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Charles A Nelson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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long term effects of Institutional Care and enhanced attachment relationships on close adolescent friendships
Child Development, 2021Co-Authors: Alva Tang, Charles A Nelson, Charles H Zeanah, Alisa N Almas, Selin Zeytinoglu, Nathan A FoxAbstract:This study examined whether early Institutional rearing and attachment security influence the quality and quantity of friendships at age 16 in 138 participants, including children abandoned to institutions in Bucharest, Romania, who were randomized to Care as usual (n = 45, 26 female), or foster Care (n = 47, 25 female), and a never-Institutionalized group (n = 46, 18 female). Adolescents in the foster Care group with secure attachment to their foster mothers at 42 months were comparable to never-Institutionalized adolescents in having more friends and more positive behaviors with their friend during dyadic interactions, compared to the foster Care group with insecure attachment and Care as usual group. Interventions targeting early child-Caregiver attachment relationships may help foster the ability to build positive friendships in adolescence.
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psychosocial deprivation and receptive language ability a two sample study
Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2020Co-Authors: Charles A Nelson, Kathryn L Humphreys, Laura Machlin, Katherine L Guyonharris, Nathan A Fox, Charles H ZeanahAbstract:The quality of early Caregiving experiences is a known contributor to the quality of the language experiences young children receive. What is unknown is whether, and if so, how psychosocial deprivation early in life is associated with long-lasting receptive language outcomes. Two prospective longitudinal studies examining early psychosocial deprivation/neglect in different contexts (i.e., deprivation due to Institutional Care or deprivation experienced by children residing within US families) and receptive language as assessed via the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) were used to assess the magnitude of these associations. First, 129 participants from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster Care as an alternative to Institutional Care in Romania, completed a receptive language assessment at age 18 years. Second, from the USA, 3342 participants from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study were assessed from infancy until middle childhood. Children exposed to early Institutional Care, on average, had lower receptive language scores than their never Institutionalized counterparts in late adolescence. While randomization to an early foster Care intervention had no long-lasting association with PPVT scores, the duration of childhood exposure to Institutional Care was negatively associated with receptive language. Psychosocial deprivation in US families was also negatively associated with receptive language longitudinally, and this association remained statistically significant even after accounting for measures of socioeconomic status. Experiences of psychosocial deprivation may have long-lasting consequences for receptive language ability, extending to age 18 years. Psychosocial deprivation is an important prospective predictor of poorer receptive language. Bucharest Early Intervention Project ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00747396
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a prospective longitudinal study of reactive attachment disorder following early Institutional Care considering variable and person centered approaches
Attachment & Human Development, 2019Co-Authors: Katherine L Guyonharris, Charles A Nelson, Kathryn L Humphreys, Nathan A Fox, Kathryn A Degnan, Charles H ZeanahAbstract:Although the study of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) in early childhood has received considerable attention, there is emerging interest in RAD that presents in school age children and adolescents. We examined the course of RAD signs from early childhood to early adolescence using both variable-centered (linear mixed modeling) and person-centered (growth mixture modeling) approaches. One-hundred twenty-four children with a history of Institutional Care from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster Care as an alternative to Institutional Care, as well as 69 community comparison children were included in the study. While foster Care was associated with steep reductions in RAD signs across development, person-centered approaches indicated that later age of placement into families and greater percent time in Institutional Care were each associated with prolonged elevated RAD signs. Findings suggest the course of RAD is variable but substantially influenced by early experiences.
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signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years effects of Institutional Care history and high quality foster Care
Development and Psychopathology, 2017Co-Authors: Kathryn L Humphreys, Charles A Nelson, Charles H ZeanahAbstract:: Two disorders of attachment have been consistently identified in some young children following severe deprivation in early life: reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder. However, less is known about whether signs of these disorders persist into adolescence. We examined signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years in 111 children who were abandoned at or shortly after birth and subsequently randomized to Care as usual or to high-quality foster Care, as well as in 50 comparison children who were never Institutionalized. Consistent with expectations, those who experienced Institutional Care in early life had more signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years than children never Institutionalized. In addition, using a conservative intent-to-treat approach, those children randomized to foster Care had significantly fewer signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder than those randomized to Care as usual. Analyses within the ever Institutionalized group revealed no effects of the age of placement into foster Care, but number of Caregiving disruptions experienced and the percentage of the child's life spent in Institutional Care were significant predictors of signs of attachment disorders assessed in early adolescence. These findings indicate that adverse Caregiving environments in early life have enduring effects on signs of attachment disorders, and provide further evidence that high-quality Caregiving interventions are associated with reductions in both reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder.
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accelerated telomere shortening tracking the lasting impact of early Institutional Care at the cellular level
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2016Co-Authors: Kathryn L Humphreys, Charles A Nelson, Charles H Zeanah, Nathan A Fox, Kyle Esteves, Stacy S DruryAbstract:Studies examining the association between early adversity and longitudinal changes in telomere length within the same individual are rare, yet are likely to provide novel insight into the subsequent lasting effects of negative early experiences. We sought to examine the association between Institutional Care history and telomere shortening longitudinally across middle childhood and into adolescence. Buccal DNA was collected 2-4 times, between the ages of 6 and 15 years, in 79 children enrolled in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP), a longitudinal study exploring the impact of early Institutional rearing on child health and development. Children with a history of early Institutional Care (n=50) demonstrated significantly greater telomere shortening across middle childhood and adolescence compared to never Institutionalized children (n=29). Among children with a history of Institutional Care, randomization to high quality foster Care was not associated with differential telomere attrition across development. Cross-sectional analysis of children randomized to the Care as usual group indicated shorter telomere length was associated with greater percent of the child's life spent in Institutional Care up to age 8. These results suggest that early adverse Care from severe psychosocial deprivation may be embedded at the molecular genetic level through accelerated telomere shortening.
Charles H Zeanah - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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long term effects of Institutional Care and enhanced attachment relationships on close adolescent friendships
Child Development, 2021Co-Authors: Alva Tang, Charles A Nelson, Charles H Zeanah, Alisa N Almas, Selin Zeytinoglu, Nathan A FoxAbstract:This study examined whether early Institutional rearing and attachment security influence the quality and quantity of friendships at age 16 in 138 participants, including children abandoned to institutions in Bucharest, Romania, who were randomized to Care as usual (n = 45, 26 female), or foster Care (n = 47, 25 female), and a never-Institutionalized group (n = 46, 18 female). Adolescents in the foster Care group with secure attachment to their foster mothers at 42 months were comparable to never-Institutionalized adolescents in having more friends and more positive behaviors with their friend during dyadic interactions, compared to the foster Care group with insecure attachment and Care as usual group. Interventions targeting early child-Caregiver attachment relationships may help foster the ability to build positive friendships in adolescence.
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psychosocial deprivation and receptive language ability a two sample study
Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2020Co-Authors: Charles A Nelson, Kathryn L Humphreys, Laura Machlin, Katherine L Guyonharris, Nathan A Fox, Charles H ZeanahAbstract:The quality of early Caregiving experiences is a known contributor to the quality of the language experiences young children receive. What is unknown is whether, and if so, how psychosocial deprivation early in life is associated with long-lasting receptive language outcomes. Two prospective longitudinal studies examining early psychosocial deprivation/neglect in different contexts (i.e., deprivation due to Institutional Care or deprivation experienced by children residing within US families) and receptive language as assessed via the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) were used to assess the magnitude of these associations. First, 129 participants from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster Care as an alternative to Institutional Care in Romania, completed a receptive language assessment at age 18 years. Second, from the USA, 3342 participants from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study were assessed from infancy until middle childhood. Children exposed to early Institutional Care, on average, had lower receptive language scores than their never Institutionalized counterparts in late adolescence. While randomization to an early foster Care intervention had no long-lasting association with PPVT scores, the duration of childhood exposure to Institutional Care was negatively associated with receptive language. Psychosocial deprivation in US families was also negatively associated with receptive language longitudinally, and this association remained statistically significant even after accounting for measures of socioeconomic status. Experiences of psychosocial deprivation may have long-lasting consequences for receptive language ability, extending to age 18 years. Psychosocial deprivation is an important prospective predictor of poorer receptive language. Bucharest Early Intervention Project ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00747396
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a prospective longitudinal study of reactive attachment disorder following early Institutional Care considering variable and person centered approaches
Attachment & Human Development, 2019Co-Authors: Katherine L Guyonharris, Charles A Nelson, Kathryn L Humphreys, Nathan A Fox, Kathryn A Degnan, Charles H ZeanahAbstract:Although the study of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) in early childhood has received considerable attention, there is emerging interest in RAD that presents in school age children and adolescents. We examined the course of RAD signs from early childhood to early adolescence using both variable-centered (linear mixed modeling) and person-centered (growth mixture modeling) approaches. One-hundred twenty-four children with a history of Institutional Care from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster Care as an alternative to Institutional Care, as well as 69 community comparison children were included in the study. While foster Care was associated with steep reductions in RAD signs across development, person-centered approaches indicated that later age of placement into families and greater percent time in Institutional Care were each associated with prolonged elevated RAD signs. Findings suggest the course of RAD is variable but substantially influenced by early experiences.
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signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years effects of Institutional Care history and high quality foster Care
Development and Psychopathology, 2017Co-Authors: Kathryn L Humphreys, Charles A Nelson, Charles H ZeanahAbstract:: Two disorders of attachment have been consistently identified in some young children following severe deprivation in early life: reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder. However, less is known about whether signs of these disorders persist into adolescence. We examined signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years in 111 children who were abandoned at or shortly after birth and subsequently randomized to Care as usual or to high-quality foster Care, as well as in 50 comparison children who were never Institutionalized. Consistent with expectations, those who experienced Institutional Care in early life had more signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years than children never Institutionalized. In addition, using a conservative intent-to-treat approach, those children randomized to foster Care had significantly fewer signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder than those randomized to Care as usual. Analyses within the ever Institutionalized group revealed no effects of the age of placement into foster Care, but number of Caregiving disruptions experienced and the percentage of the child's life spent in Institutional Care were significant predictors of signs of attachment disorders assessed in early adolescence. These findings indicate that adverse Caregiving environments in early life have enduring effects on signs of attachment disorders, and provide further evidence that high-quality Caregiving interventions are associated with reductions in both reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder.
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accelerated telomere shortening tracking the lasting impact of early Institutional Care at the cellular level
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2016Co-Authors: Kathryn L Humphreys, Charles A Nelson, Charles H Zeanah, Nathan A Fox, Kyle Esteves, Stacy S DruryAbstract:Studies examining the association between early adversity and longitudinal changes in telomere length within the same individual are rare, yet are likely to provide novel insight into the subsequent lasting effects of negative early experiences. We sought to examine the association between Institutional Care history and telomere shortening longitudinally across middle childhood and into adolescence. Buccal DNA was collected 2-4 times, between the ages of 6 and 15 years, in 79 children enrolled in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP), a longitudinal study exploring the impact of early Institutional rearing on child health and development. Children with a history of early Institutional Care (n=50) demonstrated significantly greater telomere shortening across middle childhood and adolescence compared to never Institutionalized children (n=29). Among children with a history of Institutional Care, randomization to high quality foster Care was not associated with differential telomere attrition across development. Cross-sectional analysis of children randomized to the Care as usual group indicated shorter telomere length was associated with greater percent of the child's life spent in Institutional Care up to age 8. These results suggest that early adverse Care from severe psychosocial deprivation may be embedded at the molecular genetic level through accelerated telomere shortening.
Kathryn L Humphreys - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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psychosocial deprivation and receptive language ability a two sample study
Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2020Co-Authors: Charles A Nelson, Kathryn L Humphreys, Laura Machlin, Katherine L Guyonharris, Nathan A Fox, Charles H ZeanahAbstract:The quality of early Caregiving experiences is a known contributor to the quality of the language experiences young children receive. What is unknown is whether, and if so, how psychosocial deprivation early in life is associated with long-lasting receptive language outcomes. Two prospective longitudinal studies examining early psychosocial deprivation/neglect in different contexts (i.e., deprivation due to Institutional Care or deprivation experienced by children residing within US families) and receptive language as assessed via the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) were used to assess the magnitude of these associations. First, 129 participants from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster Care as an alternative to Institutional Care in Romania, completed a receptive language assessment at age 18 years. Second, from the USA, 3342 participants from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study were assessed from infancy until middle childhood. Children exposed to early Institutional Care, on average, had lower receptive language scores than their never Institutionalized counterparts in late adolescence. While randomization to an early foster Care intervention had no long-lasting association with PPVT scores, the duration of childhood exposure to Institutional Care was negatively associated with receptive language. Psychosocial deprivation in US families was also negatively associated with receptive language longitudinally, and this association remained statistically significant even after accounting for measures of socioeconomic status. Experiences of psychosocial deprivation may have long-lasting consequences for receptive language ability, extending to age 18 years. Psychosocial deprivation is an important prospective predictor of poorer receptive language. Bucharest Early Intervention Project ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00747396
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a prospective longitudinal study of reactive attachment disorder following early Institutional Care considering variable and person centered approaches
Attachment & Human Development, 2019Co-Authors: Katherine L Guyonharris, Charles A Nelson, Kathryn L Humphreys, Nathan A Fox, Kathryn A Degnan, Charles H ZeanahAbstract:Although the study of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) in early childhood has received considerable attention, there is emerging interest in RAD that presents in school age children and adolescents. We examined the course of RAD signs from early childhood to early adolescence using both variable-centered (linear mixed modeling) and person-centered (growth mixture modeling) approaches. One-hundred twenty-four children with a history of Institutional Care from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster Care as an alternative to Institutional Care, as well as 69 community comparison children were included in the study. While foster Care was associated with steep reductions in RAD signs across development, person-centered approaches indicated that later age of placement into families and greater percent time in Institutional Care were each associated with prolonged elevated RAD signs. Findings suggest the course of RAD is variable but substantially influenced by early experiences.
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signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years effects of Institutional Care history and high quality foster Care
Development and Psychopathology, 2017Co-Authors: Kathryn L Humphreys, Charles A Nelson, Charles H ZeanahAbstract:: Two disorders of attachment have been consistently identified in some young children following severe deprivation in early life: reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder. However, less is known about whether signs of these disorders persist into adolescence. We examined signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years in 111 children who were abandoned at or shortly after birth and subsequently randomized to Care as usual or to high-quality foster Care, as well as in 50 comparison children who were never Institutionalized. Consistent with expectations, those who experienced Institutional Care in early life had more signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years than children never Institutionalized. In addition, using a conservative intent-to-treat approach, those children randomized to foster Care had significantly fewer signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder than those randomized to Care as usual. Analyses within the ever Institutionalized group revealed no effects of the age of placement into foster Care, but number of Caregiving disruptions experienced and the percentage of the child's life spent in Institutional Care were significant predictors of signs of attachment disorders assessed in early adolescence. These findings indicate that adverse Caregiving environments in early life have enduring effects on signs of attachment disorders, and provide further evidence that high-quality Caregiving interventions are associated with reductions in both reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder.
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positive valence bias and parent child relationship security moderate the association between early Institutional Caregiving and internalizing symptoms
Development and Psychopathology, 2017Co-Authors: Michelle Vantieghem, Kathryn L Humphreys, Laurel J Gabarddurnam, Bonnie Goff, Jessica Flannery, Eva H Telzer, Christina Caldera, Jennifer Y Louie, Mor Shapiro, Niall BolgerAbstract:Institutional Caregiving is associated with significant deviations from species-expected Caregiving, altering the normative sequence of attachment formation and placing children at risk for long-term emotional difficulties. However, little is known about factors that can promote resilience following early Institutional Caregiving. In the current study, we investigated how adaptations in affective processing (i.e., positive valence bias) and family-level protective factors (i.e., secure parent-child relationships) moderate risk for internalizing symptoms in previously Institutionalized (PI) youth. Children and adolescents with and without a history of Institutional Care performed a laboratory-based affective processing task and self-reported measures of parent-child relationship security. PI youth were more likely than comparison youth to show positive valence biases when interpreting ambiguous facial expressions. Both positive valence bias and parent-child relationship security moderated the association between Institutional Care and parent-reported internalizing symptoms, such that greater positive valence bias and more secure parent-child relationships predicted fewer symptoms in PI youth. However, when both factors were tested concurrently, parent-child relationship security more strongly moderated the link between PI status and internalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that both individual-level adaptations in affective processing and family-level factors of secure parent-child relationships may ameliorate risk for internalizing psychopathology following early Institutional Caregiving.
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accelerated telomere shortening tracking the lasting impact of early Institutional Care at the cellular level
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2016Co-Authors: Kathryn L Humphreys, Charles A Nelson, Charles H Zeanah, Nathan A Fox, Kyle Esteves, Stacy S DruryAbstract:Studies examining the association between early adversity and longitudinal changes in telomere length within the same individual are rare, yet are likely to provide novel insight into the subsequent lasting effects of negative early experiences. We sought to examine the association between Institutional Care history and telomere shortening longitudinally across middle childhood and into adolescence. Buccal DNA was collected 2-4 times, between the ages of 6 and 15 years, in 79 children enrolled in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP), a longitudinal study exploring the impact of early Institutional rearing on child health and development. Children with a history of early Institutional Care (n=50) demonstrated significantly greater telomere shortening across middle childhood and adolescence compared to never Institutionalized children (n=29). Among children with a history of Institutional Care, randomization to high quality foster Care was not associated with differential telomere attrition across development. Cross-sectional analysis of children randomized to the Care as usual group indicated shorter telomere length was associated with greater percent of the child's life spent in Institutional Care up to age 8. These results suggest that early adverse Care from severe psychosocial deprivation may be embedded at the molecular genetic level through accelerated telomere shortening.
Nathan A Fox - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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long term effects of Institutional Care and enhanced attachment relationships on close adolescent friendships
Child Development, 2021Co-Authors: Alva Tang, Charles A Nelson, Charles H Zeanah, Alisa N Almas, Selin Zeytinoglu, Nathan A FoxAbstract:This study examined whether early Institutional rearing and attachment security influence the quality and quantity of friendships at age 16 in 138 participants, including children abandoned to institutions in Bucharest, Romania, who were randomized to Care as usual (n = 45, 26 female), or foster Care (n = 47, 25 female), and a never-Institutionalized group (n = 46, 18 female). Adolescents in the foster Care group with secure attachment to their foster mothers at 42 months were comparable to never-Institutionalized adolescents in having more friends and more positive behaviors with their friend during dyadic interactions, compared to the foster Care group with insecure attachment and Care as usual group. Interventions targeting early child-Caregiver attachment relationships may help foster the ability to build positive friendships in adolescence.
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psychosocial deprivation and receptive language ability a two sample study
Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2020Co-Authors: Charles A Nelson, Kathryn L Humphreys, Laura Machlin, Katherine L Guyonharris, Nathan A Fox, Charles H ZeanahAbstract:The quality of early Caregiving experiences is a known contributor to the quality of the language experiences young children receive. What is unknown is whether, and if so, how psychosocial deprivation early in life is associated with long-lasting receptive language outcomes. Two prospective longitudinal studies examining early psychosocial deprivation/neglect in different contexts (i.e., deprivation due to Institutional Care or deprivation experienced by children residing within US families) and receptive language as assessed via the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) were used to assess the magnitude of these associations. First, 129 participants from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster Care as an alternative to Institutional Care in Romania, completed a receptive language assessment at age 18 years. Second, from the USA, 3342 participants from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study were assessed from infancy until middle childhood. Children exposed to early Institutional Care, on average, had lower receptive language scores than their never Institutionalized counterparts in late adolescence. While randomization to an early foster Care intervention had no long-lasting association with PPVT scores, the duration of childhood exposure to Institutional Care was negatively associated with receptive language. Psychosocial deprivation in US families was also negatively associated with receptive language longitudinally, and this association remained statistically significant even after accounting for measures of socioeconomic status. Experiences of psychosocial deprivation may have long-lasting consequences for receptive language ability, extending to age 18 years. Psychosocial deprivation is an important prospective predictor of poorer receptive language. Bucharest Early Intervention Project ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00747396
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a prospective longitudinal study of reactive attachment disorder following early Institutional Care considering variable and person centered approaches
Attachment & Human Development, 2019Co-Authors: Katherine L Guyonharris, Charles A Nelson, Kathryn L Humphreys, Nathan A Fox, Kathryn A Degnan, Charles H ZeanahAbstract:Although the study of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) in early childhood has received considerable attention, there is emerging interest in RAD that presents in school age children and adolescents. We examined the course of RAD signs from early childhood to early adolescence using both variable-centered (linear mixed modeling) and person-centered (growth mixture modeling) approaches. One-hundred twenty-four children with a history of Institutional Care from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster Care as an alternative to Institutional Care, as well as 69 community comparison children were included in the study. While foster Care was associated with steep reductions in RAD signs across development, person-centered approaches indicated that later age of placement into families and greater percent time in Institutional Care were each associated with prolonged elevated RAD signs. Findings suggest the course of RAD is variable but substantially influenced by early experiences.
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accelerated telomere shortening tracking the lasting impact of early Institutional Care at the cellular level
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2016Co-Authors: Kathryn L Humphreys, Charles A Nelson, Charles H Zeanah, Nathan A Fox, Kyle Esteves, Stacy S DruryAbstract:Studies examining the association between early adversity and longitudinal changes in telomere length within the same individual are rare, yet are likely to provide novel insight into the subsequent lasting effects of negative early experiences. We sought to examine the association between Institutional Care history and telomere shortening longitudinally across middle childhood and into adolescence. Buccal DNA was collected 2-4 times, between the ages of 6 and 15 years, in 79 children enrolled in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP), a longitudinal study exploring the impact of early Institutional rearing on child health and development. Children with a history of early Institutional Care (n=50) demonstrated significantly greater telomere shortening across middle childhood and adolescence compared to never Institutionalized children (n=29). Among children with a history of Institutional Care, randomization to high quality foster Care was not associated with differential telomere attrition across development. Cross-sectional analysis of children randomized to the Care as usual group indicated shorter telomere length was associated with greater percent of the child's life spent in Institutional Care up to age 8. These results suggest that early adverse Care from severe psychosocial deprivation may be embedded at the molecular genetic level through accelerated telomere shortening.
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deficits in error monitoring are associated with externalizing but not internalizing behaviors among children with a history of Institutionalization
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2016Co-Authors: Sonya V Trollerrenfree, Charles A Nelson, Charles H Zeanah, Nathan A FoxAbstract:Background Children raised in institutions are at increased risk of developing internalizing and externalizing problems. However, not all children raised in institutions develop psychopathology. Deficits in error monitoring may be one risk pathway for children with a history of Institutionalization given that these skills are related to both internalizing and externalizing psychiatric disorders. Error monitoring and the neural circuitry that supports it have a protracted developmental time course and are highly susceptible to the effects of adversity. As such, they may play an important moderating role between a history of Institutional rearing and subsequent psychopathology. Methods We investigated the impact of psychosocial deprivation on behavioral and neural responses (event-related potentials: ERPs) to a Flanker task assessing error monitoring and the relations between these measures and psychopathology for 12-year-old children in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP). The BEIP involves two groups of Institutionalized children randomly assigned in infancy to receive either a foster Care intervention (FCG) or Care as usual (CAUG). Results Children who experienced Institutional Care, particularly those in the CAUG, showed perturbed behavioral performance and ERPs on the Flanker task. Additionally, an ERP measure of error monitoring [error-related negativity (ERN)] moderated the relations between time spent in institutions and externalizing and ADHD behaviors. When the amplitude of the ERN was smaller, time spent in Institutional Care was positively related to ADHD and externalizing behaviors, whereas time spent in institutions was unrelated to externalizing problems when children evidenced a larger ERN. Neural correlates of error monitoring did not moderate the relations between time spent in Institutionalized Care and internalizing behaviors. Conclusions Exposure to Institutional Care early in life may affect brain circuitry associated with error monitoring. Perturbations in this neural circuitry in combination with psychosocial deprivation are possibly a risk pathway associated with the development of externalizing and ADHD problems.
Stacy S Drury - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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accelerated telomere shortening tracking the lasting impact of early Institutional Care at the cellular level
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2016Co-Authors: Kathryn L Humphreys, Charles A Nelson, Charles H Zeanah, Nathan A Fox, Kyle Esteves, Stacy S DruryAbstract:Studies examining the association between early adversity and longitudinal changes in telomere length within the same individual are rare, yet are likely to provide novel insight into the subsequent lasting effects of negative early experiences. We sought to examine the association between Institutional Care history and telomere shortening longitudinally across middle childhood and into adolescence. Buccal DNA was collected 2-4 times, between the ages of 6 and 15 years, in 79 children enrolled in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP), a longitudinal study exploring the impact of early Institutional rearing on child health and development. Children with a history of early Institutional Care (n=50) demonstrated significantly greater telomere shortening across middle childhood and adolescence compared to never Institutionalized children (n=29). Among children with a history of Institutional Care, randomization to high quality foster Care was not associated with differential telomere attrition across development. Cross-sectional analysis of children randomized to the Care as usual group indicated shorter telomere length was associated with greater percent of the child's life spent in Institutional Care up to age 8. These results suggest that early adverse Care from severe psychosocial deprivation may be embedded at the molecular genetic level through accelerated telomere shortening.
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dna methylation at stress related genes is associated with exposure to early life Institutionalization
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2016Co-Authors: Amy L Non, Charles A Nelson, Charles H Zeanah, Kathryn L Humphreys, Nathan A Fox, Kyle Esteves, Brittany M Hollister, Ainash Childebayeva, Stacy S DruryAbstract:Objectives Differences in DNA methylation have been associated with early life adversity, suggesting that alterations in methylation function as one pathway through which adverse early environments are biologically embedded. This study examined associations between exposure to Institutional Care, quantified as the proportion of time in Institutional Care at specified follow-up assessment ages, and DNA methylation status in two stress-related genes: FKBP5 and SLC6A4. Materials and Methods We analyzed data from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, which is a prospective study in which children reared in Institutional settings were randomly assigned (mean age 22 months) to either newly created foster Care or Care as usual (to remain in their current placement) and prospectively followed. A group of children from the same geographic area, with no history of Institutionalized Caregiving, were also recruited. DNA methylation status was determined in DNA extracted from buccal epithelial cells of children at age 12. Results An inverse association was identified such that more time spent in Institutional Care was associated with lower DNA methylation at specific CpG sites within both genes. Discussion These results suggest a lasting impact of early severe social deprivation on methylation patterns in these genes, and contribute to a growing literature linking early adversity and epigenetic variation in children. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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serotonin transporter genotype 5httlpr moderates the longitudinal impact of atypical attachment on externalizing behavior
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2015Co-Authors: Kathryn L Humphreys, Charles H Zeanah, Charles A Nelson, Nathan A Fox, Stacy S DruryAbstract:Objective: To test whether genotype of the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5HTTLPR) and atypical attachment interact to predict externalizing psychopathology prospectively in a sample of children with a history of early Institutional Care. Methods: Caregiver report of externalizing behavior at 54 months was examined in 105 children initially reared in Institutional Care and enrolled in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of high quality foster Care. 5HTTLPR ge- notype, attachment status at 42 months of age (typical (secure, avoidant, or ambivalent) or atypical (disorganized-controlling, insecure-other)), and their interaction were examined as predictors of external- izing behavior at age 54 months. Results: 5HTTLPR genotype and atypical attachment at age 42 months interacted to predict externalizing behavior at age 54 months. Specifically, children with the s/s genotype with an atypical attachment had the highest externalizing scores. However, s/s children with a typical at- tachment demonstrated the lowest externalizing scores, even after controlling for intervention group status. There was no association between attachment status and externalizing behavior among children carrying at least 1 copy of the l allele. Discussion: These findings indicate that genetic variation in the serotonergic system moderates the association between atypical attachment status and externalizing in young children. Our findings suggest that children, as a result of genetic variability in the serotonergic system, demonstrate differential sensitivity to the attachment relationship.
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telomere length and early severe social deprivation linking early adversity and cellular aging
Molecular Psychiatry, 2012Co-Authors: Stacy S Drury, Katherine P Theall, Mary Margaret Gleason, Immaculata De Vivo, Anna T Smyke, Charles H Zeanah, Jason Y.y. Wong, Charles A NelsonAbstract:Accelerated telomere length attrition has been associated with psychological stress and early adversity in adults; however, no studies have examined whether telomere length in childhood is associated with early experiences. The Bucharest Early Intervention Project is a unique randomized controlled trial of foster Care placement compared with continued Care in institutions. As a result of the study design, participants were exposed to a quantified range of time in Institutional Care, and represented an ideal population in which to examine the association between a specific early adversity, Institutional Care and telomere length. We examined the association between average relative telomere length, telomere repeat copy number to single gene copy number (T/S) ratio and exposure to Institutional Care quantified as the percent of time at baseline (mean age 22 months) and at 54 months of age that each child lived in the institution. A significant negative correlation between T/S ratio and percentage of time was observed. Children with greater exposure to Institutional Care had significantly shorter relative telomere length in middle childhood. Gender modified this main effect. The percentage of time in Institutional Care at baseline significantly predicted telomere length in females, whereas the percentage of Institutional Care at 54 months was strongly predictive of telomere length in males. This is the first study to demonstrate an association between telomere length and Institutionalization, the first study to find an association between adversity and telomere length in children, and contributes to the growing literature linking telomere length and early adversity.
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a randomized controlled trial comparing foster Care and Institutional Care for children with signs of reactive attachment disorder
American Journal of Psychiatry, 2012Co-Authors: Anna T Smyke, Stacy S Drury, Mary Margaret Gleason, Charles A Nelson, Charles H Zeanah, Donald GuthrieAbstract:Objective:The authors examined signs of emotionally withdrawn (inhibited type) and indiscriminately social (disinhibited type) reactive attachment disorder in Romanian children enrolled in a randomized trial of foster Care compared with Institutional Care and in a comparison group of never-Institutionalized children. Method:At baseline and when children were ages 30, 42, and 54 months and 8 years, Caregivers were interviewed with the Disturbances of Attachment Interview to assess changes in signs of reactive attachment disorder in three groups of children: those receiving Care as usual (including continued Institutional Care) (N=68); those placed in foster Care after Institutional Care (N=68); and those who were never Institutionalized (N=72). The impact of gender, ethnicity, and baseline cognitive ability was also examined. Results:On the Disturbances of Attachment Interview, signs of the inhibited type of reactive attachment disorder decreased after placement in foster Care, and scores were indistinguis...
