended to decrease for most ages. In contrast, men’s benevolent Sexism followed a positive linear trajectory across age and tended not to change over time. These results provide novel evidence of how ambivalent Sexism differs across age and highlight that benevolent Sexism is particularly tenacious.