The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Richard J. Crisp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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considering multiple criteria for social categorization can reduce Intergroup Bias
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2005Co-Authors: Natalie R Hall, Richard J. CrispAbstract:Two experiments tested the notion that considering multiple criteria for social categorization can reduce Intergroup Bias. In both experiments, participants were required to consider alternative ways in which people could be classified, other than an initially salient Intergroup dichotomy. In Experiment 1, the authors found that generating alternative social classifications that were unrelated to an initial target dichotomy reduced Intergroup Bias compared to a control condition. In Experiment 2, this effect was replicated and the authors found that unrelated, but not related, categorizations were necessary to reduce Bias. This article adds support to the view that increasing categorical complexity is a useful tool in Bias reduction. These findings are discussed in the context of a developing model of multiple categorization effects.
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Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Moderating Role of Ingroup Identification
Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 2005Co-Authors: Richard J. Crisp, Sarah R. BeckAbstract:Recent work developing interventions designed to reduce Intergroup Bias has sometimes yielded disparate findings. We tested whether the varying effectiveness of such interventions may have a motivational basis. In two experiments we examined whether differential ingroup identification moderated the effectiveness of a differentiation-reducing intervention strategy. In Experiment 1, thinking of characteristics shared between the ingroup and outgroup reduced ingroup favoritism to a greater extent for lower identifiers than for higher identifiers. In Experiment 2 we replicated this finding with different target groups and evaluative measures while controlling for information load. We discuss the implications of this work for developing social psychological models of Bias-reduction.
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does multiple categorization reduce Intergroup Bias
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2001Co-Authors: Richard J. Crisp, Miles Hewstone, Mark RubinAbstract:Two experiments explored whether crossing social category memberships can reduce Intergroup Bias. Experiment 1 provided a precise comparison between discrimination against single outgroups, partial outgroups, and double outgroups. Intergroup Bias and perceived Intergroup similarity followed an additive pattern such that partial outgroups were discriminated against as much as single outgroups, whereas both were discriminated against to a lesser extent than double outgroups. In Experiment 2, a more realistic form of crossing was employed whereby five additional dimensions of categorization were considered by participants instead of the traditional two. In line with a decategorization perspective, Intergroup Bias was reduced in both multiple group conditions relative to the single categorization (baseline) condition. Participants perceived a weakened Intergroup structure and displayed a greater tendency to see outgroup members as individuals in multiple group conditions; however, only perceived Intergroup st...
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crossed categorization and Intergroup Bias the moderating roles of Intergroup and affective context
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Richard J. Crisp, Miles HewstoneAbstract:Two experiments explored the effects of, and processes underlying, crossed categorization under different antecedent contextual conditions. Experiment 1 established the baseline conditions under which differential evaluation of crossed category groups occurs. Experiment 2 extended these conditions to more complex affectively toned contexts, demonstrating the moderating effect of performance feedback on evaluations; the additive pattern found under neutral feedback conditions gave way to an equivalence pattern when participants received positive performance feedback, and this reduction in Bias was mediated by participants' self-reported affective state. In both experiments category differentiation occurred irrespective of different Intergroup or feedback conditions, suggesting that cognitive processes underlying the representation of the Intergroup structure remain constant in different contexts. The implications of these findings for theoretical progress in, and practical applicability of, multiple categorization are discussed.
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differential evaluation of crossed category groups patterns processes and reducing Intergroup Bias
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 1999Co-Authors: Richard J. Crisp, Miles HewstoneAbstract:Previous meta-analytic reviews of the literature on crossed categorization have uncovered a number of important findings; however, several questions remain unanswered and may best be tackled using ...
John F. Dovidio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reducing Intergroup Bias through Intergroup contact twenty years of progress and future directions
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2017Co-Authors: John F. Dovidio, Angelika Love, Fabian M H Schellhaas, Miles HewstoneAbstract:Classic research on the contact hypothesis focused on the direct relationship between the antecedents (conditions under which contact occurs) and the outcomes (primarily, the reduction of prejudice...
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1The Other Side of We: When Outgroup Members Express Common Identity
2016Co-Authors: Ángel Gómez, John F. Dovidio, Samuel L. Gaertner, Carmen Huici, Educación Distancia, Isabel CuadradoAbstract:categorization, people favor ingroup members in terms of evaluations, attributions, material resources, helping, and social support (see Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000, for a review). Whereas most of the research on social cate-gorization focuses on the consequences of how individ-uals categorize others or themselves, the current research explored the effects of learning how others socially categorize people. In particular, we investigated how learning that ingroup or outgroup members con-ceive of the groups within a superordinate category affects Intergroup Bias. As proposed by the common ingroup identity model (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000), changing the ways peopl
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Stereotypes and evaluative Intergroup Bias.
Affect Cognition and Stereotyping, 2014Co-Authors: John F. Dovidio, Samuel L. GaertnerAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter presents the robust evaluative consequences of mere activation of Intergroup concepts such as “we” and “they.” It highlights the dissociation between cognitive and affective components in Intergroup perception. Priming with an ingroup designator produced, automatically and without consciousness, more positive evaluative associations than priming did with an outgroup designator. In the studies of ingroup/outgroup priming, differential evaluative associations were elicited even though there was no specifically delineated ingroup or outgroup. Thus, independent of well-established social schemata in which specific category-based attributes may be activated, different evaluative responses occur. In regard to socially sensitive issues, such as race, people may inhibit or deny negative feelings toward and beliefs about social categories to appear nonprejudiced to others or to themselves. This process involves more than simply methodological issues; it has theoretical and practical implications.
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the nondiscriminating heart lovingkindness meditation training decreases implicit Intergroup Bias
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2014Co-Authors: Yoona Kang, Jeremy R Gray, John F. DovidioAbstract:Although meditation is increasingly accepted as having personal benefits, less is known about the broader impact of meditation on social and Intergroup relations. We tested the effect of lovingkindness meditation training on improving implicit attitudes toward members of 2 stigmatized social outgroups: Blacks and homeless people. Healthy non-Black, nonhomeless adults (N = 101) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: 6-week lovingkindness practice, 6-week lovingkindness discussion (a closely matched active control), or waitlist control. Decreases in implicit Bias against stigmatized outgroups (as measured by Implicit Association Test) were observed only in the lovingkindness practice condition. Reduced psychological stress mediated the effect of lovingkindness practice on implicit Bias against homeless people, but it did not mediate the reduced Bias against Black people. These results suggest that lovingkindness meditation can improve automatically activated, implicit attitudes toward stigmatized social groups and that this effect occurs through distinctive mechanisms for different stigmatized social groups.
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20 social conflict harmony and integration
Handbook of Psychology Second Edition, 2012Co-Authors: John F. Dovidio, Samuel L. Gaertner, Sylvia P PerryAbstract:This chapter examines the psychological bases of Intergroup Bias and conflict and considers how greater understanding of these psychological processes can guide interventions to reduce Bias and facilitate social integration. The chapter first presents a brief historical overview of empirical and theoretical emphases in the social psychological study of Intergroup relations. Then it reviews the normal and generally functional cognitive, motivational, interpersonal, and social processes that can contribute to the development of Intergroup Bias and social conflict. The chapter then explores how Intergroup interactions, between individual members of different groups or between two groups collectively, can both reflect and reinforce Intergroup Bias and conflict. We emphasize, however, that understanding the processes creating Intergroup Bias and conflict can inform strategies to harness these influences to improve Intergroup attitudes, encourage reconciliation, and create stable and productive social integration. The chapter concludes by outlining how these different processes operate in concert and considering the practical and theoretical implications. Keywords: conflict; discrimination; Intergroup relations; social identity; reconciliation
Samuel L. Gaertner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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1The Other Side of We: When Outgroup Members Express Common Identity
2016Co-Authors: Ángel Gómez, John F. Dovidio, Samuel L. Gaertner, Carmen Huici, Educación Distancia, Isabel CuadradoAbstract:categorization, people favor ingroup members in terms of evaluations, attributions, material resources, helping, and social support (see Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000, for a review). Whereas most of the research on social cate-gorization focuses on the consequences of how individ-uals categorize others or themselves, the current research explored the effects of learning how others socially categorize people. In particular, we investigated how learning that ingroup or outgroup members con-ceive of the groups within a superordinate category affects Intergroup Bias. As proposed by the common ingroup identity model (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000), changing the ways peopl
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Stereotypes and evaluative Intergroup Bias.
Affect Cognition and Stereotyping, 2014Co-Authors: John F. Dovidio, Samuel L. GaertnerAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter presents the robust evaluative consequences of mere activation of Intergroup concepts such as “we” and “they.” It highlights the dissociation between cognitive and affective components in Intergroup perception. Priming with an ingroup designator produced, automatically and without consciousness, more positive evaluative associations than priming did with an outgroup designator. In the studies of ingroup/outgroup priming, differential evaluative associations were elicited even though there was no specifically delineated ingroup or outgroup. Thus, independent of well-established social schemata in which specific category-based attributes may be activated, different evaluative responses occur. In regard to socially sensitive issues, such as race, people may inhibit or deny negative feelings toward and beliefs about social categories to appear nonprejudiced to others or to themselves. This process involves more than simply methodological issues; it has theoretical and practical implications.
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20 social conflict harmony and integration
Handbook of Psychology Second Edition, 2012Co-Authors: John F. Dovidio, Samuel L. Gaertner, Sylvia P PerryAbstract:This chapter examines the psychological bases of Intergroup Bias and conflict and considers how greater understanding of these psychological processes can guide interventions to reduce Bias and facilitate social integration. The chapter first presents a brief historical overview of empirical and theoretical emphases in the social psychological study of Intergroup relations. Then it reviews the normal and generally functional cognitive, motivational, interpersonal, and social processes that can contribute to the development of Intergroup Bias and social conflict. The chapter then explores how Intergroup interactions, between individual members of different groups or between two groups collectively, can both reflect and reinforce Intergroup Bias and conflict. We emphasize, however, that understanding the processes creating Intergroup Bias and conflict can inform strategies to harness these influences to improve Intergroup attitudes, encourage reconciliation, and create stable and productive social integration. The chapter concludes by outlining how these different processes operate in concert and considering the practical and theoretical implications. Keywords: conflict; discrimination; Intergroup relations; social identity; reconciliation
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Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model
2000Co-Authors: Samuel L. Gaertner, John F. DovidioAbstract:Preface. Introduction and Overview. Aversive Racism and Intergroup Bias. Theoretical Background and the Common Ingroup Identity Model. Alerting the Perception of Group Boundaries. Conditions of Intergroup contact. Cognitive and Affective Priming: Antecedents and Consequences of a Common Ingroup Identity. Extending the Benefits of Recategorization. Problems, Progress, and Promise. References.
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reducing Intergroup Bias elements of Intergroup cooperation
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999Co-Authors: Samuel L. Gaertner, John F. Dovidio, Mary C. Rust, Jason A Nier, Brenda S Banker, Christine M Ward, Gary R Mottola, Missy HouletteAbstract:The authors examined the potentially separable contributions of 2 elements of Intergroup cooperation, interaction and common fate, and the processes through which they can operate. The manipulation of interaction reduced Bias in evaluative ratings, which supports the idea that these components are separable, whereas the manipulation of common fate when the groups were interacting was associated with lower Bias in nonverbal facial reactions in response to contributions by in-group and out-group members. Whereas interaction activated several processes that can lead to reduced Bias, including decategorization, consistent with the common in-group identity model (S. L. Gaertner, J. F. Dovidio, P. A. Anastasio, B. A. Bachman, & M. C. Rust, 1993) as well as M. Hewstone and R. J. Brown's (1986) group differentiation model, the primary set of mediators involved participants' representations of the memberships as 2 subgroups within a superordinate entity.
Marco Tamietto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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toward an integrative science of social vision in Intergroup Bias
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2019Co-Authors: Arianna Bagnis, Alessia Celeghin, Cristina Onesta Mosso, Marco TamiettoAbstract:Social neuroscience is unveiling how the brain coordinates the construal of social categories and the generation of Intergroup Biases from facial perception. Recent evidence indicates that social categorization is more sensitive and malleable to elemental facial features than previously assumed. At the same time, perception of social categories can be crafted by top-down factors, including prior knowledge, motivations, and social expectations. In this review, we summarize extant wisdom and propose a model that goes beyond traditional accounts that have conceived stereotypes and prejudices as the end result of "reading out" social categories in the face, and have assumed a hierarchical brain organization. Our model proposes recursive and dynamic interactions amid distant brain regions. Accordingly, the reciprocal exchange of sensory evidence and predictions Biases and "explains away" visual input in face perception regions until a compromise is achieved and social perception stabilizes. Ideally, this effort would contribute to shape a research field at the interface between neural and social sciences, which is often referred to as social vision.
Yingyi Hong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sleep deprivation undermines the link between identity and Intergroup Bias
Sleep, 2019Co-Authors: Jinxiao Zhang, Yingyi Hong, Yang YangAbstract:This research seeks to bridge two findings-on the one hand, top-down controlled processes inhibit display of Intergroup Bias; on the other one hand, sleep deprivation impairs cognitive control processes. Connecting these two proven statements, begs the question: would sleep deprivation also influence Intergroup Bias? This intriguing link has hardly been explored in extant literature. To fill this gap, we theorize through the lens of social identity. Previous research has shown that individuals who share a common identity with an outgroup are more motivated to inhibit Biases toward the outgroup than do their counterparts who do not endorse such common identity. We predicted that this motivated inhibition would be compromised by sleep deprivation. Across two studies, as predicted, we found that only when an individual has adequate sleep did common ingroup identity attenuate the display of Intergroup Bias, whereas individuals with short habitual sleep (study 1) or after one-night sleep deprivation (study 2) displayed equally high levels of Intergroup Bias regardless of their high or low levels of common ingroup identity. In the global context of incessant Intergroup Bias and diminishing sleep time, our findings offer new insights for understanding and handling Intergroup Bias.
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gene environment interaction on Intergroup Bias the role of 5 httlpr and perceived outgroup threat
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2014Co-Authors: Bobby K Cheon, Yingyi Hong, Robert W Livingston, Joan Y ChiaoAbstract:Perceived threat from outgroups is a consistent social-environmental antecedent of Intergroup Bias (i.e. prejudice, ingroup favoritism). The serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) has been associated with individual variations in sensitivity to context, particularly stressful and threatening situations. Here, we examined how 5-HTTLPR and environmental factors signaling potential outgroup threat dynamically interact to shape Intergroup Bias. Across two studies, we provide novel evidence for a gene–environment interaction on the acquisition of Intergroup Bias and prejudice. Greater exposure to signals of outgroup threat, such as negative prior contact with outgroups and perceived danger from the social environment, were more predictive of Intergroup Bias among participants possessing at least one short allele (vs two long alleles) of 5-HTTLPR. Furthermore, this gene x environment interaction was observed for Biases directed at diverse ethnic and arbitrarily-defined outgroups across measures reflecting Intergroup Biases in evaluation and discriminatory behavior. These findings reveal a candidate genetic mechanism for the acquisition of Intergroup Bias, and suggest that Intergroup Bias is dually inherited and transmitted through the interplay of social (i.e. contextual cues of outgroup threat) and biological mechanisms (i.e. genetic sensitivity toward threatening contexts) that regulate perceived Intergroup threats.
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multicultural experiences reduce Intergroup Bias through epistemic unfreezing
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2012Co-Authors: Carmit T Tadmor, Yingyi Hong, Melody Man Chi Chao, Fon Wiruchnipawan, Wei WangAbstract:In 6 studies, we systematically explored for the 1st time the ameliorative effects of multicultural experience on Intergroup Bias and investigated the role of epistemic unfreezing as the motivational mechanism underlying these effects. We found that multicultural exposure led to a reduction in stereotype endorsement (Studies 1, 4, and 6), symbolic racism (Study 5), and discriminatory hiring decisions (Study 2). We further demonstrated that experimental exposure to multicultural experience caused a reduction in need for cognitive closure (NFCC; Studies 3 and 6) and that the ameliorative effects of multiculturalism experience on Intergroup Bias were fully mediated by lower levels of NFCC (Studies 4, 5, and 6). The beneficial effects of multiculturalism were found regardless of the targeted stereotype group (African Americans, Ethiopians, homosexuals, and native Israelis), regardless of whether multicultural experience was measured or manipulated, and regardless of the population sampled (Caucasian Americans or native Israelis), demonstrating the robustness of this phenomenon. Overall, these results demonstrate that multicultural experience plays a critical role in increasing social tolerance through its relationship to motivated cognitive processes.
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predicting Intergroup Bias the interactive effects of implicit theory and social identity
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2004Co-Authors: Yingyi Hong, Jill Coleman, Gloria Kwong Wai Chan, Rosanna Y M Wong, Yukyue Tong, Chiyue Chiu, Ian G. Hansen, Hoying FuAbstract:This research sought to integrate the implicit theory approach and the social identity approach to understanding Biases in Intergroup judgment. The authors hypothesized that a belief in fixed human character would be associated with negative Bias and prejudice against a maligned group regardless of the perceiver’s social identity. By contrast, a belief in malleable human character would allow the perceiver’s social identity to guide Intergroup perception, such that a common ingroup identity that includes the maligned group would be associated with less negative Bias and prejudice against the maligned group than would an exclusive identity. To test these hypotheses, a correlational study was conducted in the context of the Hong Kong 1997 political transition to examine Hong Kong Chinese’s perceptions of Chinese Mainlanders, and an experimental study was conducted in the United States to examine Asian Americans’ perception of African Americans. Results from both studies supported the authors’ predictions.