The Experts below are selected from a list of 2138946 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Wesley M Cohen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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lens or prism patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows from Public Research
Management Science, 2013Co-Authors: Michael Roach, Wesley M CohenAbstract:This paper assesses the validity and accuracy of firms' backward patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows from Public Research by employing a newly constructed data set that matches patents to survey data at the level of the Research and development lab. Using survey-based measures of the dimensions of knowledge flows, we identify sources of systematic measurement error associated with backward citations to both patent and nonpatent references. We find that patent citations reflect the codified knowledge flows from Public Research, but they appear to miss knowledge flows that are more private and contract based in nature, as well as those used in firm basic Research. We also find that firms' patenting and citing strategies affect patent citations, making citations less indicative of knowledge flows. In addition, an illustrative analysis examining the magnitude and direction of measurement error bias suggests that measuring knowledge flows with patent citations can lead to substantial underestimation of the effect of Public Research on firms' innovative performance. Throughout our analyses we find that nonpatent references e.g., journals, conferences, etc., not the more commonly used patent references, are a better measure of knowledge originating from Public Research. This paper was accepted by Lee Fleming, entrepreneurship and innovation.
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lens or prism patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows from Public Research
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012Co-Authors: Michael Roach, Wesley M CohenAbstract:This paper assesses the validity and accuracy of firms' backward patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows from Public Research by employing a newly constructed dataset that matches patents to survey data at the level of the R&D lab. Using survey-based measures of the dimensions of knowledge flows, we identify sources of systematic measurement error associated with backward citations to both patent and nonpatent references. We find that patent citations reflect the codified knowledge flows from Public Research, but they appear to miss knowledge flows that are more private and contract-based in nature, as well as those used in firm basic Research. We also find that firms' patenting and citing strategies affect patent citations, making citations less indicative of knowledge flows. In addition, an illustrative analysis examining the magnitude and direction of measurement error bias suggests that measuring knowledge flows with patent citations can lead to substantial underestimation of the effect of Public Research on firms' innovative performance. Throughout our analyses we find that nonpatent references (e.g., journals, conferences, etc.), not the more commonly used patent references, are a better measure of knowledge originating from Public Research.
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links and impacts the influence of Public Research on industrial r d
Chapters, 2003Co-Authors: Wesley M Cohen, Richard R Nelson, John P WalshAbstract:This book re-examines the rationale for Public policy, concluding that the prevailing ‘Public knowledge' model is evolving towards a networked or distributed model of knowledge production and use in which Public and private institutions play complementary roles. It provides a set of tools and models to assess the impact of the new network model of funding and governance, and argues that governments need to adapt their funding and administrative priorities and procedures to support the emergence and healthy growth of Research networks. The book goes on to explain that interdependencies and complementarities in the production and distribution of knowledge require a new and more contextual, flexible and complex approach to government funding, monitoring and assessment.
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links and impacts the influence of Public Research on industrial r d
Management Science, 2002Co-Authors: Wesley M Cohen, Richard R Nelson, John P WalshAbstract:In this paper, we use data from the Carnegie Mellon Survey on industrial R&D to evaluate for the U.S. manufacturing sector the influence of ?Public?(i.e., university and government R&D lab) Research on industrial R&D, the role that Public Research plays in industrial R&D, and the pathways through which that effect is exercised. We find that Public Research is critical to industrial R&D in a small number of industries and importantly affects industrial R&D across much of the manufacturing sector. Contrary to the notion that university Research largely generates new ideas for industrial R&D projects, the survey responses demonstrate that Public Research both suggests new R&D projects and contributes to the completion of existing projects in roughly equal measure overall. The results also indicate that the key channels through which university Research impacts industrial R&D include published papers and reports, Public conferences and meetings, informal information exchange, and consulting. We also finnd that, after controlling for industry, the influence of Public Research on industrial R&D is disproportionately greater for larger firms as well as start-ups.
Mario Coccia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Metabolism of Public Research Organizations: How Do Laboratories Consume State Subsidies?
2018Co-Authors: Mario CocciaAbstract:The goal of this study is to suggest a new approach, called metabolism of Research organizations, to analyze how labs consume Public funding to manage their structures. A case study of one of the biggest European Public Research organizations reveals that Public funding for Research is mainly used for the cost of personnel, which has higher growth rates than revenue given by state subsidy and Public contracts over time. This imbalance of growth rates within Public Research body under study seems to be a source of organizational inefficiencies. This new approach can support best practices of R&D management.
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Metabolism of Public Research Organizations: How Do Laboratories Consume State Subsidies?
Public Organization Review, 2018Co-Authors: Mario CocciaAbstract:The goal of this study is to suggest a new approach, called metabolism of Research organizations, which analyzes how labs consume Public funding to manage their structures. A case study of one of the biggest European Public Research organizations reveals that Public funding for Research is mainly used for the cost of personnel, which has a growth rate higher than revenue (state subsidy and Public contracts over time). This imbalance of growth rates within Public Research body under study seems to be a source of organizational inefficiencies. This new approach can support best practices of R&D management.
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The impact of hybrid Public and market-oriented financing mechanisms on the scientific portfolio and performances of Public Research labs: a scientometric analysis
Scientometrics, 2015Co-Authors: Mario Coccia, Greta Falavigna, Alessandro ManelloAbstract:The scientific problem of this study is the analysis of the portfolio of outputs by Public Research labs in the presence of hybrid funding scheme based on Public and market-oriented financing mechanisms. Research institutes are considered Decision Making Units, which produce two different kinds of scientific outputs using inputs. We consider some scientific outputs with more international visibility (High Visibility Outputs-HVOs) than others called Low Visibility Outputs (LVOs). We confront this problem by a scientometric approach applying models of the Directional Output Distance Function, which endeavours to measure and analyze the effects of hybrid financing of Public Research labs in terms of potential loss in high quality scientific outputs, in particular when the share of market-oriented funds is beyond a specific threshold. Results, considering R&D organizations of “hard sciences”, seem to show that a hybrid financing scheme, too market-oriented for supporting operation (and survival) of Research labs, tends to affect scientific output portfolio by lowering scientific performances and HVOs. The study here also proposes a preliminary analysis of the optimal level of market financing in relation to total financial resources for a fruitful co-existence of market and Public funding scheme to maximize the scientific output (Publications) of R&D labs. The findings show main differences across scientific departments and some critical weaknesses points and threats by Public Research labs for production of scientific outputs.
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organisational un learning of Public Research labs in turbulent context
International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 2014Co-Authors: Mario Coccia, Emanuele CadarioAbstract:The purpose of this paper is to analyse the underlying mechanisms of organisational learning within Public Research labs. Results of individual cognitive maps and congregate map, based on a critical case study, showinertia in the organisational learning with negative effects on strategic change and scientific performances of the Public Research institution. Some main causes of this organisational (un)learning are the effects of friction on the intra-organisational communication among Researchers and scientific groups driven by hasty restructuring, high bureaucratisation of Public bodies, low coordination and incentives of Public servants. Some management implications of learning organisation are discussed.
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structure and organisational behaviour of Public Research institutions under unstable growth of human resources
International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 2014Co-Authors: Mario CocciaAbstract:The study here analyses the structure and organisational behaviour of Research organisations in the presence of shrinking budgets. A vital case study of large Public Research institution in Italy is investigated since it has a similar structure to other European Research bodies. Empirical analysis shows negative rates of growth of human resources which are due to austerity programmes of governments to reduce Public debt. Results support a pessimistic scenario for this Public Research body that might downsize the personnel of about 50% in the year 2024 or thereabouts, causing negative effects on performances of the national system of innovation. The method and findings provide vital information to policymakers for understanding the strategic change of Public Research institutions during environmental turbulence. Fruitful R&D management implications of human resources conclude the paper.
Donald Thomas Hornstein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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accounting for science the independence of Public Research in the new subterranean administrative law
Law and contemporary problems, 2003Co-Authors: Donald Thomas HornsteinAbstract:INTRODUCTION The corporate accounting scandals of the early twenty-first century are stark reminders that "the map is not the territory." (1) In the accounting scandals, stock valuations dropped when investors lost confidence in corporate earnings reports giving a true picture of the actual financial territories they purported to map. Currently, the White House Office of Management and Budget ("OMB") is putting the final touches on a new system of regulatory accounting, a system designed to account for the science used by federal agencies in their administrative missions. In light of the corporate accounting scandals, both the timing and shape of the new system of accounting for science are remarkable. It is as if nothing has been learned. To be sure, OMB's program is sometimes explained simply as an attempt to improve the accuracy of regulatory science. But there are also reasons for concern that OMB's new programs could be used to skew the system by which regulatory science is generated in the first place. Worse, if abused, the new program could undermine precisely the type of independence in Research that is currently seen as the necessary corrective policy on the corporate accounting side. Just when investment Research department Research departments are being insulated from undue influence, the new accounting for science is actually magnifying the influence, corporations can have on what science tells us about the state of the world. After detailing the legislative contours of OMB's new powers, including the scant record of Congress's delibration over them, this Article analyzes their potential impact--both on the legal regimes affecting regulatory decision-making and, perhaps more fundamentally, on the institution of independent scientific Research itself. In Part II, this Article identifies within OMB's programs the expanded boundaries of a new, subterranean battleground in administrative law, one in which the scent of future regulation is caught by stakeholders who then battle to shape the scientific facts on which future regulation may be based. The result in administrative law terms is something akin to hard-look review taken across the dimension of time and space. Now, in the name of ensuring "good science," a very hard look indeed is applied almost at the moment of regulatory conception, when the first factual glimmerings of problems in the real world begin to be discerned by scientists. If a new term must be coined for this development, perhaps it should be known as the "withering-look" doctrine. So it is that William Kovacs, a vice president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, predicts that OMB's new programs "will have the most profound impact on federal regulations since the Administrative Procedure Act was enacted in 1946 ... by ensuring that [the Environmental Protection Agency] uses better science, and by giving industry additional grounds to sue." (2) In Part III, this Article discusses the danger to science itself. To be clear, the danger is not simply a heightening of the contest over what constitutes "good science" that has become such a fixture in health, safety, and environmental rulemaking. Rather, the danger involves a radical new level of disputation, in which warring stakeholders can reach back up the scientific pipeline to federally supported Research laboratories and exert a distorting influence on what is generated in the first place and on what citizens can be told by agencies about the range of scientific opinion on matters of political concern. At its worst, the new program could support an official truth squad of political appointees at OMB to ensure that all science is "good" and a cadre of stakeholder vigilantes with the ability to harass scientific Researchers who have produced results with which they disagree. It is little wonder then, that in contrast to the virtual absence of congressional deliberation, implementation of OMB's new programs has been opposed at various points by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, (3) the National Academy of Sciences, (4) the National Institutes of Health, (5) the Council on Undergraduate Research, (6) and the Association of American Universities. …
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accounting for science the independence of Public Research in the new subterranean administrative law
Social Science Research Network, 2002Co-Authors: Donald Thomas HornsteinAbstract:The search for "good science" has recently developed a particular structure in administrative law through two relatively little-known statutes, the Data Access Amendment and the Data Quality Amendment. The value of these statutory developments to both scientific accuracy and the scientific process is questionable or, at least, has been questioned by scientific institutions such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the National Academies of Sciences, and the National Science Foundation. On the other hand, the new statutes have been repeatedly supported by individuals and organizations with antiregulatory or deregulatory agendas. Although it is still too early to determine how implementation of these statutory programs will be supervised by the Office of Management and Budget, there are signs that the statutes could be used strategically, by some of their most ardent proponents, to hamstring agency rulemaking and otherwise hold scientific Research up to unusually adversarial scrutiny. This Article expresses concern that "good science" will thus be used as a club by those who disagree with the results of scientific Research, and illustrates the possibilities with examples from corporate attempts to influence university-based medical Research. The Article suggests that the Data Amendments represent a type of new, subterranean administrative law that may trump, in practical operation, the classic model of congressional delegation to expert administrative agencies for specific policymaking and implementation. Indeed, the Article uses the Supreme Court's recent American Trucking litigation as a case in point in which the Court's holding, supporting just such a delegation, has in fact been trumped as a practical matter, as to the specific ozone and particulate air-quality standards at issue in the case, by the new, subterranean administrative law aimed at hyper-analysis of the science underlying these standards.
Michael Roach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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lens or prism patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows from Public Research
Management Science, 2013Co-Authors: Michael Roach, Wesley M CohenAbstract:This paper assesses the validity and accuracy of firms' backward patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows from Public Research by employing a newly constructed data set that matches patents to survey data at the level of the Research and development lab. Using survey-based measures of the dimensions of knowledge flows, we identify sources of systematic measurement error associated with backward citations to both patent and nonpatent references. We find that patent citations reflect the codified knowledge flows from Public Research, but they appear to miss knowledge flows that are more private and contract based in nature, as well as those used in firm basic Research. We also find that firms' patenting and citing strategies affect patent citations, making citations less indicative of knowledge flows. In addition, an illustrative analysis examining the magnitude and direction of measurement error bias suggests that measuring knowledge flows with patent citations can lead to substantial underestimation of the effect of Public Research on firms' innovative performance. Throughout our analyses we find that nonpatent references e.g., journals, conferences, etc., not the more commonly used patent references, are a better measure of knowledge originating from Public Research. This paper was accepted by Lee Fleming, entrepreneurship and innovation.
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lens or prism patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows from Public Research
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012Co-Authors: Michael Roach, Wesley M CohenAbstract:This paper assesses the validity and accuracy of firms' backward patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows from Public Research by employing a newly constructed dataset that matches patents to survey data at the level of the R&D lab. Using survey-based measures of the dimensions of knowledge flows, we identify sources of systematic measurement error associated with backward citations to both patent and nonpatent references. We find that patent citations reflect the codified knowledge flows from Public Research, but they appear to miss knowledge flows that are more private and contract-based in nature, as well as those used in firm basic Research. We also find that firms' patenting and citing strategies affect patent citations, making citations less indicative of knowledge flows. In addition, an illustrative analysis examining the magnitude and direction of measurement error bias suggests that measuring knowledge flows with patent citations can lead to substantial underestimation of the effect of Public Research on firms' innovative performance. Throughout our analyses we find that nonpatent references (e.g., journals, conferences, etc.), not the more commonly used patent references, are a better measure of knowledge originating from Public Research.
Richard R Nelson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Public Research institutions and economic catch up
Research Policy, 2007Co-Authors: Roberto Mazzoleni, Richard R NelsonAbstract:Abstract Public Research institutions, often but not always connected with universities, have been in the past important elements of the structures supporting economic catch-up. Recent changes in the international economic environment, and the growing scientific basis for contemporary technologies, will make those institutions even more important in the future. Universities and Public labs have contributed to the development of technological capabilities in different forms across countries and economic sectors. In contrast with current emphasis on university-based embryonic inventions and fundamental Research, effective Research programs have predominantly occurred in the application-oriented sciences and engineering, and have been oriented towards problem-solving, and the advancement of technologies of interest to a well-defined user-community.
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links and impacts the influence of Public Research on industrial r d
Chapters, 2003Co-Authors: Wesley M Cohen, Richard R Nelson, John P WalshAbstract:This book re-examines the rationale for Public policy, concluding that the prevailing ‘Public knowledge' model is evolving towards a networked or distributed model of knowledge production and use in which Public and private institutions play complementary roles. It provides a set of tools and models to assess the impact of the new network model of funding and governance, and argues that governments need to adapt their funding and administrative priorities and procedures to support the emergence and healthy growth of Research networks. The book goes on to explain that interdependencies and complementarities in the production and distribution of knowledge require a new and more contextual, flexible and complex approach to government funding, monitoring and assessment.
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links and impacts the influence of Public Research on industrial r d
Management Science, 2002Co-Authors: Wesley M Cohen, Richard R Nelson, John P WalshAbstract:In this paper, we use data from the Carnegie Mellon Survey on industrial R&D to evaluate for the U.S. manufacturing sector the influence of ?Public?(i.e., university and government R&D lab) Research on industrial R&D, the role that Public Research plays in industrial R&D, and the pathways through which that effect is exercised. We find that Public Research is critical to industrial R&D in a small number of industries and importantly affects industrial R&D across much of the manufacturing sector. Contrary to the notion that university Research largely generates new ideas for industrial R&D projects, the survey responses demonstrate that Public Research both suggests new R&D projects and contributes to the completion of existing projects in roughly equal measure overall. The results also indicate that the key channels through which university Research impacts industrial R&D include published papers and reports, Public conferences and meetings, informal information exchange, and consulting. We also finnd that, after controlling for industry, the influence of Public Research on industrial R&D is disproportionately greater for larger firms as well as start-ups.
