The Experts below are selected from a list of 18309 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Charles Edquist - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Broad-Based Innovation Policy
2020Co-Authors: Charles Edquist, Terttu Luukkonen, Markku SotarautaAbstract:We welcome the basic ambition of the broad-based Innovation Policy. It provides a balance between the supply and demand sides of innovative activity, includes nontechnical Innovations, as well as – besides direct economic impact – emphasizes wider societal considerations. Conceptually the new broad-based Innovation Policy is, however, fuzzy, and it is therefore important that the government soon provides clear contents to the concept so as not to let it dissipate. The Finnish system does not have a strong systems-wide coordination. The lack of involvement of the Ministry of Finance and less active involvement of the Prime Minister’s Office in coordinating research and Innovation Policy formulations is a drawback. There are significant overlaps in the services offered by public organizations. Streamlining is urgently needed. Broadly speaking the ongoing reforms provide a good basis for pursuance of a broad-based Innovation Policy. The university reform, offers great opportunities for Finland. We have some concerns as to the university inventions act, but its final impact cannot be conclusively assessed yet. The SHOK initiative may be helpful in incrementally renewing traditional Finnish industries, but it is unlikely that it would breed new clusters or promote radical/disruptive Innovations. The reform of public research organizations (PROs) seems to be in a permanent gridlock, which is unacceptable and unaffordable. PROs could be a thrust in the Finnish system – an opportunity that is now being wasted. Sitra is a uniquely Finnish construction and the ‘libero’ of the system. While its position has at times been challenged, it has served a purpose in the past and in our opinion will continue to do so. The Finnish system is highly consensus-driven and needs more diversity in ideas as well as parties willing to take a more futurist long-term view.
-
Holistic Innovation Policy - Change of Organizations: Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship
Holistic Innovation Policy, 2019Co-Authors: Susana Borrás, Charles EdquistAbstract:Organizations are crucial elements in Innovation systems. Yet, their role is so ubiquitous that it is difficult to grasp and to examine all kinds of organization that are present in an Innovation system. The purpose of this chapter is to define the conceptual basis of Innovation Policy in relation to the role of organizations, looking in particular at the roles of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship as examples of organizational change. In so doing, this chapter aims at making three contributions. Firstly, it defines the roles of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship in the Innovation system, a crucial topic in understanding Innovation dynamics and its blurring boundaries. Secondly, it identifies some common entrepreneurship- and intrapreneurship-related obstacles and barriers in the Innovation system, and examines the Policy instruments to solve or mitigate them. Thirdly, it discusses the limits of public Policy and suggests key issues in the design of Innovation Policy.
-
Holistic Innovation Policy - Innovation Policy: An Holistic and Problem-Based Approach
Holistic Innovation Policy, 2019Co-Authors: Susana Borrás, Charles EdquistAbstract:This chapter develops the core of the argument regarding the specific assumptions and theoretical propositions about the role and limits of Innovation Policy. The theoretical basis for the holistic approach to Innovation Policy proposed in this book is built from a broad version of the systems of Innovation approach and the identification of the concrete Policy problems that afflict the Innovation system, including the unintended consequences of Policy. Following from that, the chapter argues that most Innovation policies across countries are still partial, not holistic; that Innovation Policy must be separated from research Policy; and that Innovation Policy-learning can only take place using an analytical model that helps understanding what worked, how, and why.
-
Holistic Innovation Policy
2019Co-Authors: Susana Borrás, Charles EdquistAbstract:This book is about holistic Innovation Policy: its theoretical foundations, its problem-oriented approach, and its instrument choices. We start with the observation that most of the current Innovation policies are not holistic because they only focus on a few determinants of Innovation processes. This book provides a theoretically anchored foundation for the design of holistic Innovation Policy by identifying the core Policy problems that tend to afflict the activities of Innovation systems, including the unintended consequences of Policy itself. This is a necessary stepping stone for the identification of viable, relevant, and down-to-earth Policy solutions. The book also offers a critical analysis of Policy instruments and their choice in Innovation Policy design. It is not a ‘recipe’ nor a ‘how-to’ guide. Instead, it provides analytical depth and substantial considerations about the ways in which Policy might be providing solutions to problems in systems of Innovation. After introducing its conceptual framework about Innovation and Innovation Policy, the book delves into the following areas of Innovation Policy-making: knowledge production and research and development; education, training, and skills development; functional procurement as demand-side; change of organizations through entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship; interaction and Innovation networks; changing institutions and regulations; and the public financing of early stage Innovations. Its critical and novel perspective serves Policy-makers, scholars, and anyone interested in the design of Innovation Policy. The summary chapter (Chapter 12) can be read independently of the rest of the book.
-
Holistic Innovation Policy - Building the Theoretical Foundations for an Holistic Innovation Policy
Holistic Innovation Policy, 2019Co-Authors: Susana Borrás, Charles EdquistAbstract:The purpose of this chapter is to provide a summary of the main arguments and conclusions in the book, and to highlight its main contributions. Taking the point of departure from the book’s analytical framework, and taking stock of the detailed considerations in its different chapters, this chapter looks into a series of issues related to the design of holistic Innovation Policy. With this purpose in mind, the chapter summarizes the theoretical foundations of an holistic Innovation Policy, how Policy problems, obstacles, and barriers in Innovation systems can be identified, and how Policy instruments can be selected. The chapter finishes with a discussion of further avenues for Innovation Policy and Innovation research. This summary chapter can be read independently of the rest of the book.
Susana Borrás - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Holistic Innovation Policy - Change of Organizations: Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship
Holistic Innovation Policy, 2019Co-Authors: Susana Borrás, Charles EdquistAbstract:Organizations are crucial elements in Innovation systems. Yet, their role is so ubiquitous that it is difficult to grasp and to examine all kinds of organization that are present in an Innovation system. The purpose of this chapter is to define the conceptual basis of Innovation Policy in relation to the role of organizations, looking in particular at the roles of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship as examples of organizational change. In so doing, this chapter aims at making three contributions. Firstly, it defines the roles of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship in the Innovation system, a crucial topic in understanding Innovation dynamics and its blurring boundaries. Secondly, it identifies some common entrepreneurship- and intrapreneurship-related obstacles and barriers in the Innovation system, and examines the Policy instruments to solve or mitigate them. Thirdly, it discusses the limits of public Policy and suggests key issues in the design of Innovation Policy.
-
Holistic Innovation Policy - Innovation Policy: An Holistic and Problem-Based Approach
Holistic Innovation Policy, 2019Co-Authors: Susana Borrás, Charles EdquistAbstract:This chapter develops the core of the argument regarding the specific assumptions and theoretical propositions about the role and limits of Innovation Policy. The theoretical basis for the holistic approach to Innovation Policy proposed in this book is built from a broad version of the systems of Innovation approach and the identification of the concrete Policy problems that afflict the Innovation system, including the unintended consequences of Policy. Following from that, the chapter argues that most Innovation policies across countries are still partial, not holistic; that Innovation Policy must be separated from research Policy; and that Innovation Policy-learning can only take place using an analytical model that helps understanding what worked, how, and why.
-
Holistic Innovation Policy
2019Co-Authors: Susana Borrás, Charles EdquistAbstract:This book is about holistic Innovation Policy: its theoretical foundations, its problem-oriented approach, and its instrument choices. We start with the observation that most of the current Innovation policies are not holistic because they only focus on a few determinants of Innovation processes. This book provides a theoretically anchored foundation for the design of holistic Innovation Policy by identifying the core Policy problems that tend to afflict the activities of Innovation systems, including the unintended consequences of Policy itself. This is a necessary stepping stone for the identification of viable, relevant, and down-to-earth Policy solutions. The book also offers a critical analysis of Policy instruments and their choice in Innovation Policy design. It is not a ‘recipe’ nor a ‘how-to’ guide. Instead, it provides analytical depth and substantial considerations about the ways in which Policy might be providing solutions to problems in systems of Innovation. After introducing its conceptual framework about Innovation and Innovation Policy, the book delves into the following areas of Innovation Policy-making: knowledge production and research and development; education, training, and skills development; functional procurement as demand-side; change of organizations through entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship; interaction and Innovation networks; changing institutions and regulations; and the public financing of early stage Innovations. Its critical and novel perspective serves Policy-makers, scholars, and anyone interested in the design of Innovation Policy. The summary chapter (Chapter 12) can be read independently of the rest of the book.
-
Holistic Innovation Policy - Building the Theoretical Foundations for an Holistic Innovation Policy
Holistic Innovation Policy, 2019Co-Authors: Susana Borrás, Charles EdquistAbstract:The purpose of this chapter is to provide a summary of the main arguments and conclusions in the book, and to highlight its main contributions. Taking the point of departure from the book’s analytical framework, and taking stock of the detailed considerations in its different chapters, this chapter looks into a series of issues related to the design of holistic Innovation Policy. With this purpose in mind, the chapter summarizes the theoretical foundations of an holistic Innovation Policy, how Policy problems, obstacles, and barriers in Innovation systems can be identified, and how Policy instruments can be selected. The chapter finishes with a discussion of further avenues for Innovation Policy and Innovation research. This summary chapter can be read independently of the rest of the book.
-
Holistic Innovation Policy - Why We Need an Holistic Innovation Policy: Goals, Problems, and Instruments
Holistic Innovation Policy, 2019Co-Authors: Susana Borrás, Charles EdquistAbstract:This chapter introduces the main idea of the book, namely, the theoretical foundations, the problem-oriented approach, and the focus on the instrument choices of an holistic Innovation Policy. The chapter argues that Innovation studies have left unfinished the theoretical foundations for the design of Innovation Policy. The chapter also argues that a starting point for developing it is the identification of the problems that tend to afflict the performance of Innovation systems and the ten determinants of Innovation processes. This provides the basis for the choice of Innovation Policy instruments. The chapter provides a road map of the contents of the book.
Jason Potts - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Innovation Commons - Innovation Policy for the Commons
Innovation Commons, 2019Co-Authors: Jason PottsAbstract:Chapter 8 examines the implications of the private-ordering institutional perspective on the origin of Innovation for Innovation Policy. It addresses the question of what Innovation Policy should look like based on the theory of Innovation commons, proposing an institutional framework of new Innovation Policy coming from civil society as much as from government. It examines how the quality of the Innovation commons shapes the prospects of an Innovation trajectory. It is critical of Innovation Policy that ignores institutional context, offering Policy guidance based on institutional design principles, or a framework of “rules as Policy.” The chapter views the fundamental Policy problem as addressing discovery failure. It develops the comparative institutional approach to Innovation Policy using the institutional possibility frontier approach.
-
Innovation Commons - Inclusive Innovation Policy
Innovation Commons, 2019Co-Authors: Jason PottsAbstract:Chapter 9 draws out a particular formulation of the institutional approach to Policy that is based around permissionless Innovation and the work of Calestous Juma. It distinguishes between two types of Innovation Policy from the perspective of government: (1) being supportive of “friends of Innovation,” or (2) being against “enemies of Innovation.” It argues from a public choice theoretical perspective that modern Innovation Policy is usually configured as (1), i.e., supporting investment in Innovation, but it would actually be better if it were (2), namely configured so as to seek to oppose those who seek to stifle new ideas in order to protect their existing investments and economic rents. The chapter proposes inclusive Innovation as a new social contract for Innovation. I argue that this is a long run social welfare maximizing Policy approach, but implies that the role of Policy is largely to facilitate social Coasean bargaining in order to compensate the losers.
-
Innovation Policy in a global economy
Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 2016Co-Authors: Jason PottsAbstract:Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how national Innovation policies strategically interact to form emergent de facto global entrepreneurship and Innovation policies. Design/methodology/approach Reviews the Innovation economics theory and Policy literature, synthesizing the existing work into three models (autarky, cooperation and competition), then adds four new models of strategic interaction (asymmetric information, duopolistic competition, competitive factor mobility and complementary assets). Findings The different models predict very different outcomes. Therefore, it matters which model is true. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Policy needs to start with an improved science of strategic global interaction of national Innovation Policy. Research limitations/implications Conceptual approach only, without empirical analysis, calls for empirical analysis to test the different models. Practical implications Points to the problem of absence of global coordination in Innovation Policy arising from strategic interactions between national Innovation policies. Recognizes that entrepreneurship public Policy is caught in this strategic game, and that there are missing global institutions here. Social implications Improved Innovation Policy should enable more effective entrepreneurial environments. Originality/value Proposes seven models for understanding global strategic interaction of Innovation Policy, out of which four are new. These new ones are highly relevant to entrepreneurship Policy.
-
The Social Costs of Innovation Policy
Economic Affairs, 2016Co-Authors: Sinclair Davidson, Jason PottsAbstract:Innovation Policy is designed to produce social benefits by solving a market failure problem associated with private investment in new knowledge. Yet the social costs of these Policy interventions are routinely ignored. We use the Djankov et al. (2003) institutional possibility frontier model to analyse the trade-offs between the social costs of disorder and those of dictatorship that particular Innovation policies impose. We show how different Innovation policies impose different types of social costs. We conclude that the case for public support for Innovation policies is often both distorted and overstated because of failure to account for social costs.
-
A New Institutional Approach to Innovation Policy
Australian Economic Review, 2016Co-Authors: Sinclair Davidson, Jason PottsAbstract:Modern research and Innovation Policy is largely based on neoclassical welfare economics, in which the diagnosis of market failure in the production of new information is translated into a case for Innovation Policy. Both New Institutional and Public Choice economics criticise this approach because it tends to assume that Policy interventions are largely costless and produce only benefits. An alternative Policy model is proposed that focuses on minimising the social costs of Innovation Policy through efficient choice of institutions. We review the recently released National Innovation and Science Agenda through this lens.
Stefan Kuhlmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The Theory and Practice of Innovation Policy: An International Research Handbook
2010Co-Authors: Ruud Smits, Stefan Kuhlmann, Philip ShapiraAbstract:Contents: 1. Introduction. A Systemic Perspective: The Innovation Policy Dance Stefan Kuhlmann, Philip Shapira and Ruud Smits PART I: DRIVING FORCES OF Innovation PRACTICE, THEORY AND Policy 2. Inside the Public Scientific System: Changing Modes of Knowledge Production Ben R. Martin 3. The Changing Role of the Firm Ben Dankbaar and Geert Vissers 4. Globalisation and Innovation Systems: Policy Issues Keith Smith PART II: EVOLUTION OF THE Innovation SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE 5. Rationales for Public Policy Intervention in the Innovation Process: Systems of Innovation Approach Cristina Chaminade and Charles Edquist 6. Functionality of Innovation Systems as a Rationale for and Guide to Innovation Policy Anna Bergek, Staffan Jacobsson, Marko Hekkert and Keith Smith 7. Reflections on the Co-evolution of Innovation Theory, Policy and Practice: The Emergence of the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems Bo Carlsson, Lennart Elg and Staffan Jacobsson PART III: ONGOING AND NEW ISSUES OF Innovation Policy 8. Innovation and Small and Midsize Enterprises: Innovation Dynamics and Policy Strategies Philip Shapira 9. Co-evolution of Intellectual Property Protections and Innovation: The Case of 'Continuation' Patents in the United States Stuart J.H. Graham 10. The Use of the Regulatory Framework for Innovation Policy Knut Blind 11. Innovation, Defence and Security Jordi Molas-Gallart 12. Demand-Based Innovation Policy Jakob Edler 13. Managing the Soft Side of Innovation: How do Practitioners, Researchers and Policymakers Deal with Service Innovation? Pim den Hertog 14. The Evolution of Innovation Paradigms and their Influence on Research, Technological Development and Innovation Policy Instruments Patries Boekholt PART IV: NEW DYNAMICS IN THE Innovation Policy DANCE 15. Innovation and Inequality Susan E. Cozzens 16. The Role of Technology Assessment in Systemic Innovation Policy Ruud Smits, Rutger van Merkerk, David H. Guston and Daniel Sarewitz 17. A System-Evolutionary Approach for Innovation Policy Ruud Smits, Stefan Kuhlmann and Morris Teubal 18. An Outlook on Innovation Policy, Theory and Practice Philip Shapira, Ruud Smits and Stefan Kuhlmann Index
-
future governance of Innovation Policy in europe three scenarios
Research Policy, 2001Co-Authors: Stefan KuhlmannAbstract:In Europe, public research, technology and Innovation policies are no longer exclusively in the hands of national authorities: increasingly, national initiatives are supplemented by or even competing with regional Innovation policies or transnational programmes, in particular, the activities of the European Union. At the same time, industrial Innovation increasingly occurs within international networks. Are we witnessing a change of governance in European Innovation Policy? Based on a set of hypotheses concerning the co-evolution of “political systems” and “Innovation systems” in Europe, the paper speculates about the future governance of Innovation policies, trying to pave the ways for empirical analyses. It sketches three scenarios stretching from (1) the idea of an increasingly centralised and dominating European Innovation Policy arena to (2) the opposite, i.e. a progressive decentralisation and open competition between partly strengthened, partly weakened national or regional Innovation systems, and finally to (3) the vision of a centrally “mediated” mixture of competition and co-operation between diverse regional Innovation cultures and a related governance structure.
-
Future governance of Innovation Policy in Europe — three scenarios
Research Policy, 2001Co-Authors: Stefan KuhlmannAbstract:In Europe, public research, technology and Innovation policies are no longer exclusively in the hands of national authorities: increasingly, national initiatives are supplemented by or even competing with regional Innovation policies or transnational programmes, in particular, the activities of the European Union. At the same time, industrial Innovation increasingly occurs within international networks. Are we witnessing a change of governance in European Innovation Policy? Based on a set of hypotheses concerning the co-evolution of “political systems” and “Innovation systems” in Europe, the paper speculates about the future governance of Innovation policies, trying to pave the ways for empirical analyses. It sketches three scenarios stretching from (1) the idea of an increasingly centralised and dominating European Innovation Policy arena to (2) the opposite, i.e. a progressive decentralisation and open competition between partly strengthened, partly weakened national or regional Innovation systems, and finally to (3) the vision of a centrally “mediated” mixture of competition and co-operation between diverse regional Innovation cultures and a related governance structure.
Jan Fagerberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Coping with societal challenges: Lessons for Innovation Policy governance
Journal of Industry Competition and Trade, 2020Co-Authors: Jan Fagerberg, Gernot HutschenreiterAbstract:Abstract Grand societal challenges, such as global warming, can only be adequately dealt with through wide-ranging changes in technology, production and consumption, and ways of life, that is, through Innovation. Furthermore, change will involve a variety of sectors or parts of the economy and society, and these change processes must be sufficiently consistent in order to achieve the desired results. This poses huge challenges for Policy-making. In this paper, we focus on implications for the governance of Innovation Policy, i.e., policies influencing a country’s Innovation performance. Based on a systemic understanding of Innovation and the factors shaping it, the paper highlights the need for effective coordination of policies influencing Innovation and what changes in Innovation Policy governance this may require. To throw further light on how this may be realized, the paper discusses evidence on national Innovation Policy practice, from Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively, drawing on the country reviews of Innovation Policy conducted by the OECD as well as other sources. It is concluded that, for Innovation Policy to tackle societal challenges effectively, clearer goals and stronger and better coordination among the various actors—both public and private—whose actions matter for Innovation performance will be required. Based on the experiences of the three countries, the paper particularly considers the role that comprehensive and inclusive Innovation Policy councils, with the prime minister in a central role, may play in such a process.
-
Innovation Policy: RATIONALES, LESSONS AND CHALLENGES
Journal of Economic Surveys, 2017Co-Authors: Jan FagerbergAbstract:Innovation Policy has emerged as a new field of economic Policy during the last few decades. This paper explores the rationales for national Innovation policies, as laid out in the existing literature on the subject, and considers what the lessons and challenges for theory and practice in this area are. Innovation Policy attempts to influence Innovation activity, often with the purpose of increasing economic growth. But it can also have more specific aims such as preventing unwarranted climate change, improving national health, and so on. The increasing attention given to Innovation Policy at the national level from the 1990s onwards went hand in hand with the development of a new, systemic understanding of Innovation, which in a better way than before accounted for the ‘stylised facts’ of Innovation activity as identified by empirical work. The system approach, as the paper shows, came to have a significant influence on the subsequent Policy discourse. Drawing on recent advances in Innovation-systems theory, a synthetic framework for the analysis of Innovation Policy is developed and used to highlight issues of particular relevance for the conduct of Innovation Policy and future scholarly work in this area.
-
Innovation Policy what why and how
Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2017Co-Authors: Jakob Edler, Jan FagerbergAbstract:During the last two to three decades Policy-makers have increasingly became concerned about the role of Innovation for economic performance and, more recently, for the solution of challenges that arise (such as the climate challenge). The view that Policy may have a role in supporting Innovation has become widespread, and the term Innovation Policy has become commonly used. This paper takes stock of this rapidly growing area of public Policy, with particular focus on the definition of Innovation Policy (what it is); theoretical rationales (why Innovation Policy is needed); and how Innovation Policy is designed, implemented, and governed.
-
Innovation Policy: What, Why & How
2016Co-Authors: Jakob Edler, Jan FagerbergAbstract:During the last two-three decades Policy-makers have increasingly became concerned about the role of Innovation for economic performance and, more recently, for the solution of challenges that arise (such as the climate challenge). The view that Policy may have a role in supporting for Innovation has become widespread, and the term Innovation Policy has become commonly used. This paper takes stock of this rapidly growing area of public Policy, with particular focus on the definition of Innovation Policy (what it is); theoretical rationales (why Innovation Policy is needed); and how Innovation Policy is designed, implemented and governed.
-
Innovation Policy: Rationales, Lessons and Challenges
Journal of Economic Surveys, 2016Co-Authors: Jan FagerbergAbstract:Innovation Policy has emerged as a new field of economic Policy during the last few decades. This paper explores the rationales for national Innovation policies, as laid out in the existing literature on the subject, and considers what the lessons and challenges for theory and practice in this area are. Innovation Policy attempts to influence Innovation activity, often with the purpose of increasing economic growth. But it can also have more specific aims such as preventing unwarranted climate change, improving national health, and so on. The increasing attention given to Innovation Policy at the national level from the 1990s onwards went hand in hand with the development of a new, systemic understanding of Innovation, which in a better way than before accounted for the 'stylised facts' of Innovation activity as identified by empirical work. The system approach, as the paper shows, came to have a significant influence on the subsequent Policy discourse. Drawing on recent advances in Innovation-systems theory, a synthetic framework for the analysis of Innovation Policy is developed and used to highlight issues of particular relevance for the conduct of Innovation Policy and future scholarly work in this area. (Less)