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Matthew O. Howard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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volatile substance misuse toward a research agenda
American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2013Co-Authors: Matthew O. Howard, Eric L. GarlandAbstract:Background: Volatile substance misuse (VSM) is a significant but under-researched global health problem. Objectives: This perspective calls for additional VSM research in key areas including the phenomenology and adverse health and social consequences of acute inhalant intoxication and for prospective longitudinal studies of the natural history of VSM and related deleterious long-term biomedical and psychosocial outcomes. Taxonomic investigations are needed to identify subtypes of volatile substance misusers (VSMs), whereas qualitative and mixed methods evaluations would provide important information about cultural and interpersonal contexts and specific patterns, modalities and agents of VSM. Treatment outcome and health services studies have rarely been conducted with reference to VSMs and are needed. Studies of specific Inhalants and high-risk populations for VSM would also contribute to current knowledge regarding VSM and help reduce the toll taken by this prevalent form of drug misuse. Methods: The a...
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Inhalants abuse: Status of etiology and intervention
Drug Abuse and Addiction in Medical Illness, 2012Co-Authors: Ty A Ridenour, Matthew O. HowardAbstract:Inhalants differ from other psychoactive substances in that thousands of commercial products can produce intoxication and toxicity if inhaled, they are widely available, legal, inexpensive, and easily obtained. Moreover, relatively few parents, retailers, school personnel, law enforcement professionals, or human services workers are vigilant about inhalant use or inhalant-related health and social problems. Numerous medical, cognitive, emotional, and social consequences and correlates of inhalant use have been documented including abuse and dependence. Moreover, little research has tested prevention or treatment programs specifically for inhalant abuse. This chapter summarizes extant research on etiology and clinical practices pertaining to inhalant use and abuse.
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Adverse consequences of acute inhalant intoxication.
Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2011Co-Authors: Eric L. Garland, Matthew O. HowardAbstract:Inhalants are widely misused by adolescents and are among the most toxic of psychoactive substances. This investigation examined the prevalence and correlates of adverse consequences of acute inhalant intoxication. Adolescent inhalant users (n = 279) in residential care completed structured interviews including assessments of the characteristics of their inhalant use. Multivariate logistic and linear regression and path analyses identified correlates of adverse inhalant intoxication-related experiences. Results of this study indicated that high-risk behaviors and adverse outcomes experienced during episodes of inhalant intoxication were common in this sample. High-frequency inhalant users were significantly more likely than moderate- and low-frequency users to experience adverse consequences of inhalant intoxication. Certain risky behaviors and consequences, such as engaging in unprotected sex or acts of physical violence while high on Inhalants, were dramatically more common among high-frequency users than low-frequency users. Prior traumatic experiences, trait impulsivity, self-medication use of Inhalants, and polydrug use were significant correlates of adverse inhalant-intoxication-related consequences. Adverse events and high-risk behaviors commonly occurred during episodes of inhalant intoxication in this sample of adolescents. High-frequency inhalant users and youth who used Inhalants to medicate negative affective states were at elevated risk for such events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
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Inhalant use and inhalant use disorders in the United States.
Addiction science & clinical practice, 2011Co-Authors: Matthew O. Howard, Eric L. Garland, Brian E Perron, Scott E. Bowen, Michael G. VaughnAbstract:More than 22 million Americans age 12 and older have used Inhalants, and every year more than 750,000 use Inhalants for the first time. Despite the substantial prevalence and serious toxicities of inhalant use, it has been termed “the forgotten epidemic.” Inhalant abuse remains the least-studied form of substance abuse, although research on its epidemiology, neurobiology, treatment, and prevention has accelerated in recent years. This review examines current findings in these areas, identifies gaps in the research and clinical literatures pertaining to inhalant use, and discusses future directions for inhalant-related research and practice efforts.
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Accidental Deaths Due to Inhalant Misuse in North Carolina: 2000–2008
Substance use & misuse, 2010Co-Authors: Martin T. Hall, Jeffrey D. Edwards, Matthew O. HowardAbstract:This study describes the number and characteristics of accidental deaths associated with recreational inhalant misuse in North Carolina from 2000 to 2008. Inhalant-related deaths were identified via an electronic search of records of the North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. Thirty deaths were attributed to recreational inhalant use, and nearly a third involved the inhalation of compressed-air products. Polydrug use and comorbid psychiatric disorders were common among decedents. The types of Inhalants most often resulting in death differed from previous studies, as did the somewhat older mean age of decedents. Further research on inhalant-related mortality is warranted.
R.a. Gigengack - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Inhalant Drug Use and Street Youth: Ethnographic Insights from Mexico City
Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, 2016Co-Authors: R.a. GigengackAbstract:Abstract The inhalation of volatile substances with intentions of intoxication affects the lives of marginalized youths around the globe, but remains poorly understood. Based upon long-term ethnographic enquiry, this chapter describes the inhalant use of Mexico City's young street people from their perspective, and understands it as learned behavior and lived experience. The “normalcy” of inhalant use in Mexico City is striking; streetwise inhabitants have knowledge about Inhalants and inhalant users, and act accordingly. Users distinguish and classify a range of Inhalants and sniffing techniques. Complicated patterns of inhalant use indicate the becoming of what are known as “inhalant fiends”: formation within users of gusto , the acquired appetite for Inhalants, and of vicio , the devotion to Inhalants. An elaborate street culture of sniffing thus emerges: a complex configuration of shared perspectives and embodied practices, shaped by and shaping social exclusion. These findings are relevant to appreciate and address the acquired appetite and devotion of the so-called inhalant fiends.
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the chemo and the mona Inhalants devotion and street youth in mexico city
International Journal of Drug Policy, 2014Co-Authors: R.a. GigengackAbstract:Abstract This paper understands inhalant use – the deliberate inhalation of volatile solvents or glues with intentions of intoxication – as a socially and culturally constituted practice. It describes the inhalant use of young street people in Mexico City from their perspective ("the vicioso or inhalant fiend's point of view"). Background Even if inhalant use is globally associated with economic inequality and deprivation, there is a marked lack of ethnography. Incomprehension and indignation have blocked our understanding of inhalant use as a form of marginalised drug use. The current explanation models reduce inhalant consumption to universal factors and individual motives; separating the practice from its context, these models tend to overlook gustatory meanings and experiences. Methods The paper is informed by long-term, on-going fieldwork with young street people in Mexico City. Fieldwork was done from 1990 through 2010, in regular periods of fieldwork and shorter visits, often with Mexican colleagues. We created extensive sets of fieldnotes, which were read and re-read. Results "Normalcy" is a striking feature of inhalant use in Mexico City. Street-wise inhabitants of popular neighbourhoods have knowledge about Inhalants and inhalant users, and act accordingly. Subsequently, Mexico City's elaborate street culture of sniffing is discussed, that is, the range of Inhalants used, how users classify the substances, and their techniques for sniffing. The paper also distinguishes three patterns of inhalant use, which more or less correlate with age. These patterns indicate embodiments of street culture: the formation within users of gusto, that is, an acquired appetite for Inhalants, and of vicio, the inhalant fiends' devotion to Inhalants. Conclusion What emerges from the ethnographic findings is an elaborate street culture of sniffing, a complex configuration of shared perspectives and embodied practices, which are shaped by and shaping social exclusion. These findings are relevant to appreciate and address the inhalant fiends' acquired appetite and habit.
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The chemo and the mona: Inhalants, devotion and street youth in Mexico City
The International journal on drug policy, 2013Co-Authors: R.a. GigengackAbstract:This paper understands inhalant use--the deliberate inhalation of volatile solvents or glues with intentions of intoxication--as a socially and culturally constituted practice. It describes the inhalant use of young street people in Mexico City from their perspective ("the vicioso or inhalant fiend's point of view"). Even if inhalant use is globally associated with economic inequality and deprivation, there is a marked lack of ethnography. Incomprehension and indignation have blocked our understanding of inhalant use as a form of marginalised drug use. The current explanation models reduce inhalant consumption to universal factors and individual motives; separating the practice from its context, these models tend to overlook gustatory meanings and experiences. The paper is informed by long-term, on-going fieldwork with young street people in Mexico City. Fieldwork was done from 1990 through 2010, in regular periods of fieldwork and shorter visits, often with Mexican colleagues. We created extensive sets of fieldnotes, which were read and re-read. "Normalcy" is a striking feature of inhalant use in Mexico City. Street-wise inhabitants of popular neighbourhoods have knowledge about Inhalants and inhalant users, and act accordingly. Subsequently, Mexico City's elaborate street culture of sniffing is discussed, that is, the range of Inhalants used, how users classify the substances, and their techniques for sniffing. The paper also distinguishes three patterns of inhalant use, which more or less correlate with age. These patterns indicate embodiments of street culture: the formation within users of gusto, that is, an acquired appetite for Inhalants, and of vicio, the inhalant fiends' devotion to Inhalants. What emerges from the ethnographic findings is an elaborate street culture of sniffing, a complex configuration of shared perspectives and embodied practices, which are shaped by and shaping social exclusion. These findings are relevant to appreciate and address the inhalant fiends' acquired appetite and habit. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Ty A Ridenour - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Inhalants abuse: Status of etiology and intervention
Drug Abuse and Addiction in Medical Illness, 2012Co-Authors: Ty A Ridenour, Matthew O. HowardAbstract:Inhalants differ from other psychoactive substances in that thousands of commercial products can produce intoxication and toxicity if inhaled, they are widely available, legal, inexpensive, and easily obtained. Moreover, relatively few parents, retailers, school personnel, law enforcement professionals, or human services workers are vigilant about inhalant use or inhalant-related health and social problems. Numerous medical, cognitive, emotional, and social consequences and correlates of inhalant use have been documented including abuse and dependence. Moreover, little research has tested prevention or treatment programs specifically for inhalant abuse. This chapter summarizes extant research on etiology and clinical practices pertaining to inhalant use and abuse.
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reliability of use abuse and dependence of four types of Inhalants in adolescents and young adults
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2007Co-Authors: Ty A Ridenour, Bethany C Bray, Linda B. CottlerAbstract:Inhalants, as a class of drugs, consists of heterogeneous substances that increase the probability of many serious illnesses and death. Research on inhalant abuse has lagged behind other drugs partly because of the need for a diagnostic instrument of different types of Inhalants. This study was conducted to obtain reliability estimates for the new Substance Abuse Module DSM-IV Inhalants diagnoses for four types of Inhalants: aerosols, gases, nitrites, and solvents as well as different diagnostic configurations of inhalant-related criteria. Participants were 162 community sample adolescents or young adults (mean age=20.3 years, S.D.=2.4). Two-thirds of the sample was male and 83.3% was Caucasian. Kappas and intraclass correlation coefficients were computed to estimate test-retest reliabilities. Results suggested (a) abuse was more common than dependence (34.6% versus 12.3%), (b) reliabilities of abuse criteria and diagnosis were good to excellent across subtypes, and (c) reliabilities of dependence criteria and diagnoses were poor to good across subtypes. Alternative configurations of DSM-IV criteria that were consistent with previous research on adolescents provided excellent reliabilities across subtypes of Inhalants. Moreover, 11.1% of participants experienced Inhalants withdrawal.
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Inhalants not to be taken lightly anymore
Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 2005Co-Authors: Ty A RidenourAbstract:Purpose of review Until recently, inhalant abuse and dependence have been overlooked as serious problems, perhaps because of their relatively low prevalence. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in our understanding of the consequences, pharmacology, and etiology of inhalant use, and how we might develop preventive and management strategies to combat abuse and dependence on these drugs. Recent findings Animal models have cast light on how reinforcement of inhalant use occurs, and on mechanisms of development of tolerance and dependence. The reinforcing effects occur principally through GABA and dopamine-mediated mechanisms (rather than NMDA-mediated mechanisms). Assays for Inhalants provide greater opportunities for accurate diagnosis. In addition to known medical consequences of inhalant use (including death), other risks associated with inhalant use and addiction include addiction to other substances, major depression, suicide, and impaired learning and memory. Summary The extensive medical, psychiatric, and psychological damage that can be caused by inhalant use argues for much greater attention to be paid to developing prevention and treatment programmes for inhalant abuse and dependence. These are currently nonexistent, but are badly needed.
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Inhalants: not to be taken lightly anymore.
Current opinion in psychiatry, 2005Co-Authors: Ty A RidenourAbstract:Until recently, inhalant abuse and dependence have been overlooked as serious problems, perhaps because of their relatively low prevalence. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in our understanding of the consequences, pharmacology, and etiology of inhalant use, and how we might develop preventive and management strategies to combat abuse and dependence on these drugs. Animal models have cast light on how reinforcement of inhalant use occurs, and on mechanisms of development of tolerance and dependence. The reinforcing effects occur principally through GABA and dopamine-mediated mechanisms (rather than NMDA-mediated mechanisms). Assays for Inhalants provide greater opportunities for accurate diagnosis. In addition to known medical consequences of inhalant use (including death), other risks associated with inhalant use and addiction include addiction to other substances, major depression, suicide, and impaired learning and memory. The extensive medical, psychiatric, and psychological damage that can be caused by inhalant use argues for much greater attention to be paid to developing prevention and treatment programmes for inhalant abuse and dependence. These are currently nonexistent, but are badly needed.
William E. Schlenger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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high prevalence of substance use disorders among adolescents who use marijuana and Inhalants
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2005Co-Authors: Daniel J Pilowsky, William E. SchlengerAbstract:Abstract Background: We examined the association between the use of Inhalants, marijuana, and other drugs and recent DSM-IV substance use disorders among adolescents aged 12–17 years. Methods: Data were drawn from 2000 to 2001 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse. Adolescents aged 12–17 years who reported having ever used an illicit drug in their lifetime were categorized into four mutually exclusive groups: inhalant users (16%), marijuana users (53%), inhalant and marijuana users (16%), and other drug users (15%). Logistic regression models were used to estimate associations with recent substance use diagnoses among lifetime adolescent drug users (N = 10,180). Results: We found that 31% of lifetime drug users reported having never used marijuana. One half of these atypical drug users were predominantly nonmedical users of pain relievers. Adolescents who used Inhalants or other drugs but not marijuana were least likely to report multidrug use. Adolescents who reported using both Inhalants and marijuana were most likely to use three or more classes of drugs (73%) and to receive a diagnosis of past year alcohol (35%) and drug (39%) abuse or dependence. Conclusions: Our study findings suggest that among lifetime adolescent drug users, those who use both Inhalants and marijuana are at very high risk for alcohol and drug use disorders.
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Use of nitrite Inhalants (“poppers”) among American youth
The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 2005Co-Authors: William E. Schlenger, Christopher L. RingwaltAbstract:Abstract Purpose We examined the patterns and correlates of nitrite inhalant use among adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Methods Study data were drawn from the 2000 and 2001 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse. Logistic regression was used to identify the characteristics associated with nitrite inhalant use. Results Among adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, 1.5% reported any lifetime use of nitrite Inhalants. The prevalence of lifetime nitrite inhalant use increased to 12% and 14% among adolescents who were dependent on alcohol and any drug in the past year, respectively. Many nitrite inhalant users used at least three other types of Inhalants (68%) and also met the criteria for alcohol (33%) and drug (35%) abuse or dependence. Increased odds of nitrite inhalant use were associated with residing in nonmetropolitan areas, recent utilization of mental health services, delinquent behaviors, past year alcohol and drug abuse and dependence, and multi-drug use. Conclusions Adolescents who had used nitrite Inhalants at least once in their lifetime tend to engage in delinquent activities and report co-occurring multiple drug abuse and mental health problems in the past year.
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Inhalant abuse and dependence among adolescents in the United States.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2004Co-Authors: Daniel J Pilowsky, William E. SchlengerAbstract:To examine the patterns of inhalant use and correlates of the progression from inhalant use to abuse and dependence among adolescents aged 12 to 17. Study data were drawn from the 2000 and 2001 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse. Multinominal logistic regression was used to identify the characteristics associated with progression to inhalant abuse and dependence. Inhalant use was common among the studied adolescents. Among adolescents aged 12 to 17, 0.4% met DSM-IV inhalant abuse or dependence criteria in the past year. Inhalant abuse and dependence affected adolescents regardless of gender, age, race/ethnicity, and family income. The progression from inhalant use to abuse or dependence was related to early first use, use of multiple Inhalants, and weekly inhalant use. Adolescents with inhalant use disorders reported coexisting multiple drug abuse and dependence, mental health treatment, and delinquent behaviors. Adolescents with an inhalant use disorder may represent a subgroup of highly troubled youths with multiple vulnerabilities. Because early use is associated with progression to abuse and dependence, prevention programs should target elementary school-age children.
Brian E Perron - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The prevalence and clinical significance of inhalant withdrawal symptoms among a national sample.
Substance abuse and rehabilitation, 2011Co-Authors: Brian E Perron, Joseph E. Glass, Brian K. Ahmedani, Michael G. Vaughn, Daniel E RobertsAbstract:BACKGROUND: Inhalants are among the most common and dangerous forms of substance use, but very little research on inhalant use disorders exist. Unlike other substances, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition (DSM-IV) indicates that Inhalants do not have an associated withdrawal syndrome among persons who meet criteria for inhalant dependence. METHODS: Using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, this study examines the prevalence of withdrawal symptoms among inhalant users. Prevalence of inhalant withdrawal symptoms for Inhalants was also compared with the prevalence of cocaine withdrawal symptoms to help determine the presence of an inhalant withdrawal syndrome. RESULTS: Approximately 47.8% of persons who met criteria for inhalant dependence reported experiencing three or more inhalant-related withdrawal symptoms that were clinically significant. Among those with inhalant dependence, almost half of the withdrawal symptoms were as common as the corresponding withdrawal symptoms experienced by persons with cocaine dependence. Furthermore, the percentage of persons with inhalant dependence reporting clinically significant inhalant withdrawal symptoms was almost equal to the percentage of persons with cocaine dependence reporting clinically significant cocaine withdrawal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide evidence for an inhalant-related withdrawal syndrome among persons with inhalant dependence. Revisions to DSM-IV should consider including inhalant withdrawal as a diagnostic criterion for this disorder.
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Inhalant use and inhalant use disorders in the United States.
Addiction science & clinical practice, 2011Co-Authors: Matthew O. Howard, Eric L. Garland, Brian E Perron, Scott E. Bowen, Michael G. VaughnAbstract:More than 22 million Americans age 12 and older have used Inhalants, and every year more than 750,000 use Inhalants for the first time. Despite the substantial prevalence and serious toxicities of inhalant use, it has been termed “the forgotten epidemic.” Inhalant abuse remains the least-studied form of substance abuse, although research on its epidemiology, neurobiology, treatment, and prevention has accelerated in recent years. This review examines current findings in these areas, identifies gaps in the research and clinical literatures pertaining to inhalant use, and discusses future directions for inhalant-related research and practice efforts.
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Inhalant withdrawal as a clinically significant feature of inhalant dependence disorder.
Medical hypotheses, 2009Co-Authors: Brian E Perron, Matthew O. Howard, Michael G. Vaughn, Christopher N. JarmanAbstract:Inhalant use is the intentional inhalation of vapors from commercial products or specific chemical agents for the purpose of achieving intoxication. Inhalants are among the most common and pernicious forms of substance use and the least studied of the major drugs. Diagnosis of inhalant dependence, according to the DSM-IV [Weintraub E, Gandhi D, Robinson C. Medical complications due to mothball abuse. South Med J 2000;93:427-9] excludes inhalant withdrawal symptoms, as expert opinion has suggested that an inhalant withdrawal syndrome is neither common nor clinically significant. This article draws from multiple sources of data to suggest that withdrawal symptoms can be part of inhalant dependence and are clinically significant. This hypothesis needs rigorous evaluation to ensure the diagnostic validity of inhalant use disorders.
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Perceived risk of harm and intentions of future inhalant use among adolescent inhalant users.
Drug and alcohol dependence, 2008Co-Authors: Brian E Perron, Matthew O. HowardAbstract:To identify predictors of perceived (a) risk of harm associated with inhalant use and (b) intention to use Inhalants among adolescent inhalant users. Participants were 279 lifetime inhalant users (M(age)=15.5, 84% male) identified in a statewide survey of 723 adolescents in Missouri Division of Youth Services' residential care for antisocial conduct. Youth completed interviews assessing inhalant and other drug use, psychiatric symptoms, and antisocial traits/behavior. More than one-third (37%) of youth perceived experimental inhalant use as of slight or no risk; one-in-eight (11.9%) youth perceived regular inhalant use as of slight or no risk. Risk perceptions of experimental and regular inhalant use were not associated with intentions to use. Youth with friends/siblings who use Inhalants were less likely to perceive risks associated with experimental and regular inhalant use compared to youth without friends/sibling users. Adolescents who were younger and those with more extensive substance abuse problems, prior problems with Inhalants, greater current psychiatric distress, and friends/siblings who use Inhalants were significantly more likely to report intentions of future inhalant use than their counterparts. Assessments of substance use among youth, particularly those in the criminal justice system, should include an assessment of inhalant use. Intervention efforts should focus on developing strategies for managing social network influences.
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reasons for using Inhalants evidence for discrete classes in a sample of incarcerated adolescents
Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2008Co-Authors: Brian E Perron, Michael G. Vaughn, Matthew O. HowardAbstract:The use and abuse of Inhalants continue to be among the most pernicious, curious, and least understood of drug use behaviors. The purpose of this study was to identify specific subgroups of adolescents based on their reasons for using Inhalants. Data regarding reasons for using Inhalants were examined using latent profile analysis. A three-class solution exhibited the best fit with the data. Although validation analysis revealed that the classes did not differ on demographic characteristics, classes exhibited significant differences across numerous clinical measures, including anxiety, problems associated with using substances, global symptom severity, and number of different types of Inhalants used. Results indicate heterogeneity for reasons for use of Inhalants and associated psychological distress. Findings may provide clues to future taxonomic development of inhalant abuse phenomena and prevention.